Ke nānā nei ʻo Big Bro iā ʻoe. Aia i loko o kāu kelepona paʻalima a hūnā ʻia ma hope o kāu polokalamu kele pūnaewele ʻike liʻiliʻi nā huahana lako polokalamu i kūʻai ʻia e nā mea ʻaelike i ke aupuni e hiki ke hahai iā ʻoe ma nā wahi āpau. ʻAʻole nā manaʻo ākea o ka poʻe manaʻo kipi, ua hoʻokomo mau ʻia kēia mau ʻenehana i kā mākou mau ʻikepili āpau e nā hui e kūʻai aku iā lākou i Wakinekona no ka loaʻa kālā.
ʻAʻole ia ke ʻano o kā lākou kūʻai ʻana iā mākou, ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻAʻole, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopunipuni o ka ʻōlelo: ʻIke, aloha ʻo Silicon Valley E'ōlelo ana, ka aila hou. A maopopo loa ka ʻōlelo a ke awāwa: hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi i kāu ʻike kikohoʻe i wahie no ka leʻaleʻa a me ka loaʻa kālā - inā ʻoe e hāʻawi iā mākou i ke komo i kou wahi, kāu leka, kāu mōʻaukala, a me nā leʻaleʻa āu e makemake ai.
Ua pāʻani ʻo Farmville? Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o Foursquare? Hoʻolohe i ke mele ma Pandora? Hele mai kēia mau polokalamu kaiapili hou me kahi hōʻailona kumu kūʻai: nā hoʻolaha hoʻonāukiuki a mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo ia ka uku a mākou e uku ai no kā mākou leʻaleʻa. Akā aia kahi lua, ʻoi aku ka huna ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai - nā reams o ka ʻikepili e pili ana iā mākou iho a mākou e hāʻawi aku ai. E like me ka aila maka, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i nā mea he nui - ʻo ka wahie jet kiʻekiʻe-octane no kā mākou media social a me ka asphalt a me ka tar o ko mākou wā i hala e makemake mākou e hūnā a poina paha.
Hāʻawi ʻoluʻolu mākou i kēia ʻike āpau i nā hui ʻikepili nui a ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i kā mākou kamaʻilio ʻana a hāʻawi iā mākou i nā hoʻololi. E lawe iā Google, nāna e hāʻawi i ka leka uila manuahi, mālama ʻikepili, a me nā kelepona kelepona i nā mea he nui o mākou, a i ʻole Verizon, nāna e uku no nā kelepona a me nā kelepona home. Hiki iā mākou ke haʻalele iā lākou i kēlā me kēia manawa, e like me kā mākou manaʻoʻiʻo hiki iā mākou ke holoi i kā mākou mau hana kaiaulu i kēlā me kēia lā mai Facebook a i ʻole Twitter.
Akā aia kekahi ʻano ʻano hui ʻikepili ʻelua i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā poʻe: nā lole ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e kōkua wale iā lākou iho i kā mākou ʻike i mea e hiki ai i nā keʻena aupuni US ke ʻeli i kā mākou i hala a me kēia manawa. He kānāwai kekahi o kēia, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o mākou ua kau inoa i nā kuleana i kā mākou ʻike ponoʻī ma nā palapala kikohoʻe a kakaikahi ka poʻe e hopohopo nei e heluhelu, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea, e hoʻokau i ka mea me ke ʻano kūpono.
Hana ʻia kēia ʻāpana ʻelua ʻoihana nānā ʻoihana. Hana lākou a kūʻai aku paha i kā lākou huahana i ke aupuni - ʻo ia hoʻi, ua uku ʻia lākou me kā mākou mau ʻauhau kālā - akā ʻaʻohe o mākou mana ma luna o lākou. ʻO Corporation Corporation hāʻawi i ka ʻenehana i ka FBI e nānā, ma o kā mākou kelepona paʻalima, kahi a mākou e hele ai; ʻālohilohi kūkulu i nā mea hana e hiki ai i ke kaiāulu naʻauao o US ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā mākou kelepona i waho; a me nā ʻoihana like James Bimen Associates polokalamu hoʻolālā e hack i kā mākou kamepiula.
Aia kekahi mahele ʻekolu: nā mea hoʻolaha data e like me Arkansas-based axioma. Mālama kēia mau hui i kā mākou hulina Google a kūʻai aku i ka ʻike i nā mea hoʻolaha. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka Target kaumaha ʻaʻahu pēpē i nā ʻōpio hāpai, akā hiki ke mālama i kāu mau heluhelu heluhelu a me nā nīnau āu e kau ai iā Google ma nā mea āpau mai nā kiʻi ponoʻī a hiki i ka hoʻoweliweli, e kūʻai aku paha iā ʻoe i ka Viagra a me nā pu panapana.
Loaʻa iā ʻoe
Ua hana ʻo Edward Snowden i ke ao nei i kahi lawelawe nui e e hai mai ana ia makou ka mea a ka National Security Agency e hana ai a pehea ia i kamaʻilio maikaʻi ai, hoʻoweliweli, a hoʻoweliweli i ka ʻāpana mua o nā hui i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kā mākou ʻikepili. ʻO ka hopena, ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hoʻolako mai AT&T i T-Mobile a i ʻole Dropbox i kahi SpiderOak paʻa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo wai ka mea makemake i kekahi bureaucrat aupuni inoa ʻole e hoʻolohe a nānā paha i kāu ola pūnaewele a kelepona?
Ua nalo nae mai keia hoopaapaa ana, o na hui i loaa na aelike e wawahi i ko kakou mau hale i ke ao akea a aihue i ko kakou mau ike a pau e pili ana i ke dime a ka mea uku auhau. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi ʻoihana multi-billion dollar nona nā mea hana i loaʻa i kēlā mau hui e kūʻai aku i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a i ʻole e hoʻohana iā lākou iho no ka loaʻa kālā a i ʻole leʻaleʻa.
No laila he aha ka hana a kēia mau ʻoihana a ʻo wai lākou?
ʻO ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka ʻenehana nānā ʻana he IMSI hopu. (Ke kū nei ʻo IMSI no ka International Mobile Subscriber Identity, kahi mea kū hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia kelepona paʻalima.) ʻO kēia mau mea lawe lima nui e like me nā hale kiaʻi kelepona paʻalima a hiki ke hopu i nā hōʻailona kelepona paʻa a pau ma kahi wahi. Ma kēia ala, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo pono a huli i nā mea hoʻohana kelepona āpau ma kahi kikoʻī. He liʻiliʻi kekahi i hiki ke komo i loko o kahi ʻeke, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kelepona paʻa. I ka manawa i kau ʻia, hoʻopunipuni ka mea hopu IMSI i nā kelepona i ka hoʻouna ʻole ʻana i ka ʻikepili.
Ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kekahi mau mea hopu IMSI ma kahi wahi a me ke ana ʻana i ka wikiwiki o nā pane a i ʻole "pings" mai ke kelepona, hiki i ka mea loiloi ke hahai i ka neʻe ʻana o kekahi me ke kelepona paʻa ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea pāʻani koʻikoʻi ma kēia kahua ʻo ia ka Melbourne, Florida-based Harris Corporation, ʻo ia i hookoia aneane $7 miliona ma nā ʻaelike lehulehu e ka Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) mai ka makahiki 2001, ʻo ka hapa nui no nā lako kamaʻilio lekiō. No nā makahiki, ua hoʻolālā pū ka hui i nā polokalamu no ka National Crime Information Center o ke keʻena e nānā i nā poʻe nalo, mahuka, lawehala, a me nā waiwai ʻaihue.
Ua hōʻike koke ʻia ʻo Harris i hoʻolālā i kahi mea hopu IMSI no ka FBI i kapa ʻia e ka hui ʻo "Stingray." ʻO ka ʻōlelo hōʻike a nā luna FBI ua hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hana mai ka makahiki 2002. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā hui ʻē aʻe e like me James Bimen Associates o Virginia i nā polokalamu maʻamau e kōkua i ka FBI hack i nā kamepiula o nā kānaka, wahi a noiʻi na Chris Soghoian o ka American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
ʻAʻole i hōʻole ka FBI i kēia. ʻO ka Bureau "hoʻolimalima i nā poʻe i loaʻa ke akamai hacking, a kūʻai lākou i nā mea hana i hiki ke hana i kēia mau mea," he luna mua ma ka māhele cyber o ka FBI. haʻiʻia ka Wall Street Pai i hala iho nei. "Ke hana ʻoe, no ka mea ʻaʻohe āu koho ʻē aʻe."
ʻO nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e kēia mau ʻoihana e hilinaʻi pinepine i nā nāwaliwali o ka polokalamu. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka polokalamu hacking mai ka USB drive, a i ʻole e hāʻawi mamao ʻia ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he leka uila a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono polokalamu. I ka manawa i kau ʻia ai, hiki i ka mea loiloi ke hoʻopaʻa i nā faila o kahi pahuhopu, hoʻopaʻa i kēlā me kēia kī kī, a paʻi i nā kiʻi o ka pale i kēlā me kēia kekona. ʻo kahi laʻana, SS8 ʻO Milpitas, Kaleponi, ke kūʻai aku nei i nā polokalamu i kapa ʻia ʻo Intellego e ʻōlelo ana e ʻae i nā keʻena aupuni e "ʻike i nā mea [nā pahuhopu] e ʻike ai, i ka manawa maoli" me nā "leka uila, nā faila i hoʻopili ʻia, nā kiʻi, a me nā wikiō." Hiki i ia ʻenehana ke hoʻohuli mamao i ke kelepona a me nā microphones kamepiula, a me nā kamepiula a i ʻole nā kāmeʻa kelepona e kiu i ka pahu hopu i ka manawa maoli.
Hoʻopaʻa iā ʻoe
ʻO ka mea a ka FBI e hana ai, akā naʻe, he ʻuala liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mea a ka National Security Agency i moeʻuhane ai e hana: loaʻa a mālama i ka ʻikepili ʻikepili ʻaʻole wale no ka lāhui holoʻokoʻa, akā no ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua lilo kēia i mea ʻike maoli ma kahi o ʻelua mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoihana kelepona i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka ʻenehana fiber-optic. 'O ia ho'i, 'a'ole ho'ouna 'ia ka 'ikepili e like me nā hō'ailona uila ma nā uwea i hiki ke ho'opilikia a pa'a, akā ma ke 'ano he mau kukui.
E hoʻokomo i nā hui e like me Glimmerglass, kahi lole ʻē aʻe o Kaleponi. I Kepakemapa 2002, hoʻomaka ʻo Glimmerglass e kūʻai aku i kahi huahana patent hou he 210 mau aniani i uhi ʻia i ke gula liʻiliʻi i kau ʻia ma nā ʻeke microscopic i kālai ʻia ma kahi wafer silika hoʻokahi. Hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano he mau kukuna kukui ma waena o nā uwea fiber optic ma lalo o ke kai e lawe ana i ka 90% o ka ʻikepili kelepona trans-border. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia ʻenehana ʻo ia ka lepo ʻuʻuku a - no nā kumu o nā keʻena naʻauao - hiki ke kope maʻalahi i nā kukui kukui me ka aneane ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nalowale o ka maikaʻi.
"Me Glimmerglass Intelligent Optical Systems (IOS), hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia kekahi hōʻailona e hele ana ma luna o ka fiber i nā milliseconds, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka hele ʻana o nā mea kūʻai aku," wahi a ka hui ma kāna pūnaewele lehulehu.
ʻAʻole hōʻole ʻo Glimmerglass e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kāna mau mea hana e nā keʻena naʻauao e hopu ai i ka holo pūnaewele puni honua. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, manaʻo ia e hiki mai ana kēia. "Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou ʻo kā mākou ʻenehana 3D MEMS - e like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā aupuni a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole - ke komo nei i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka naʻauao mai nā sensors, satellites, a me nā ʻōnaehana fiber undersea," Keith May, ka luna hoʻomalu o Glimmerglass o ka hoʻomohala ʻoihana, haʻiʻia ka nupepa kalepa Hepepa lele i ka makahiki 2010. "Ua hoʻonoho ʻia mākou ma nā ʻāina he nui e hoʻohana ana ia mea no ka interception kānāwai."
In he palapala huna, Loa'a iā Glimmerglass he mo'olelo o nā ki'i, 'ōlelo ia, e hō'ike i ka mea hiki i kona lako polokalamu. Hōʻike kekahi i kahi mākia ʻike o nā leka Facebook o kahi "John Smith" i manaʻo ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia kāna ʻaoʻao i kekahi mau kānaka ʻē aʻe (i ʻike ʻia me nā kiʻi, nā inoa mea hoʻohana, a me nā ID) ma o nā pua e hōʻike ana i ka pinepine o kona pili ʻana iā lākou. Hōʻike ke kiʻi kiʻi ʻelua i nā kelepona kelepona i hana ʻia e kahi kanaka hoʻokahi e hiki ai i kahi mea hoʻohana ke koho a hoʻolohe i ka leo o kekahi o kāna mau kamaʻilio kikoʻī. Hōʻike nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka polokalamu Glimmerglass i hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i ka leka uila a me nā kamaʻilio memo koke.
"ʻO ka luʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike ua lilo i mea paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka mālamalama," wahi a kahi mea hoʻolaha i loko o kahi wikiō hui ma kā lākou pūnaewele lehulehu. "Me Glimmerglass, loaʻa i nā mea kūʻai ka mana piha o nā kahe nui o ka naʻauao mai ka manawa i komo ai lākou." Hōʻike kēia wehewehe i ka ʻenehana i wehewehe ʻia ma nā palapala i hāʻawi ʻia na Edward Snowden i ka kahu nūpepa.
E wānana ana iā ʻoe
ʻO ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ke kelepona ʻana, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā wahi, a me ka uhaki ʻana i nā kamepiula, ʻo ia wale nō kahi ʻāpana o ka pahu hana a nā hui hoʻoili ʻikepili i hāʻawi aku ai i nā keʻena naʻauao o US (a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). E noʻonoʻo iā lākou e like me nā ʻikepili like o ka ʻaila a me nā hui ʻeli kinoea maoli i mākaukau e unuhi i ka waiwai o lalo o ka honua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā makahiki i loko o nā pahu ikaika i loko o kā mākou basements.
ʻO ka mea i makemake nui ʻia e nā keʻena aupuni, ʻaʻole wale ka hiki ke hana i kaʻu, akā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kēlā mau waiwai i loko o ka ʻikepili e like me ka wahie octane kiʻekiʻe no kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o kā mākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kā mākou ʻikepili ponoʻī e alakaʻi i nā pilina koʻikoʻi, e ʻimi i nā hale ʻai. , a i ʻole e ʻimi i nā mele hou ma kā mākou kelepona a me nā kamepiula.
ʻO kēia mau ʻenehana - ʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele a i ʻole nā mea hana loiloi semantic - ke hoʻopili ʻia nei e ka ʻoihana kiaʻi e like me nā ala e hōʻike ai i nā mea hoʻoweliweli e hiki mai ana mai ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kaiāulu pūnaewele o nā mea kūʻē a i ʻole nā mea hana anti-aupuni. E lawe iā Raytheon, he mea hana nui o ka pūʻali koa US, nāna i hana i nā missiles lewa-a-ea ʻo Sidewinder, nā missiles lewa-a-kahi o Maverick, nā missiles surface-to-air Patriot, a me nā missiles holo moana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e Tomahawk submarine. ʻO kā lākou huahana hou loa he pūʻolo pūʻolo Ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Riot" e ʻōlelo ana e hiki iā ia ke wānana i kahi e hele ai ka poʻe ma hope me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻikepili mai nā ʻoihana pūnaewele e like me Facebook, Foursquare, a me Twitter.
ʻO Raytheon's Rapid Information Overlay Technology software — ʻae, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai iā lākou ka acronym Riot — unuhi i ka ʻikepili wahi mai nā kiʻi a me nā manaʻo i kau ʻia ma ka pūnaewele e nā poʻe a nānā i kēia ʻike. ʻO ka hopena, he ʻano kiʻi kiʻi spider like ʻole e hōʻike ana i kahi e hele ai kēlā kanaka aʻe, kāna mea makemake e hana, a me kāna kamaʻilio a kamaʻilio paha me ia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
He hōʻike wikiō 2010 o ka lako polokalamu i kēia manawa paʻi ma ka pūnaewele ma ka kahu. I loko o ia mea, hōʻike ʻo Brian Urch o Raytheon pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Riot e hahai iā "Nick" - kahi limahana o ka hui - i mea e wānana ai i ka manawa a me kahi maikaʻi loa e ʻaihue ai i kāna kamepiula a i ʻole e kau i nā polokalamu kiu. "ʻEono a.m. ʻo ia ka manawa kipa pinepine ʻia ma ka hale haʻuki," wahi a Urch. "No laila inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e hoʻopaʻa iā Nick - a i ʻole e paʻa i kāna kamepiula - makemake paha ʻoe e kipa i ka hale haʻuki ma 6:00 a.m. i ka Pōʻakahi."
"ʻO Riot kahi hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana ʻikepili nui a mākou e hana nei me ka ʻoihana, nā labs aupuni, a me nā hoa kalepa e kōkua i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻikepili i ʻike hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono palekana o ko mākou lāhui," ʻo Jared Adams, he waha ʻōlelo no Raytheon's. ʻoihana ʻike a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻike, haʻiʻia ka kahu. Hōʻole ka hui ʻaʻole i kūʻai aku kekahi iā Riot, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keʻena aupuni o US ma mua o ka makemake e kūʻai i ia mau mea hana.
No ka laʻana, i Ianuali 2012 ua hoʻopuka ka FBI i kahi noi no kahi polokalamu e 'ae 'ia e "ho'olako i ka 'imi 'akomi a me ka 'ohi 'ana i ka hiki o nā pūnaewele kaiapili me Facebook a me Twitter a [i] unuhi koke i nā tweets 'ōlelo haole i ka 'ōlelo Pelekania." I Ianuali 2013, ka U.S. Transportation Security Administration i ninau aku ai ka poe aelike e hoʻopuka i nā polokalamu "e hoʻopuka i kahi loiloi o ka pilikia i ka ʻōnaehana kaʻa mokulele e hiki ke hoʻopuka ʻia e kekahi kanaka kikoʻī" me ka hoʻohana ʻana i "nā kumu kikoʻī o ka ʻikepili o kēia manawa, pololei, a me ka piha ʻole o ke aupuni."
Wahi a nā mea hana pilikino he pilikia maoli ka pūʻolo Riot. "ʻO kēia ʻano polokalamu e hiki ai i ke aupuni ke nānā aku i nā mea āpau," ʻo Ginger McCall, ka luna o ka papahana Open Government o ka Electronic Privacy Information Center, i haʻi aku iā NBC News. "Ke ʻohi nei ia i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka poʻe hala ʻole.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wahie mai nā waihona i lalo o ka lepo ua ʻae iā mākou e huakaʻi i kahi mamao loa me nā kaʻa, nā kaʻaahi, nā kaʻa, a me nā mokulele no ka leʻaleʻa a me ka loaʻa kālā akā ma ke kumu kūʻai ʻole: ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ko mākou honua. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i kā mākou ʻikepili i loko o nā polokalamu kaiapili no ka leʻaleʻa, ka loaʻa kālā, a me ka nānā ʻana o ke aupuni e hele mai ana ma ke kumu kūʻai: ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe mālie ʻana o kā mākou pilikino a ma hope o ko mākou kūʻokoʻa ʻōlelo.
Ua ho'āʻo paha ʻoe i ka ʻuā ʻana i ke kāmela palekana? Maopopo iā ʻoe ke kau nei. Ua ʻike ʻoe ke nānā nei kekahi i nā kiʻi, akā ʻaʻole ia e pane i ka hoʻopiʻi, hoʻoweliweli, a i ʻole nā hōʻino. Akā, nānā wale ia iā ʻoe ma ke ʻano pāpā. I kēia lā, ua hoʻopili nui ʻia ka mokuʻāina kiaʻi i kā mākou mau mea ʻikepili a ʻaʻole mākou e uē hope no ka mea ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā hui ʻenehana iā mākou pono mākou e pili iā lākou e hauʻoli.
Me ke kōkua nui mai ka ʻoihana kiaʻi, ua lanakila ʻo Big Bro i ka hakakā e nānā iā mākou a pau i nā manawa āpau - ke ʻole mākou e hoʻoholo e hana i kekahi mea e pili ana i ia.
ʻO Pratap Chatterjee, he TomDispatch maʻamau, ka luna hoʻokele o ʻO CorpWatch a he lālā papa o Amnesty International USA. ʻO ia ke kumu o Puali koa o Halliburton (Nation Books) a me Ira, Inc. (Seven Stories Press).
Uaʻike muaʻia kēiaʻatikala ʻO TomDispatch.com, he weblog o ka Nation Institute, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kahe mau o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, nā nūhou, a me nā manaʻo mai Tom Engelhardt, ka mea hoʻoponopono lōʻihi i ka paʻi ʻana, ka mea hoʻokumu o ka Papahana Aupuni ʻAmelika, Mea kākau o ka Ka hopena o ka lanakila, e like me ka moʻolelo, Na la hope o ka hoolaha ana. ʻO kāna puke hou loa ʻO ke ala kaua ʻAmelika: Pehea i lilo ai nā kaua a Bush iā Obama (Haymarket Books).
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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