Noam Chomsky
cov
Xyoo tshiab qhib nrog cov neeg paub refrains, amplified los ntawm numerology: ib tug chorus ntawm
self-adulation, somber ruminations txog qhov incomprehensible phem ntawm peb
yeeb ncuab, thiab ib txwm recourse rau xaiv amnesia kom du txoj kev. Ob peb
illustrations ua raws li, uas tej zaum yuav qhia txog hom kev ntsuam xyuas uas yuav muaj
tshwm sim, yog txawv qhov tseem ceeb rau yeej nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse kab lis kev cai.
Cia peb
pib nrog cov paub litany txog cov monsters peb tau ntsib los ntawm
ib puas xyoo thiab thaum kawg raug tua, ib tug ritual uas tsawg kawg muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov hauv paus hniav
kev muaj tiag. Lawv qhov kev ua txhaum loj heev raug kaw rau hauv cov ntawv uas tau txhais tshiab Phau Ntawv Dub
ntawm Sib los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws tshawb fawb Stephane Courtois thiab lwm tus, cov ntsiab lus ntawm
ceeb kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev hloov mus rau xyoo txhiab tshiab. Qhov loj tshaj plaws, ntawm
tsawg kawg ntawm cov uas kuv tau pom, yog los ntawm nom tswv philosopher Alan Ryan, a
Cov kws tshaj lij kev kawm tshwj xeeb thiab tus kws tshaj lij kev ywj pheej hauv zej zog, hauv lub xyoo
Thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm New York Times Phau Ntawv Ntsuam Xyuas (Lub Ib Hlis 2).
cov
Phau Ntawv Dub thaum kawg tawg "lub silence tshaj lub horrors ntawm
Communism," Ryan sau, "kev ntsiag to ntawm cov neeg uas tsuas baffled
los ntawm cov spectacle ntawm ntau yam futile kiag li, pointless thiab inexplicable
kev txom nyem." Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm phau ntawv yuav tsis ua xyem xyav los ua ib qho surprise
rau cov uas muaj qee yam tswj kom nyob twj ywm tsis paub txog cov kwj deg iab
denunciations thiab nthuav qhia ntxaws txog "kev ntshai ntawm Communism"
uas kuv tau nyeem txij thaum yau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sab laug
rau 80 xyoo dhau los, tsis txhob hais txog qhov tsis tu ncua hauv xov xwm thiab ntawv xov xwm,
zaj duab xis, tsev qiv ntawv puv nrog cov phau ntawv uas muaj xws li ntawv tseeb mus rau nyiaj pab kawm ntawvโฆ
- Txhua tus tsis tuaj yeem nqa daim ntaub thaiv kev ntsiag to. Tab sis muab tso tseg.
cov
Phau Ntawv Dub, Ryan sau, yog nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm ib tug "sau ntawv
angel." Nws yog ib qho relentless "criminal indictment" rau kev tua neeg
ntawm 100 lab tus tib neeg, "lub cev suav ntawm colossal, ua tsis tiav kev sib raug zoo,
economic, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws sim." Tag nrho kev phem,
unredeemed los ntawm txawm ib tug hint ntawm kev ua tau zoo nyob qhov twg, ua rau ib tug thuam ntawm "tus
kev soj ntsuam uas koj tsis tuaj yeem ua omelet yam tsis muaj qe tawg. "
cov
lub zeem muag ntawm peb tus kheej magnificence nrog rau incomprehensible monstrosity ntawm lub
yeeb ncuab - "monolithic thiab ruthless conspiracy" (John F. Kennedy)
mob siab rau "tag nrho obliteration" ntawm ib tug shred ntawm decency nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no
(Robert McNamara) - rov hais dua nyob rau hauv kom meej cov duab ntawm ib nrab yav dhau los
xyoo pua (qhov tseeb, zoo dhau, txawm tias cov phooj ywg thiab cov yeeb ncuab hloov pauv sai, mus rau
tam sim no). Sib nrug los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm loj loj thiab kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam, nws yog
ntes vividly nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv NSC 68 ntawm 1950, dav lees paub tias
cov ntaub ntawv nrhiav tau ntawm Tsov Rog Txias tab sis tsis tshua tau hais, tej zaum tawm ntawm
kev txaj muag ntawm frenzied thiab hysterical rhetoric ntawm lub hwm statesmen
Dean Acheson thiab Paul Nitze; rau ib qho piv txwv, saib kuv Deterring Democracy, tshooj. 1.
cov
daim duab yeej ib txwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Rov ua dua ib zaug ntxiv hnub no, nws
tso cai rau peb tshem tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua phem phem uas tau sau tseg
los ntawm "peb sab" hauv xyoo dhau los. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv suav tias tsis muaj dab tsi thaum
piv nrog rau qhov kawg siab phem ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Txawm li cas los loj qhov kev ua txhaum, nws yog
"yuav tsum tau" mus ntsib cov rog ntawm kev tsaus ntuj, tam sim no thaum kawg lees paub
rau qhov lawv yog. Tsuas yog qhov faintest ntawm kev khuv xim, peb thiaj li tig mus
kev ua tiav ntawm peb lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, txawm tias yog New York Times tus neeg sau xov xwm
Michael Wines ceeb toom peb nyob rau hauv lub afterglow ntawm humanitarian triumph nyob rau hauv
Kosovo, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov โโโโqab qee qhov "cov lus qhia tob tob": "tus
sib sib zog nqus ideological kev faib nruab nrab ntawm ib tug idealistic New World khoov rau qhov xaus
inhumanity thiab lub Ntiaj Teb Qub sib npaug sib npaug ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. "
Tus yeeb ncuab yog incarnation ntawm tag nrho kev phem, tab sis txawm peb cov phooj ywg muaj ib tug ntev
txoj kev mus ua ntej lawv nce mus rau peb qhov siab dizzying. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tuaj yeem taug kev
rau pem hauv ntej, "kev huv ntawm txhais tes thiab lub siab dawb huv," raws li befits lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv
Vajtswv. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, peb tuaj yeem tso tseg nrog kev thuam txhua qhov kev nug ruam rau hauv
cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm lub xeev-cov koom haum system, tsuas yog trivia
hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev tarnish tus duab ntawm Zoo piv rau phem, thiab tsis qhia tej zaj lus qhia,
"sib sib zog nqus sobering" los yog tsis, txog dab tsi nyob tom ntej - ib qho yooj yim heev
posture, yog vim li cas kom pom tseeb rau elaborate.
zoo li
lwm tus, Ryan tsim nyog xaiv raws li Kev Pom Zoo A ntawm qhov kev foob txhaum cai rau
Suav kev tshaib kev nqhis ntawm xyoo 1958-61, nrog cov neeg tuag ntawm 25-40 lab, nws tau tshaj tawm,
loj chunk ntawm 100 lab corpses "sau cov tubtxib saum ntuj"
attribute rau "Communism" (txawm hais tias yog, tab sis cia peb siv lub
cov lus cog tseg). Qhov txaus ntshai atrocity tag nrho tsim nyog rau qhov hnyav rau nws
tau txais ntau xyoo, rov ua dua tshiab ntawm no. Nws yog, ntxiv mus, tsim nyog rau
muab kev tshaib kev nqhis rau Communism. Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawd tau tsim muaj feem ntau
authoritatively nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm economist Amartya Sen, uas nws sib piv ntawm lub
Suav kev tshaib kev nqhis rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ywj pheej Is Nrias teb tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb
thaum nws yeej Nobel nqi zog ob peb xyoos dhau los.
Sau Ntawv
thaum xyoo 1980s, Sen pom tias Is Nrias teb tsis muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis li. Nws
ntaus nqi Is Nrias-Tuam Tshoj txawv rau Is Nrias teb "kab lis kev cai ntawm
Adversarial journalism thiab kev tawm tsam, "thaum qhov sib txawv, Tuam Tshoj tus
totalitarian tsoom fwv raug kev txom nyem los ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug" uas undercut a
teb loj heev, thiab muaj "me ntsis nom tswv siab" los ntawm
pab pawg tawm tsam thiab cov pej xeem paub (Jean Dreze thiab Amartya Sen, kev tshaib kev nqhis
thiab Public Action, 1989; lawv kwv yees tuag ntawm 16.5 txog 29.5 lab).
cov
piv txwv stands raws li ib tug ua yeeb yam "criminal indictment" ntawm totalitarian
Communism, raws nraim li Ryan sau. Tab sis ua ntej kaw phau ntawv ntawm qhov kev foob
peb yuav xav tig mus rau lwm ib nrab ntawm Sen qhov kev sib piv ntawm Is Nrias teb-Tuam Tshoj, uas
cas yeej tsis zoo li ntog txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb Sen tso rau nws. Nws
pom tias Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj muaj "zoo sib xws uas yog heev
tawm tsam "thaum kev npaj tsim kho tau pib 50 xyoo dhau los, suav nrog kev tuag
tus nqi. "Tab sis tsis muaj kev ntseeg me ntsis tias kom deb npaum li kev mob nkeeg, kev tuag thiab
Kev ua neej nyob ntev muaj kev txhawj xeeb, Tuam Tshoj muaj tus thawj coj loj thiab txiav txim siab hla Is Nrias teb "
(hauv kev kawm thiab lwm yam kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo ib yam). Nws kwv yees qhov tshaj ntawm
Kev tuag hauv Is Nrias teb hla Tuam Tshoj kom ze li 4 lab ib xyoos: "Is Nrias teb zoo li
los tswj kom sau nws lub khob nrog ntau lub cev pob txha txhua yim xyoo tshaj li Tuam Tshoj
muab tso rau hauv nws lub xyoo txaj muag, "1958-1961 (Dreze thiab Sen).
In
ob qho tib si, cov txiaj ntsig tau ua nrog "kev xav
predispositions" ntawm cov nom tswv systems: rau Tuam Tshoj, kuj sib npaug
kev faib cov peev txheej kho mob, suav nrog kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv nyob deb nroog, thiab rau pej xeem
kev faib khoom noj, txhua yam tsis muaj nyob hauv Is Nrias teb. Qhov no yog ua ntej 1979, thaum "tus
kev poob qis hauv kev tuag [hauv Suav] tau raug tso tseg tsawg kawg, thiab tej zaum
thim rov qab, "ua tsaug rau kev hloov kho kev lag luam tau tsim xyoo ntawd.
Overcoming
amnesia, piv txwv li peb tam sim no siv cov txheej txheem ntawm Phau Ntawv Dub thiab nws
cov neeg saib xyuas rau tag nrho zaj dab neeg, tsis yog cov lus qhuab qhia uas tau txais ib nrab. Peb
Yog li ntawd xaus lus tias nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb cov kev cai ywj pheej capitalist
"kev sim" txij li xyoo 1947 tau ua rau muaj neeg tuag ntau dua li tag nrho
keeb kwm ntawm "colossal, tag nrho ua tsis tiav ... sim" ntawm Communism
Txhua qhov chaw txij li xyoo 1917: ntau dua 100 lab tus neeg tuag los ntawm 1979, kaum lab ntxiv
txij li thaum, hauv Is Nrias teb ib leeg.
cov
"criminal indictment" ntawm "democratic capitalist
kev sim" yuav hnyav dua yog tias peb tig mus rau nws cov teebmeem tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg
ntawm Communism: tsheej lab ntawm cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv Russia, coj ib rooj plaub, raws li Russia
ua raws li kev ntseeg siab ntawm World Bank hais tias "Lub teb chaws uas
liberalize sai thiab dav tig rov qab sai dua [tshaj li cov uas ua
tsis yog]," rov qab mus rau ib yam dab tsi zoo li qhov nws tau ua ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I, a
daim duab paub thoob plaws hauv "peb ntiaj teb." Tab sis "koj ua tsis tau
ua omelet yam tsis muaj qe tawg, "raws li Stalin tau hais
kev foob yuav hnyav dua yog tias peb xav txog cov cheeb tsam loj uas tseem nyob
nyob rau hauv Western tutelage, yielding ib tug tiag tiag "colossal" cov ntaub ntawv ntawm
skeletons thiab "tsis muaj dab tsi kiag li, pointless thiab inexplicable
kev txom nyem" (Ryan).
suav cov teb chaws puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tawm tsam ncaj qha ntawm Western lub hwj chim, thiab
nws cov neeg siv khoom, tib lub xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tshuaj xyuas ntawm no, txawm li cas los xij
zoo nkaus li tsis paub meej txog kev xav zoo li kev ua txhaum cai ntawm Communism
ua ntej qhov tsos ntawm lub Phau Ntawv Dub.
cov
sau ntawv ntawm cov Phau Ntawv Dub, Ryan soj ntsuam, tsis txo qis los ntawm kev tawm tsam
lub "lo lus nug zoo": "qhov txheeb ze ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm Communism thiab
Nazism." Txawm hais tias "lub cev suav cov lus qhia qhov ntsuas tawm tsam
Communism," Ryan xaus lus tias Nazism txawm li cas los xij poob rau qis
qhov tob ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees. Unasked yog lwm lo lus nug "zoo heev" posed los ntawm
"lub cev suav," thaum ideologically serviceable amnesia kov yeej.
Yuav
ua kom kuv tus kheej meej, kuv tsis qhia kuv qhov kev txiav txim; es cov uas ua raws
los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau ua haujlwm los tsim qhov tseeb nyiam - lossis qhov ntawd
yuav ua raws li, yog tias cov lus qhuab qhia yuav raug tshem tawm.
On
tus kheej-adulation, ib tug virtual tidal nthwv dej xyoo no - tej zaum nws yog txaus rau
nco qab Mark Twain cov lus hais txog ib qho ntawm cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pawg
kev tua tsiaj hauv tebchaws Philippines uas qhib lub xyoo pua muaj koob meej tom qab
peb: nws yog "satire incarnated"; tsis muaj satirical rendition yuav "mus txog
perfection" vim nws "occupies uas summit nws tus kheej." Tus
kev siv ua rau peb nco txog lwm yam ntawm peb qhov zoo kawg li, sib nrug ntawm
efficiency nyob rau hauv kev tua neeg tua neeg thiab kev puas tsuaj thiab muaj peev xwm rau kev qhuas tus kheej
uas yuav ua rau txhua tus neeg txaus siab rau kev poob siab: peb txoj kev txaus siab los ntsib ncaj ncees rau
peb kev ua txhaum cai, ib qho khoom plig rau kev lag luam dawb ntawm cov tswv yim. Qhov iab
Cov ntawv sau tawm tsam imperialist ntawm ib tus neeg Amelikas cov kws sau ntawv tsis raug txwv,
raws li nyob rau hauv totalitarian xeev; lawv muaj pub dawb rau cov pej xeem, nrog
kev ncua tsuas yog qee qhov 90 xyoo.