Yayin da zanga-zangar George Floyd ta tsananta a Minneapolis a ranar Juma'a da Asabar, Shugaba Trump ya nemi mukaddashin Sakataren Tsaron Amurka Mark Esper da zabin tura sojojin tarayya zuwa birnin. Ya yi wa Gwamnan Minnesota Tim Walz alama cewa, "Muna da shirye-shiryen sojojinmu, masu yarda da iyawa idan har suna son kiran sojojin mu, kuma za mu iya samun sojoji a kasa cikin sauri." Sojojin 'yan sanda na soja daga Fort Bragg (North Carolina), Fort Drum (New York), Fort Carson (Colorado), da Fort Riley (Kansas) sun kasance. an umarce su da su kasance a shirye su tura domin gudanar da taron jama'a da kuma kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, idan har jami'an tsaron kasar ba za su iya kwantar da tarzomar ba.
A ranar Litinin, Trump ya nada shugaban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Janar Mark Milley "mai kulawa,” suka caccaki gwamnonin jihohi, kuma ya ce zai sba da odar sojojin tarayya masu aiki a cikin biranen Amurka don "da sauri warware musu matsalar." Ya kuma nuna cewa nan ba da dadewa ba zai tura dakarun soji masu aiki a gundumar Columbia, inda yake da ikon yin hakan kai tsaye.
Kodayake ana amfani da Tsaron Ƙasa sau da yawa a kan tawaye na farar hula, tura sojojin tarayya a cikin Amurka wani mataki ne mai tsauri kuma mai wuyar tarihi. Na yi karatun tarihi da labarin kasa na tsoma bakin sojojin Amurka daga "Yaƙe-yaƙe na Indiya" zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma sun rubuta kaɗan ne kawai cewa an yi amfani da Sojoji, Marines, ko Ƙungiyoyin Tsaron Ƙasa na tarayya a kan 'yan ƙasar Amurka a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Don Trump ya ɗauki irin wannan tsalle mai zurfi zai zama yarda, kamar yadda Gov. Walz ya faɗa, cewa ana daidaita rikici a gida da "yaƙin ketare." Aike da sojoji da aka horar da su don yaki zai kara dagula al'amura ne kawai, ta hanyar kaddamar da yaki a cikin gida da rashin amincewar cikin gida.
Dokar Tawaye ta 1807 tana mulkin ikon shugaban kasa na tura sojoji masu aiki a cikin Amurka don kawar da tawaye. Dokar Posse Comitatus ta 1878 ta iyakance ikon gwamnatin tarayya na amfani da sojoji don aiwatar da dokokin farar hula, tare da takura sojoji zuwa rawar da ke tallafawa hukumomin 'yan sanda na jihohi da na gida. Abin sha'awa shine, an sanya iyakancewa a wani bangare saboda koma baya na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na sake ginawa, yayin da Shugaba Rutherford B. Hayes ya janye sojojin tarayya da ke mamaye tsohuwar Tarayyar tun lokacin yakin basasa. Dokar har yanzu damar Shugaban kasa ya tura sojoji a Amurka. a ƙarƙashin ikon majalisa (wanda aka samo daga Dokar Tawaye), idan wata ƙasa ba za ta iya kiyaye abin da ake kira "tsarin jama'a ba."
Yaƙe-yaƙe da juriya na ƴan asali da na Mexico
Sojojin Amurka sun yi yaƙi da abin da ake kira "Yaƙe-yaƙe na Indiya" a matsayin tsoma bakin kasashen waje a cikin ƙasa na 'yan asalin ƙasar, don tilasta su shigar da su cikin (ko kiyaye su a cikin) Amurka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yaƙin 1862 da Mdewakanton Dakota (Santee Sioux) a Minnesota, wanda ya ƙare a cikin kisa na 38 Dakota maza.
Babban Yaƙin Indiya na ƙarshe na Sojoji ya kasance a kan Lakota Nation, wanda ya ƙare a cikin 1890 Rauni na Knee da aka yi wa fararen hula kusan 300, wanda sojoji suka yi. lambobin yabo na girmamawa. Daga baya sai aka yi gaba da shi Leech Lake Ojibwe a cikin 1898 (ta amfani da sojoji da suka dawo daga Philippines), da kuma Muskogee (Creek) a cikin yankin Indiya (daga baya Oklahoma) a cikin 1901. Sojojin ruwa na Amurka kuma sun goyi bayan mazaunin 1893. kwashe na Masarautar Hawai’i da Amurka ta amince da ita.
A lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico, sojojin Amurka kuma suna da hannu wajen yakar 'yan tawayen Mexico da suka tsallaka kan iyaka, a cikin 1915. Shirin San Diego hare-hare zuwa Texas, da Pancho Villa's 1916 shiga cikin Columbus, New Mexico a cikin 1916 (wanda ya haifar da balaguron balaguro mai zurfi cikin Mexico). Ko da yake waɗannan shisshigi ne a ƙasar Amurka, ba a yi musu jagora da farko kan 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba.
An sake farfado da "Yakin Indiya" a cikin 1973, lokacin da FBI da sauran su wakilan tarayya sun yiwa masu fafutukar kare al'ummar Lakota kawanya Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM) ta haɗu a wurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Knee, inda aka kashe 'yan asalin ƙasar biyu a cikin wuta. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu daga sansanin Sojan Sama na Ellsworth na kusa sun gudanar da binciken sama da fadi. Na 82nd An sanya jirgin sama a faɗakarwa, amma an An yi watsi da bukatar FBI na sojojin Sojoji 2,000 ta Kanar Volney Warner, kuma harin na kwanaki 72 ya ƙare ba tare da kisan kiyashi na biyu ba. (AIM har yanzu yana nan, kuma wannan makon yana jagorantar sintiri na unguwa zuwa kare al'ummar asalin Minneapolis, a matsayin madadin 'yan sanda ko tashin hankalin soja.)
Yayin arangamar 2016-17 a Standing Rock akan bututun shiga Dakota, North Dakota An tura dakarun tsaron kasa, da TigerSwan 'yan kwangilar tsaro masu zaman kansu (wadanda suka yi aiki tare da sojoji a Iraki da Afghanistan) leken asiri akan masu kare ruwa. Duk da cewa ba a yi amfani da sojojin gwamnatin tarayya kai tsaye ba, amma ba a san ko wanene hukumomin ke tafiyar da jiragen sa ido da jirage marasa matuka ba.
Aikewa da masu yajin aiki da tsoffin sojoji
An kuma aike da dakarun soji domin murkushe hare-haren da ma'aikatan Amurka ke kaiwa. A lokacin 1894 Yajin aikin dogo na Pullman a Chicago, sojojin sun kashe 'yan ta'adda 34. In Idaho, sojoji sun shiga tsakani kan masu hakar azurfa da ke yajin aiki a arewacin Idaho's Coeur d'Alene a cikin 1892, kuma ya mamaye yankin a cikin 1899-1901. An tura sojoji domin yaki masu aikin hakar kwal na West Virginia a cikin 1920-21 (ciki har da tashin bama-bamai na farko na 'yan Amurka); rikicin ya zaburar da fim din Matewan.
A cikin 1932, a lokacin Bacin rai, an tura sojoji sojoji a yakin duniya na farko da suka nuna a Washington don fara biyan kuɗin gwamnati don hidimarsu. Janar Douglas Macarthur ne ya jagoranci harin tankar mai haske a kan "Bonus Army” tsoffin sojoji da iyalansu; Sojoji 55 ne suka jikkata tare da kona matsuguninsu.
Hakkokin jama'a na Ba-Amurka da farar fata
Ya zuwa yanzu mafi yawan amfani da sojojin tarayya a cikin Amurka yana da alaƙa da 'yancin ɗan adam na Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, da kuma koma baya ga fararen fata a kan waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Jerin rikice-rikice na launin fata da pogroms a cikin 20th Ƙarni ya ƙunshi sojojin National Guard na jihohi, amma sai lokacin yakin duniya na biyu aka yi amfani da sojojin tarayya kai tsaye. A cikin watan Yuni 1943. farar zanga zanga a Detroit sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da wani aikin bakar fata da kuma ma’aikatan farar fata sun shiga yajin aikin nuna rashin amincewa da karin girma da ake yi wa ma’aikatan bakar fata a masana’antun cikin gida. Tashin hankali ya haifar da jita-jita da yawa, tashin hankali, da harbe-harbe, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 34—’yan Afirka 25 (18 a hannun ‘yan sanda), da kuma turawa tara. Duk da cewa mafi yawan masu tayar da tarzoma fararen fata ne, 'yan sanda da aka kama sau hudu fiye da na Amurkawa na Afirka. Shugaba Roosevelt ya tura tankokin soji da dakaru 6,000, wadanda suka zauna a birnin na tsawon makonni, yayin da rikici kuma ya barke a kasar. New York da kuma sansanonin soji a Biritaniya.
Sojojin tarayya sun kasance da aka tura a lokacin yancin ɗan adam don aiwatar da umarnin tarwatsewa, a kan gwamnonin Kudancin Kudancin da suka ƙi shigar da makarantun wariyar launin fata. Shugaba Eisenhower ya shahara ya aika da sojojin Sojoji zuwa Little Rock, Arkansas, don raka yara bakar fata lafiya zuwa makaranta da suka wuce farar fata. Shugaba Kennedy ya ba da tarayya ga National Guard don tilasta umarnin kotunan tarayya na raba Jami'ar Mississippi a 1962, da Jami'ar Alabama da makarantun jama'a na Alabama a 1963. .
Amma a cikin wannan shekarar, tashin hankalin Watts a Los Angeles ya nuna alamar tashin hankalin biranen Afirka na Amurka game da rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, wariyar launin fata, da zaluncin 'yan sanda, wanda ya haifar da sake tura dakarun Tsaron Kasa na jihohi. An sake zama a Detroit, tare da matsanancin rarrabuwar kawuna da kusan 'yan sanda fararen fata, inda aka tura dakarun tarayya. Wani hari da 'yan sanda suka kai a watan Yulin 1967 a wani kulob na Afirka (wanda abokansa ke bikin dawowar sojoji biyu da suka zama Vietnam) ya jawo tashin hankali wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mazauna 43 ('yan Afirka 33 da fararen fata goma), sannan 1,189 suka jikkata. Shugaba Johnson ya aika da sojoji 4,700 daga cikin 82nd Jirgin sama don tallafawa 'yan sanda da masu tsaron kasa 4,000.
Kisan Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a watan Afrilun 1968 ya haifar da wani guguwar tawayen birni a kusa da kasar wanda ya dauki tsawon makonni biyu, kuma mafi girman jibge sojojin tarayya a kasar Amurka tun bayan yakin basasa. Akalla sojojin tarayya 21,000 aka tura garuruwan kasar, 13,600 daga cikinsu zuwa Washington D.C. da sauran zuwa Baltimore, Chicago, da sauran garuruwa. Jiragen jigilar sojoji sun sauka a O'Hare cikin duhu, yanayin fama, kuma an sanya sojojin cikin gida don jagorantar rukunin sojoji a kewayen birnin. Akwai ƙarin sojojin gwamnati masu ɗauke da makamai ('yan sanda da sojoji) da aka yi amfani da su a Chicago kaɗai fiye da mamaye Grenada na 1983. Akalla mutane 43 ne aka kashe a wani abin da aka fi sani da "Tare Mai Tsarki".
Gwamnatin Bush ta farko
A cikin Satumba 1968, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta buga wani tsarin da aka sani da Lambun Plot Hasashen cewa "rashin gamsuwa da yanayin muhalli da ke haifar da rikicin kabilanci da rikice-rikice" na iya buƙatar babban matakan soja na tarayya "don adana rayuwa da dukiyoyi da kuma kula da tsarin gwamnatoci na yau da kullun," yana kafa tushen jerin tsare-tsaren salon yaƙi. don magance tashin hankali a gida.
An fara aiwatar da waɗannan tsare-tsare na dokar yaƙi a lokacin shugabancin George H.W. Bush, na farko a tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka, inda ya aika 1,100 dauke da manyan makamai 'Yan sandan soji zuwa tsibirin St. Croix, wadda guguwar Hugo ta yi mummunar barna. Lalacewar guguwar ta kara dagula rigingimun kabilanci, kuma aikin farko na sojojin ba agajin bala'i ba ne, amma murkushe sace-sacen mutane (ko da shaguna ne suka ba shi izinin) da kuma kawar da boren Bakar fata. Kodayake an tura sojoji da ’yan kwangilar soja zuwa wasu yankuna da guguwar ta lalata, kamar Florida a 1992 da Louisiana a 2005, an tura su karkashin ikon jihar.
Mafi girman aika sojojin tarayya bayan 1968 shine lokacin tashin hankalin Los Angeles, wanda aka yi a watan Afrilun 1992 da aka wanke jami'an 'yan sanda da hannu a dukan tsiya na Rodney King. Zanga-zangar ta farko ta haifar da kone-kone, sata, da rikicin kabilanci a sama da murabba'in mil 32. Yayin da sojojin National Guard 10,000 suka mamaye, Gwamna Pete Wilson yayi amfani da Dokar Tawaye don neman sojojin tarayya. Shugaba Bush ya yi tarayya da National Guard, ya kunna reservists a sansanonin soja na California, kuma ya tura 4,000 Sojojin da sojojin ruwa don kafa shingayen binciken ababen hawa da kuma bada baya ga farmakin ‘yan sanda a kewayen birnin. A wani lamari da ya faru, wani dan sanda da ke fuskantar wani mai harbi ya bukaci "rufe" daga Marines, ma'ana ya nufa makamansu a gidan, amma A maimakon haka Marines sun saki zagaye 200 a cikin "rufe" wuta. Gabaɗaya, an kashe mutane 63 a Los Angeles (ciki har da aƙalla bakwai 'yan sanda), kuma 2,000 sun jikkata.
Hanyar daga 9/11 da Ferguson
Hare-haren 9/11 a cikin Gwamnatin George W. Bush nan take ya nuna yadda, a cikin keɓancewar mayar da hankali ga shisshigin ƙasashen waje, Pentagon ba ta taɓa yin shiri da gaske don kare ainihin “ƙasar mahaifar” ba. Dokar PATRIOT da sauran dokoki sun ƙarfafa aikin tilasta bin doka (samar da 'yan sanda da sojoji). makami da fasaha fiye da bukatun su), yin amfani da ƴan kwangilar tsaro masu zaman kansu, soja leken asiri a kan kungiyoyin antiwar, da kuma karuwar amfani da wasu na yau da kullum Rukunin Sojoji da na Marine a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. 2006 sake fasalin Dokar Tawaye ya ba Shugaban kasa damar tura sojoji a matsayin ‘yan sanda a lokacin bala’i, annoba, ko harin ta’addanci, ko da yake an juya shi bayan shekaru biyu.
Sakamakon abin da ake kira "Yaƙin Duniya akan Ta'addanci," tare da ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe akan kwayoyi da baƙi marasa izini, ya kasance rashin fahimta tsakanin yake-yake a kasashen waje da yakin cikin gida. Wannan yanayin ya zama mai raɗaɗi a cikin 2014 a cikin sojoji, martanin wariyar launin fata ga zanga-zangar Black Lives Matter a Ferguson, Missouri, da sauran biranen da yawa. A cikin 2020, yayin da tashin hankalin George Floyd ya girgiza kasar yayin bala'i da damuwa, Predator drones (daga Kwastam da Kariyar Border) suna gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Minneapolis, "Lakota” (!) da kuma “Black Hawk” jirage masu saukar ungulu na soja tashi kasa kasa don tarwatsa masu zanga-zanga a Washington, da shugaba Trump ya nada ƙungiyoyin anti-fascist a matsayin "'yan ta'adda" (watakila don tabbatar da shigar sojan tarayya a kasar Amurka).
Bada odar sojoji masu daraja a cikin biranen Amurka, don murkushe mutane a unguwanni kamar nasu, mai yiwuwa ba zai zama mai sauƙi kamar yadda Trump ke tunani ba. Horon soja ya kasance da wahala a iya aiwatar da shi a Vietnam da Iraq, kuma zai yi wahala a cikin wani birni na Amurka. Sojoji suna da hakkin ƙin bin doka da oda don cutar da fararen hula. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Sojoji (Uniform Code)Mataki na ashirin da 92) ya kafa aikin biyayya ga halal, amma kuma wajibi ne na bijirewa umarnin haram ga hakan a fili ya sabawa Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
Tsohon soji don Aminci da kuma Game da Face tuni suka yi kira ga dakarun tsaron kasa da su tashi tsaye. Idan sojoji suna jin ana ba su umarnin da ba bisa ka'ida ba na cutar da jama'a ko keta haƙƙin farar hula, "Na bi umarni ne kawai" ba zai zama cikakkiyar kariya ta doka ba. Za su iya tuntuɓar G.I. Layin Hakki, ko aika bisa doka "Neman Gyara” zuwa ga wakilin su na majalisar da ke da kariya a karkashin Dokar Kariya ta Masu Sanda Sojoji. Ma'aikatan soja sun san shiru, hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire don "aiki-zuwa-mulki," da raba mahimman bayanai game da ayyukan haram, don taimakawa rage hauka. Kuma idan suna shakka, (a 'yan sanda sun riga sun yi) koyaushe yana iya durƙusa cikin haɗin kai ko yin addu'a don shiriya.
Dokta Zoltán Grossman memba ne na Faculty a Geography da 'Yan Asalin Amirkawa & Nazarin 'Yan Asalin a Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen a Olympia, Washington, yana nazarin tsaka-tsakin adalci na launin fata, albarkatun kasa, da kuma soja. Faculty website is at https://sites.evergreen.edu/zoltan.
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