"E ʻimi, hoʻoponopono, hoʻopau, a me ka hahai ʻana" ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka Pentagon e wehewehe ai i ka misionari o nā pūʻali koa huna ma Afghanistan i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kauoha e alualu i nā lālā i manaʻo ʻia o ka Taliban a i ʻole al-Qaeda i nā wahi a pau e loaʻa ai lākou. Kapa kekahi i kēia mau hana "manhunting" a me nā ʻāpana i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou he "hopu / pepehi" hui.
ʻO kēlā me kēia huaʻōlelo āu e koho ai, ʻo nā kikoʻī o ka nui o kā lākou mau hana kikoʻī - a pehea lākou i hele hewa mau ai - ua hōʻike ʻia no ka manawa mua ma ka lehulehu o nā pūʻali koa US huna a me nā palapala naʻauao i paʻi ʻia e ka pūnaewele Wikileaks. i Iulai i ka ino o ka lono a kūʻē kūʻē. Ke hōʻike nei i kahi ʻano o ke kaua huna US i kēia manawa ke piʻi nei, hana mau kēia mau hui i nā ʻenemi hou aʻe ma mua o nā hoaaloha a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā manaʻo maikaʻi i hana ʻia e nā papahana kūkulu hou ʻana o US.
I ka manawa i hōʻea ai ʻo Danny Hall lāua ʻo Gordon Phillips, nā alakaʻi kīwila a me nā pūʻali koa o ka hui kūkulu hou ʻana o ka mokuʻāina ʻo US ma ka mokuʻo Nangarhar, Afghanistan, no kahi hālāwai me Gul Agha Sherzai, ke kiaʻāina kūloko, i ka waena o Iune 2007, ua ʻike lākou he nui kā lākou. o ka mihi ana e hana. Pono ʻo Philips e wehewehe i ke kumu o kahi pūʻali koa US "hopu / pepehi" i kapa ʻia ʻo Task Force 373, imi mea hihiu ana no Qari Ur-Rahman, he luna koa Taliban i kapa ʻia ʻo "Carbon," i kāhea aku i kahi pū AC-130 Specter a pepehi ʻole i ʻehiku mau mākaʻi Afghan i ke aumoe.
Ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka hanana i ka hakakā maoli ma waena o ʻelua mau aʻo i ke kaua US ma Afghanistan - counterinsurgency ("palekana i nā kānaka") a me ka counterterrorism (pepehi i nā mea hoʻoweliweli). ʻOiai ua hāʻawi aku ke aupuni ʻo Obama i ka lehelehe i ka mea mua, ʻo ia ka mea hope, a ke hoʻomau nei, ka ikaika hoʻokele i kāna kaua ma Afghanistan.
No Hall, he luna ʻoihana haole i emi iho ma mua o ʻelua mahina mai kahi hana ʻoi aku ma Ladana, ʻo ka hana pū ʻana me ka pūʻali koa ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o kāna i manaʻo ai. Ma kahi ʻatikala no Nupepa Lahui o ko na aina e paʻi ʻia i kekahi mau mahina ma mua o ka hālāwai, ua kakau iho la, "Ua manaʻo wau ʻaʻole wau i ʻike maoli i ka mea e hana nei, ma hea wau e noho ai, he aha kaʻu kuleana, a inā loaʻa iaʻu kekahi. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole wau i ʻōlelo i kekahi ʻōlelo aʻu e pono ai: Pashtu a i ʻole koa.
ʻAʻole i liʻiliʻi loa ka pilikia no Phillips. I hoʻokahi mahina ma mua, ua hāʻawi pilikino ʻo ia i nā uku "solatia" - nā uku hōʻoluʻolu no nā make kīwila i hana hewa ʻia e nā pūʻali koa US - i ke alo o Kiaʻāina Sherzai, ʻoiai e hoʻāhewa ana i ka hana a ka Taliban i pepehi i nā kānaka kīwila, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hanana. ma ka ninau. "Hele mai makou ma ke ano he mau malihini nau," oia haʻiʻia ʻO nā ʻohana o ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia, "i kono ʻia e kōkua i ke kūkulu hou ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana a me ka hoʻokele ʻana o Nangarhar, e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kahi ola maikaʻi aʻe a me ka wā e hiki mai ana no ʻoe a me kāu mau keiki. I kēia lā, ke nānā aku nei au i ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia a me ko lākou mau ʻohana, hui pū wau me ʻoe i ke kanikau ʻana no kāu poʻe aloha.
Ua mālama ʻo Hall lāua ʻo Phillips i kahi kōpili o 33 mau hana hana hou ʻana o ʻAmelika he $11 miliona ma Nangarhar, e kālele ana i ke kūkulu alanui, nā lako kula, a me kahi papahana mahiʻai e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana aku i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu mai ka panalāʻau.
Akā naʻe, ʻo ka misionari o kā lākou pūʻali koa i alakaʻi ʻia e ka "hui hoʻoponopono kūloko" (i hana ʻia e nā poʻe loea kīwila, nā luna o ka moku'āina, a me nā koa) i kū pololei me ka poʻe o ka hui "hopu / pepehi" o nā pūʻali hana kūikawā (Navy Seals. , Army Rangers, a me Green Berets, me nā mea hana mai ka Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Division) nona ke kauoha e alualu iā Afghans i ʻōlelo ʻia he poʻe hoʻoweliweli a me nā alakaʻi kipi. Ke waiho nei kēlā hui i kahi ala o nā kino kīwila make a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma hope o ia.
Ua hoʻolaha mua ʻia nā kikoʻī o kekahi o nā misionari o Task Force 373 ma muli o ka ʻoi aku o 76,000 mau hōʻike hanana. ua lelo i ka lehulehu e Wikileaks, kahi pūnaewele whistleblower, me ka nānā ʻana i kēlā mau palapala ma ʻO ke aniani, ka kahu, A me ka New York Times. ʻO ka hōʻike piha ʻana o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka pūʻali hana i kekahi manawa e hiki mai ana, akā naʻe, no ka mea, hōʻole ka hoʻomalu ʻana o Obama i ka ʻōlelo ʻana e pili ana i kāna hana pepehi kanaka ma Afghanistan a me Pakistan. Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia kahi moʻolelo pōkole o ka ʻāpana mai ka heluhelu pono ʻana i nā palapala Wikileaks a me nā hōʻike pili mai Afghanistan a me nā hōʻike ʻo Special Forces.
Hōʻike ka ʻikepili Wikileaks e like me ka 2,058 poʻe ma kahi papa inoa huna i kapa ʻia ʻo "Joint Prioritized Effects List" (JPEL) i manaʻo ʻia he "hopu / pepehi" ma Afghanistan. He 757 ka nui o nā paʻahao - ʻoi aku paha ma kēia papa inoa - i mālama ʻia ma ka Bagram Theatre Internment Facility (BTIF), kahi hale paʻahao i holo ʻia e US ma Bagram Air Base i ka hopena o Dekemaba 2009.
Hana Hopu/Pepehi
ʻO ka manaʻo o nā hui "hui" mai nā lālā like ʻole o ka pūʻali koa e hana pū ana me ka CIA i hāpai mua ʻia ma 1980 ma hope o ka Operation Eagle Claw, i ka wā i hana ai nā limahana mai ka Air Force, Army, a me ka Navy i kahi pōʻino pōʻino. -ka-pants e ho'āʻo e hoʻopakele i ka US hostages ma Iran me ke kōkua mai ka Agency. ʻEwalu mau koa i make i ka wā i hāʻule ai ka helikopter i kahi mokulele C-130 ma ka wao nahele o Iran. Ma hope mai, he komisina kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ʻeono mau lālā i alakaʻi ʻia e Adimarala James L. Holloway, III manaʻoʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kauoha Joint Special Forces e hōʻoia i nā lālā like ʻole o ka pūʻali koa a me ka CIA e hana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻonohonoho mua loa i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ua wikiwiki loa kēia kaʻina hana ma hope o Kepakemapa 11, 2001. I kēlā mahina, ua kapa ʻia kahi hui CIA. Mea Pahu Wehe i Afghanistan e hoʻolālā i kahi hoʻouka kaua alakaʻi ʻia e US i ka ʻāina. Ma hope koke iho, ua hoʻonohonoho ka pūʻali koa Green Beret i Task Force Dagger e alualu i ka misionari like. ʻOiai he hoʻokūkū mua ma waena o nā luna o nā pūʻulu ʻelua, ua hui pū lākou.
ka mua hui huna "hui". e pili ana i ka CIA a me nā pūʻali koa kūikawā like ʻole e hana pū ma Afghanistan ʻo Task Force 5, i hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ka misionari o ka hopu ʻana a pepehi ʻana paha i nā "pahu waiwai" e like me Osama bin Laden, nā alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe o al-Qaeda, a me Mullah Mohammed Omar, ka poo o ka Taliban. ʻO kahi hui kaikuahine i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Iraq ua kapa ʻia ʻo Task Force 20. Ua hoʻohui ʻia lāua ʻelua i Task Force 121 e General John Abizaid, ke poʻo o ka US Central Command.
Ma kahi puke hou e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēia mahina, ʻO ka hana ʻo Darkheart, Ua wehewehe ʻo Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Shaffer i ka hana a ka Task Force 121 i ka makahiki 2003, i kona lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he hui i kapa ʻia ʻo Jedi Knights. Ke hana nei ʻo ia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Major Christopher Stryker, ua holo ʻo ia i nā hana no ka Defense Intelligence Agency (ka pūʻali koa like o ka CIA) ma waho o Bagram Air Base.
I kekahi pō o ʻOkakopa, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Shaffer i kahi kauhale kokoke i ʻAsadabad ma ka moku ʻo Kunar e kahi helikopter MH-47 Chinook e alakaʻi i kahi hui "hui", ʻo ia hoʻi nā Army Rangers (kahi ʻāpana Special Forces) a me nā pūʻali 10th Mountain Division. He huakaʻi lākou e hopu i kahi lutena o ʻO Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, he koa kaulana i hui pū me ka Taliban, ma muli o ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e CIA.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi. "Ua lanakila lākou i ka hahau ʻana i ke kumu o ka Taliban a me ko lākou mau wahi palekana ma ka palena o Pakistan. No kekahi manawa ua ʻike ʻo Shaffer iā mākou e lanakila ana i ke kaua," wahi a ka mea hoʻolaha no ka puke. “A laila ua komo ke keleawe koa. ʻO nā kulekele i hilinaʻi ʻia e nā luna kiʻekiʻe, he hemahema ka manaʻo. Ua koi ʻia ʻo Shaffer a me kāna hui e noho a nānā i ka ulu ʻana o ke kipi - ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka palena ma Pakistan.
Ma kahi kokoke i ka hapahā haneli ma hope o Operation Eagle Claw, ʻo Shaffer, ʻo ia kekahi o ka hui Able Danger i alualu iā Al Qaeda i nā makahiki 1990, e wehewehe ana i nā kaua turf ʻawaʻawa ma waena o ka CIA a me nā hui Special Forces e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka honua malu o nā pepehi huna ma Afghanistan. a me Pakistan e holo.
ʻO ka mana kikowaena 373
ʻO ka wikiwiki i ka 2007, ʻo ka manawa mua ʻo Task Force 373 i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā palapala Wikileaks. ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike inā he ʻano ʻano o kāna helu, akā he coincident a ʻaʻole paha, ʻo ka mokuna 373 o ka US Code 10, ka hana a ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e hōʻike ana i ka mea i ʻae ʻia e ka pūʻali koa US e hana. ua ʻae ʻia ʻO ke Kakauolelo o ka Puʻuhonua e hāʻawi i ka mana i kekahi "limahana kīwila" o ka pūʻali koa "e hoʻokō i nā palapala hopu a hoʻopaʻa me ka ʻole o ka palapala kauoha" i nā hihia kalaima. Inā paha ʻo ia ke kumu o kēlā "373" e noho mau ana i kahi mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia - ʻoiai, a hiki i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka palapala Wikileaks, ʻo ia ke ola o ka hui.
Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe loiloi ua hoʻokō ʻo Task Force 373 i ka Task Force 121 ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā "pūʻali keʻokeʻo" e like me nā Rangers a me nā Green Berets, e kū'ē ana i ka Delta Force huna. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Task Force 373 holo mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau kahua kaua - ma Kabul, ke kapikala o Afghanistan; ʻO Kandahar, ke kūlanakauhale nui ʻelua o ka ʻāina; a me Khost City kokoke i nā ʻāina ʻohana Pakistan. Hiki paha ke puka mai kekahi o kāna mau hana Camp Marmal, he kahua Kelemānia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻākau o Mazar-e-Sharif. ʻO nā kumu i kamaʻāina i ka papahana e ʻōlelo ana he mau helikopter a me kāna mau mokulele, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pū kī AC-130 Specter, i hoʻolaʻa wale ʻia no kona hoʻohana ʻana.
Ua ʻike ʻia kona luna ʻO Brigadier General Raymond Palumbo, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka Special Operations Command ma Fort Bragg, North Carolina. ʻO Palumbo naʻe, hema ʻO Fort Bragg i ka waena o Iulai, ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻomaha ʻia ʻana o General Stanley McChrystal ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi kaua Afghan e Pelekikena Obama. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka inoa o ka luna hou o ka pūʻali hana.
Ma mua o 100 mau hōʻike hanana i loko o nā faila Wikileaks, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Task Force 373 e alakaʻi ana i nā hana "hopu / pepehi" he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā panalāʻau ʻo Khost, Paktika, a me Nangarhar, e pili ana i ka Federally Administered Tribal Areas o ka ʻākau o Pakistan. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka hopu pio ʻana, a ʻo kekahi poʻe i alakaʻi i ka make ʻana o nā mākaʻi kūloko a i ʻole nā keiki liʻiliʻi, hoʻonāukiuki i nā kamaʻāina e kūʻē a kūʻē i nā pūʻali koa alakaʻi ʻia e US.
I ʻApelila 2007, ʻo David Adams, ka luna o ka hui kūkulu hou ʻana o ka panalāʻau Khost kahea e halawai me nā lunakahiko mai ke kauhale ʻo Gurbuz ma ka ʻāina ʻo Khost, ka poʻe i huhū e pili ana i nā hana a Task Force 373 i ko lākou kaiāulu. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike hanana ma Wikileaks i ka mea i hana ai ʻo Task Force 373 i mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai i nā lunakahiko o Gurbuz, akā ua hoʻopiʻi ākea ke kiaʻāina o Khost, ʻo Arsala Jamal, e pili ana i nā hana Special Forces a me nā make kīwila ma kona ʻāina mai Dekemaba 2006, i ka wā i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai ʻelima mau kānaka kīwila. pepehi ʻia ma kahi hoʻouka kaua ma ke kauhale ʻo Darnami.
"ʻO ko mākou ʻāina kēia," ʻo ia mai la alaila. "Ua noi au me ka ikaika nui: E noho pū kāua, ʻike mākou i ko mākou mau kaikunāne Afghan, ʻike mākou i kā mākou moʻomeheu. Me kēia mau hana ʻaʻole pono mākou e hana i nā ʻenemi hou aʻe. Aia mākou i kahi kūlana e hōʻemi i nā hewa. "
E like me Adams ma hope hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō ma kahi op-ed i kākau pū ai ʻo ia no ka Wall Street Pai, "ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā home Afghan i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka nui o nā lunakahiko ʻohana o Khost."
Ma ka lā 12 o Iune, 2007, ua kāhea ʻia ʻo Danny Hall lāua ʻo Gordon Philips, e hana ana ma ka mokuʻo Nangarhar ma ka hikina ʻākau o Khost, i kēlā hālāwai me ke Kiaʻāina Sherzai e wehewehe i ka pepehi ʻana o Task Force 373 i kēlā mau mākaʻi ʻehiku o Afghan. E like me Jamal, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sherzai iā Hall a me Philips e "paipai ikaika ʻo ia i ka hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻana ...
Ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, he hui Task Force 373 puhiʻia ʻelima rockets ma kahi pūhui ma Nangar Khel ma ka ʻāina ʻo Paktika ma ka hema o Khost, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pepehi iā Abu Laith al-Libi, he lālā al-Qaeda mai Libya. I ka hiki ʻana o nā pūʻali koa US i kauhale, ua ʻike lākou ua luku ʻo Task Force 373 i kahi ʻaihue (a i ʻole ke kula Islam), pepehi ʻeono keiki a hōʻeha ʻeha i ka ʻehiku, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o kahi hui lapaʻau US, e make koke ana. (I ka hopena o Ianuali 2008, ʻo al-Libi hōʻike ʻia ua pepehi ʻia e kahi missile Hellfire mai kahi pahu drone Predator ma kahi kauhale kokoke i Mir Ali ma North Waziristan ma Pakistan.)
Ua hui ke Kiaaina Paktika Akram Khapalwak me ka pūʻali koa US i ka lā ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua. ʻAʻole like me kona mau hoa ma Khost a me Nangarhar, ua ʻae ʻo Khapalwak e kākoʻo i nā "manaʻo kamaʻilio" i kūkulu ʻia no Task Force 373 e wehewehe i ka hanana i ka media. Wahi a ka Wikileaks, ua ʻōlelo ke kiaʻāina i ka pōʻino o nā keiki i pepehi ʻia, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua hiki ke pale ʻia inā ʻike ka poʻe i ke alo o nā kipi ma ia wahi.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe wahi kamaʻilio pūʻali koa, ʻaʻohe mea i loko o ka waha, hiki ke hoʻōki i ka make kīwila i ka wā e hoʻomau ʻia ai nā hoʻouka kaua a Task Force 373.
Ma ʻOkakopa 4, 2007, kona mau lālā kapaia i loko o ka ea - 500 paona Paveway bombs - ma kahi hale ma ke kauhale o Laswanday, ʻeono wale nō mile mai Nangar Khel ma ka moku ʻo Paktika (kahi i make ai kēlā mau keiki ʻehiku). I kēia manawa, e pepehi ʻia nā kāne ʻehā, hoʻokahi wahine, a me kahi kaikamahine - nā makaʻāinana āpau - a me ka hoki, ka ʻīlio, a me kekahi mau moa. Ua hōʻeha ʻia he ʻumi mau koa US, akā ua hōʻike nā koa ʻaʻole hoʻokahi "ʻenemi" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a make paha.
Ka Moolelo Afghan Nalo
ʻAʻole i pau nā hoʻouka kaua i ka make kīwila. ʻO nā hōʻike pūʻali koa US i hoʻopuka ʻia e Wikileaks e hōʻike ana ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka Task Force 373 i ka hopu ʻana i nā "target" ola a pale aku i ka make kīwila ma Dekemaba 14, 2007. Ua noi ʻia ka 503rd Infantry Regiment (Airborne) i kēlā lā e kākoʻo i ka Task Force 373 ma kahi ʻimi ma ka moku ʻo Paktika no Bitonai a me Nadr, ʻelua mau alakaʻi alakaʻi al-Qaeda i helu ʻia ma ka JPEL. Ua hana ʻia ka hana ma waho o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Orgun, kokoke i ka US Forward Operating Base (FOB) Harriman. Aia ma kahi o 7,000 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka ʻilikai a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā mauna, ua hoʻokipa ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi o 300 mau koa a me kahi pūhui CIA liʻiliʻi, a kipa pinepine ʻia e nā helikopter pūʻali koa kamaʻilio a me nā bipi kamelo hiamoe o nā Pashtuns kūloko.
He pūʻulu hoʻouka kaua lewa i kapa inoa ʻia "Operation Spartan" iho mai la ia ma kahi o Bitonai a me Nadr e noho ai, aole nae i loaa. I ka wā i haʻi aku ai kahi mea hōʻike ʻo Afghan kūloko i nā koa Special Forces aia nā mea i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o ʻelua mau mile ka mamao, ua hopu ʻo Task Force 373 i nā kāne ʻelua a me 33 mau mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma FOB Harriman no ka nīnau ʻana a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka hale paʻahao ma Bagram.
Akā i ka wā e holo ai ʻo Task Force 373, ʻike ʻia nā makaʻāinana i nā manawa a pau, a ʻoiai nā palapala Wikileaks e hōʻike ana i nā mea a nā koa US i makemake ai e hōʻike, ua waiho pinepine ʻia ka ʻaoʻao Afghan o ka moʻolelo i loko o kahi lua. No ka laʻana, ma ka pō Pōʻakahi ma waena o Nowemapa 2009, ua hana ʻo Task Force 373 i kahi hana e hopu ai a pepehi paha i kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia he pūʻali koa i kapa ʻia. “Ballentine” ma ka mokuna o Ghazni. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kahi hōʻike pōkole ua pepehi ʻia kekahi wahine Afghan a me ʻehā mau "kipi". I ke kakahiaka aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo Task Force White Eagle, kahi hui Polani ma lalo o ke kauoha a ka US 82nd Airborne Division, ua hōʻike ʻia he 80 mau kānaka i ʻākoakoa i kūʻē i ka pepehi kanaka. Ua hōʻino ʻia ka puka makani o kahi kaʻa kaua e nā kamaʻāina huhū, akā ʻaʻole hāʻawi nā palapala iā mākou i kā lākou mana o ka hanana.
Ma kahi ʻano hoʻohenehene, ʻo kekahi o nā hanana hope loa Task Force 373 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā palapala Wikileaks ua aneane e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka pōʻino o Operation Eagle Claw i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hui hopu / pepehi "hui". Ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka lā ma ʻOkakopa 26, 2009, ʻelua mau helikopter US, he UH-1 Huey a me kahi AH-1 Cobra, ua hoʻokuʻi ʻia kokoke i ke kaona o Garmsir ma ka mokuna hema o Helmand, a make eha Marines.
Ua hui pū ʻia me Task Force 373 he pūʻulu Pelekania, ʻO ka mana kikowaena 42, i haku ʻia me Special Air Service, Special Boat Service, a me Special Reconnaissance Regiment commandos e hana ana ma ka moku ʻo Helmand a ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma kekahi mau hōʻike hanana Wikileaks.
ʻImi kanaka
ʻO ka "hopu / pepehi" kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kahi "aʻo" koa hou i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Special Forces Command i hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope o ka pau ʻole o ka Operation Eagle Claw. Malalo o ke alakai ana a Generala ʻO Bryan D. Brown, ka mea nāna i lawe i ka Special Forces Command i Kepakemapa 2003, ua kapa ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ʻo F4. ku no "ʻimi, hoʻoponopono, hoʻopau, a me ka hahai ʻana" - he ʻōlelo euphemistic akā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a me nā kipi.
Ma lalo o ke Kakauolelo o ka Defence Donald Rumsfeld i nā makahiki Bush, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Brown e hoʻonohonoho i nā hui "hui kūikawā" e alakaʻi i nā mikiona F4 ma waho o nā wahi kaua. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia i ka inoa anodyne "Military Liaison Elements." Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, hoʻokahi pepehi ʻia e ia hui ma Paraguay (ʻo kahi powa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻaʻole ma kekahi papa inoa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia) kākau ʻia by New York Times nā mea hoʻolaha ʻo Scott Shane lāua ʻo Thom Shanker. ʻO ka hui, ka mea i hōʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻelele US ma laila, ua kauoha ʻia e haʻalele i ka ʻāina.
"ʻO ka helu-ʻekahi koi no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina hānau. A no laila i kekahi manawa e koi ʻoe e ʻimi a hopu a pepehi paha i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a puni ka honua e hoʻāʻo nei e hana ʻino i kēia lāhui, "Brown haʻiʻia ke Kōmike o ka Hale no nā lawelawe kaua ma Malaki 2006. "ʻO kā mākou mau hoa'āina'ē ... makemake lākou akā hikiʻole ke kōkua i ke kūkuluʻana i ko lākou hiki ke pale aku i ko lākou mau palena a me ka hoʻopauʻana i ka hoʻoweliweli ma ko lākou mau'āina a ma ko lākou mau wahi." I ʻApelila 2007, ua uku ʻo Pelekikena Bush i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a Brown e hana he keʻena kūlana kiʻekiʻe kūikawā ma ka Pentagon no ke kākau'ōlelo kōkua o ka pale no nā hana kūikawā / hakakā haʻahaʻa a me nā mana pili.
ʻO Michael G. Vickers, i kaulana i ka puke a me ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻO ke Kaua ʻana a Charlie Wilson e like me ka mea nana i haku i ke kaula huna lima-a-kālā i ka mujaheedin i ka CIA's anti-Soviet Afghan campaign of the 1980s, ua koho ʻia e hoʻopiha i ke kūlana. Ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi ʻana, a kuhikuhi hou Ua hoʻopuka ʻia i Dekemaba 2008 e "hoʻomohala i nā mana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ʻana o ʻAmelika i nā wahi i hōʻole ʻia a me nā wahi ʻike ʻole ʻia ma o ka hana ʻana me a ma o nā pūʻali ʻōiwi ʻōiwi a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā hana ʻike haʻahaʻa." Ma kēia ala, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka papahana "hopu / pepehi" ma Wakinekona.
"ʻO ke kaua ma luna o ka weliweli he kaua kūʻokoʻa ... he kaua ia o nā hoa ... akā he ʻano kaua ia i loko o ka malu, no ka noʻonoʻo politika a i ʻole ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻoweliweli," Vickers haʻiʻia ka Hawaii Post i ka pau ʻana o 2007. "ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui loa ka Central Intelligence Agency…
ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o George W. Bush mai ka Hale Keʻokeʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i ka hoihoi no F4. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe: ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano F4 i hala hoʻopilikino me, ma ke ʻano pūʻali koa maʻamau, a ua lilo ʻo ia i "ʻimi, hoʻoponopono, hoʻopau, hoʻohana, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia," a i ʻole F3EA, ua hoʻonui ʻo Pelekikena Obama, ma nā moʻolelo a pau, i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻikepili pūʻali koa a me nā papahana "hopu / pepehi" ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me kahi piʻi ʻana o nā hana drone-strike e ka CIA.
He nui wale nā mea kākoʻo o ka ʻōlelo "hopu / pepehi". ʻO ke Kulanui ʻo Columbia ʻo Professor Austin Long kekahi mea hoʻonaʻauao i loaʻa lele i luna ka F3EA bandwagon. Ma ka ʻike ʻana i kona ʻano like me ka papahana pepehi kanaka ʻo Phoenix, ke kuleana no nā ʻumi kaukani o ka make i ka wā o ke kaua US ma Vietnam (ʻo ia ka mea e pale aku ai), ua kāhea ʻo ia i ka emi ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US "footprint" ma Afghanistan i 13,000 Special Forces pūʻali e makemake. e kālele wale ana i ka counter-terrorism, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hana pepehi kanaka. "Ke manaʻo nei ʻo Phoenix ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka naʻauao a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka naʻauao me kahi lima hana hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena ikaika i nā pūʻali koa nui loa a me ka mākaukau," ʻo ia a me kāna mea kākau ʻōlelo ʻo William Rosenau kakau iho la i loko o kahi monograph Rand Institute Iulai 2009 i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Phoenix Program and Contemporary Counterinsurgency."
ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka huhū. ʻO Lieutenant George Crawford, ka mea i hoʻomaha loa mai ke kūlana "alakaʻi alakaʻi" no ka Special Forces Command e hele i ka hana no Archimedes Global, Inc., kahi hui kūkākūkā ma Wakinekona, ua manaʻo e pani ʻia ʻo F3EA e hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo: "Manhunting." Ma kahi monographo i paʻi ʻia e ka Hui Kūʻai Kūʻē Kūʻai Kūʻai ma Kepakemapa 2009, "Manhunting: Counter-Network Organization for Irregular Warfare," ʻōlelo ʻo Crawford "pehea e hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ai i ke kuleana e hoʻomohala i ka manhunting ma ke ʻano he hiki no ka palekana aupuni ʻAmelika."
Pepehi i ka Poe hewa
ʻO ka loli ʻē aʻe o kēia mau manaʻo, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hui hunter-pepehi honua hou aʻe nona ke kumu o ke ola i ka pepehi kanaka 24/7, a ʻo ka poʻe kīwila e pepehi mau nei kēia mau hui "hui kūikawā" i kā lākou. nā hōʻeuʻeu ma luna o ka manaʻo "pahu" ua unsettled a hiki i ka pūʻali koa akamai.
No ka laʻana, ua kākau ʻo Christopher Lamb, ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Institute for National Strategic Studies ma ke Kulanui o National Defense, a me Martin Cinnamond, he luna UN ma Afghanistan, i kākau i kahi ʻatikala no ka pukana Spring 2010 o ka Puali Hui i Ka hapaha i loko o lākou kakau iho la: “Aia ka ʻaelike ākea… ʻo ke ala kūʻokoʻa i ka counterinsurgency e pono ma mua o nā hana pepehi / hopu. Eia naʻe, ua kū ka mea kūʻē.
ʻO nā ʻano pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe e ʻōlelo nei he pōkole ka nānā ʻana a me ke kūʻē ʻana o ka hunter-killer approach. "ʻO kaʻu lawe ʻana i ka Task Force 373 a me nā pūʻali hana ʻē aʻe, he kumu ia no ka mea e mālama ana i ka ʻenemi i ke kaulike. Akā ʻaʻole maopopo ia i ke kumu kumu o ka hakakā, no ke kumu e kākoʻo ai ka poʻe i ka Taliban, "wahi a Matthew Hoh, he mea hana ʻoihana Marine a me State Department i haʻalele i ke aupuni i ka mahina o Kepakemapa i hala. ʻO Hoh, ka mea i hana pinepine me Task Force 373 a me nā papahana "hopu / pepehi" ʻē aʻe o nā Pūʻali Kūikawā ma Afghanistan a me Iraq, hoʻohui: "Ke pepehi nei mākou i ka poʻe hewa, ʻo ka Taliban waena e hakakā wale nei iā mākou no ka mea aia mākou i loko. ko lakou mau awawa. Inā ʻaʻole mākou ma laila, ʻaʻole lākou e hakakā me US "
ʻO Task Force 373 paha he moeʻuhane no nā Afghans. No ke koena o mākou - i kēia manawa ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Wikileaks i kahi ākea - pono e ʻike ʻia he hōʻailona o nā pōʻino kulekele hohonu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hāpai ʻia kahi nīnau kumu: E ʻike maoli ʻia kēia ʻāina ma ke ʻano he honua Manhunters, Inc.?
He mea kākau moʻolelo kūʻokoʻa ʻo Pratap Chatterjee, ʻO TomDispatch maʻamau, a me ka luna hoʻoponopono kiʻekiʻe ma CorpWatch nāna i hana nui ma ka Middle East a me Central Asia, me ʻeiwa mau huakaʻi i Afghanistan, Pakistan, a me Iraq. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ʻelua mau puke e pili ana i ke kaua me ka weliweli: Ira, Inc. (Seven Stories Press, 2004) a Puali koa o Halliburton (Nation Books, 2009). Manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohana DiaryDig e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka WikiLeaks Afghan War Diary. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi huaʻōlelo maikaʻi o nā acronyms koa ma ke kaomi ʻana maanei. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻaʻike iā ia ma ka leka uila ma [pale ʻia ka leka uila].
[Ua puka mua kēia ʻatikala ma ʻO Tomdispatch.com, he weblog o ka Nation Institute, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kahe mau o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, nā nūhou, a me nā manaʻo mai Tom Engelhardt, ka mea hoʻoponopono lōʻihi i ka paʻi ʻana, kapena-co-hoʻokumu ka Papahana Aupuni ʻAmelika, Mea kākau o ka Ka hopena o ka lanakila, E like me o ka moolelo, Na la hope o ka hoolaha ana. ʻO kāna puke hou loa ʻO ke ala kaua ʻAmelika: Pehea ʻo Bush's Ua lilo nā Kaua iā Obama's (Haymarket Books).]
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