A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙawance masu ƙarfi na ƙasashen Amirka na Amirka da maƙwabtansu farar fata na ƙauye sun dakatar da manyan kamfanonin albarkatun kasa aiwatar da shirye-shiryensu, a wani tsari na kare ƙasa da ruwan da suka yi yaƙi a tarihi. A shekarar da ta gabata, kabilu da fararen fata masu kiwo da manoma, wadanda suka hada karfi da karfe a kungiyar Kawancen Indiya ta Cowboy, sun toshe kafar arewa na bututun Keystone XL. Irin wannan kawancen ƴan ƙasa tare da manoma farar fata, masu kiwo, ko masunta sun toshe hanyoyin samar da mai da kwal a Washington da Oregon, kuma sun dakatar da shirin hakar ma'adinai a Montana, South Dakota, da Wisconsin. Na ba da tarihin yawancin waɗannan ƙawance a cikin littafina Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da yuwuwa: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Fari sun Haɗa don Kare Ƙasashen Karkara, mai zuwa wannan bazara daga Jami'ar Washington Press.
Don haka yayin ziyartar Dutsen Dutsen na kwana uku a farkon Satumba (tare da Debi McNutt ya kawo kayayyaki da gudummawa daga Olympia, Washington), dole ne in yi tambaya: "Ina 'yan shanu?" Domin ba a iya ganin su ba. Juriyar Tsayayyen Rock ga bututun Samun Dakota (DAPL) ya nuna wani nau'i na haɗin kai tsakanin kabilun da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, har ma da ƙabilun da ke da nasu haɓakar mai. Har ila yau, ya haifar da haɗin kai tsakanin kabilanci, tare da shugabannin gwamnatocin kabilanci, sarakunan gargajiya, da masu fafutuka na asali suna raba manufa ɗaya ta kare ruwa da wurare masu tsarki, wani abin da ya faru musamman a tarihin Oceti Sakowin (Lakota, Dakota, da Nakota). , ko “Sioux”), koda kuwa ba koyaushe suke yarda da dabaru da dabaru ba.
Masu shirya ƴan asalin ƙasar waɗanda suka kafa Sansanin Dutsen Tsarkaka a watan Afrilun da ya gabata sun kasance a buɗe don haɗin kai tare da makiyaya da manoma tare da hanyar mil 1,172 na “baƙar maciji” ta Arewa da Kudancin Dakota, Iowa, da Illinois, suna tambayar “kowa da kowa. wadanda suke noma ko kiwo a yankin, da kuma duk wanda ya damu da iska mai tsafta da tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana tare da mu.” Tsoffin abokan adawar Keystone XL daga South Dakota da Nebraska sun goyi bayansu. Gudun tseren tseren matasan kabilanci ya ba da sa hannun 140,000 don adawa da DAPL zuwa Fadar White House. Manoma a Iowa sun yi kakkausar suka da DAPL, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga da dama tare da kama mutane da dama.
Amma akasin haka, manoma da makiyayan Arewacin Dakota ba kasafai ake ganinsu ba a yakin Dakota Access Pipeline. Yawancin masu mallakar filaye na gida sun ba da izinin kwace “fitaccen yanki” na dukiyoyinsu don bututun, ko da sun yi rashin aminta da alkawurran tsaro na kamfanin, wasu kuma sun fi jin tsoron “masu zanga-zangar” na asali a kan tituna. Ba wai masu mallakar farar fata ba su da dalilan da za su firgita da bututun dala biliyan 3.8, wanda aka yi hasashen zai dauki ganga 450,000 na man shale na Bakken a rana.
Mai shirya hanyar sadarwar muhalli ta 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma ɗan kabilar Cheyenne River Joye Braun ya ce, "Lokacin da wannan bututun da aka tsara ya fashe, kamar yadda yawancin bututun ke yi, fiye da rabin ruwan sha a South Dakota zai shafa. Ta yaya wannan aikin tambarin roba zai kasance mai amfani ga mutane, noma, da kiwo? Dole ne a dakatar da shi… tare da abokanmu, na ƴan ƙasa da waɗanda ba na asali ba.” Tsayayyen Dutsen Waniya Locke ya lura, “Kogin Missouri yana ba da ruwan sha ga mutane miliyan 10. Muna kare kowa. Muna tsaye ga kowa…. Suna cin zarafi ba kawai mutanena na tsaye ba, amma suna cin zarafin makiyaya da manoma da duk wani wanda ke zaune a gefen wannan kogin.
Braun ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da cewa masu gidan Ranch Cannonball da ke arewacin yankin sun "ji da kalmomi" tare da kamfanin bututun mai, masu mallakar yankin Linton sun ziyarci sansanin, kuma sauran masu gonakin sun yi matukar bacin rai game da abin da ke faruwa. Wani mai gidan Emmons County ya ce, “Abu na farko da na yi tunani a kai lokacin da na ji labarin bututun Bakken shine kyakkyawar baƙar ƙasa wadda kakata ta koya mini in so…. Koyaushe za ta nuna min shi lokacin da ta ga kyakkyawar ƙasan ƙasa… mafi kyawun ƙasa akwai….[Ba na jin zafi ganinta an ratsa ta da tara kuma ta lalace kamar yadda ta kasance.” Kodayake ra'ayinta na iya kasancewa da sauran masu mallakar filaye, sun yi shuru har ya zuwa yanzu.
Dalilai guda uku na iya yin bayanin rashin kasancewar farar fata na karkara a bayyane a Arewacin Dakota don dakatar da bututun. Na farko, masana'antar fasa-kwaurin mai ta yi karfi sosai a jihar ta yadda masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu za su yi hasarar duk wani yaki na shari'a a kan fitattun yankuna. Braun ya bayyana a cikin hirar da muka yi da shi, “Akwai tallafi daga waɗanda ba ‘yan asalin ƙasar ba, ba kamar yadda ake yi a Nebraska ko da Dakota ta Kudu ba, saboda yanayin siyasa a nan Arewacin Dakota, saboda man fetur yana da babbar matsala…. ; fitowarsu keda wuya. Wani lokaci mukan kasance a wajen wani taro a birnin Bismarck, wasu daga cikin mutanen yankin kuma za su zo su ba da kuli-kuli amma ba sa son a san sunansu ko wani abu. Wannan siyar ce mai wuya.”
Wasu ƴan ƙalilan waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun bijirewa kamfanonin bututun mai. Misali, kabilar ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 2 ga Satumba cewa wani mai gida ya ba da izinin binciken al'adun kabilanci a kan kadarorinsa a layin bututun da ke arewacin wurin ajiyar-saban da umarnin kamfani. Ƙabilar ta rubuta aƙalla binne 27, zoben dutse 16, zane-zane 19, da sauran siffofi, gami da wanda aka kwatanta da "ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka gano na archaeological a Arewacin Dakota cikin shekaru da yawa." Washegari, kamfanin ya dauki burbushinsa zuwa matakin wannan wuri mai tsawon mil 2, kuma ‘yan kwangilar tsaro masu zaman kansu sun kai hari kan karnuka da barkonon tsohuwa a kan “masu kare ruwa” na 200 da ba su da makami, inda suka jikkata shida (ciki har da mace mai ciki da 6- yarinya yar shekara). Kungiyoyin mata Oceti Sakowin sun yi kira ga shugaba Obama da ya dakatar da tashin hankalin.
Dalili na biyu, da ke da alaƙa da cewa galibin turawan karkara sun yi shuru shi ne, izinin Dakota Access da gini an yi “sauri-sauri,” sabanin tsarin da aka zana, tsarin shekaru da yawa a kusa da ba da izinin Keystone XL. Kamfanonin bututun mai ƙila sun gane cewa jinkiri na iya ƙyale alakar ƴan asalin karkara / waɗanda ba na ƙauye ba su haɓaka, kuma su ƙarfafa cikin ƙawance mai ƙarfi. Braun ya ce da zaran masu mallakar filaye “sun fara ganin yadda ake yi wa ƙasar fyade, da yin bijirewa, kuma sun fara ganin girman [kamfanonin] da ake kira ƙaramin fili, sannan suka fara damuwa sosai.” Kamfanonin sun bayyana kusan sun damu da gina sassan bututun a matsayin hujjoji a kasa wanda zai yi wuya a juyo. (Ƙungiyar adawar da ake iya gani ita ma ba ta sami lokacin girma ba, kuma ban ga alamun adawa da ƙabilar ba, sabanin yadda ake fafatawa a ƙauyuka irin wannan a wasu wurare.)
A cikin saurin sa ido kan bututun su, Abokan Canjin Makamashi da Kamfanonin Enbridge suma sun rikitar da al'ummomin ƴan asali da fararen fata da juna. Tun da farko an so hanyar da ta bi ta karkashin kogin Missouri kusa da babban birnin jihar Bismarck amma kamfanin ya ki amincewa da hanyar arewa saboda "zai iya lalata ruwan sha na mazauna birnin na Bismarck." A cikin wani yanayi na al'ada na wariyar launin fata "wasan harsashi" a wurin aiki, da sauri aka karkatar da hanyar zuwa kudu don haye Missouri kusa da haduwarta da Kogin Cannonball, iyakar Standing Rock Sioux Reservation da babban tushen ajiyar ruwan sha. .
Dalili na uku na rashin halartar farar hula na gari a bayyane shi ne yadda gwamnatin jihar da kuma kafofin yada labarai na rigima suka yi kokarin lalata da kuma lalata 'yan adawa na asali. Bayan da aka ji wani shugaban ruhaniya na Lakota yana roƙon wasu su “ɗora bututun ku”—ma’ana chanupa wakan (bututu mai tsarki)—Sheriff na gundumar Morton Kyle Kirchmeier ya sanar a wani taron manema labarai cewa masu fafutuka suna da “bama-bamai.” Mai shirya hanyar sadarwar Muhalli ta 'yan asalin ƙasar Dallas Goldtooth ya amsa, "Waɗannan kalamai ne masu haɗari daga Sheriff Kirchmeier kuma kawai suna haifar da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin ƴan asalin gida da waɗanda ba na gida ba." Dangantakar 'yan asali/ba 'yan asalin jihar ba gaba daya ta yi muni fiye da ko da a Kudancin Dakota, gami da doguwar rikici da rarrabuwar kawuna kan sunan kungiyar wariyar launin fata ta Jami'ar North Dakota ta "Fighting Sioux" (wanda a karshe masu jefa kuri'a na jihar suka ki amincewa da tazarar biyu- zuwa daya a 2012).
The New York Times (9/13/16) ya ba da rahoton cewa "makiyaya da mazauna a cikin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, fararen fata masu yawa suna kallon zanga-zangar tare da cike da takaici da tsoro, suna nuna zurfin rarrabuwar kawuna da halayen launin fata a ƙasar Indiya." An lura cewa jami'an Sheriff suna raka motar bas na makarantar, kuma kwamishinan gundumar Morton Bruce Strinden yana ba da shawarar cewa "masu zanga-zangar" 'yan asalin ƙasar na iya "sun ƙone" ga wuraren ajiyar ciyawa na makiyaya. Wani magidanci ya gaya wa wani wakilin TV cewa "ya yi arangama da masu zanga-zangar."
Bayan da Gwamna Jack Dalrymple ya ayyana dokar ta-baci a kan hanyar DAPL, ‘yan sintiri na Jiha sun kafa shingen shinge a kan babbar titin jihar 1806 wanda da farko ya hana shiga sansanin da kuma tanadi ga kowa da kowa sai mazauna yankin. Daga baya an mayar da shingen binciken zuwa “Masu kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa” na National Guard wanda ke gargadin direbobin yiwuwar masu zanga-zanga a kan hanya. Siminti, shingen bincike irin na yaƙi ya ware sansanin daga magoya bayan 'yan asalin, amma kuma yana da-watakila ƙididdiga-tasirin hana ƴan asalin Arewacin Dakota shiga ko ma ganin sansanin.
Rarraba al'ummomi ya shafi ba wai kawai tada jijiyar wuya a tsakanin su ba, har ma da kiyaye su da rashin daidaito, da hana su ganin makoma guda tare. Na dandana sansanin a matsayin “yankin da aka ’yantar da shi,” al’ummar dubbai waɗanda suke ciyar da kansu, suna rawa da rera waƙa tare, kuma suna yin bikin duk lokacin da wata ƙabila ta zo. Ya tunatar da ni taron Tsira na Duniya na 1980 na Black Hills, kuma ya haɗa da tsoffin tsoffin ƙawancen ƙawancen baya. Idan waɗanda ba ’yan asalin ƙasar ba suka ziyarci sansanin ruhaniya, za su kuma iya fahimtar maganganunsa na salama da kyau.
Amma maƙwabtan 'yan ƙasa da fararen fata ba dole ba ne su haɗa kai a bayyane don yin nasara, saboda "masu kare ruwa" 'yan asalin ƙasar sun riga sun yi gwagwarmaya don amfanin gama gari. Siyasar Identity, wacce kuma ake kira "particularism," tana jaddada bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan adam, kamar launin fata da al'ada. Siyasar haɗin kai, wanda kuma ake kira "universalism," yana jaddada kamance tsakanin mutane, kamar daidaiton tattalin arziki ko kare muhalli. Yawancin Amurkawa farar fata yawanci suna ɗauka cewa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida ke tsayawa a kan hanyar duniya, kuma ya kamata mu ajiye bambance-bambancen mu a gefe don haɗa kai a wuri guda.
Amma duk da haka a cikin ƙungiyoyin da na samu kuma na yi nazari, mafi ƙarfin da al'ummomin ƴan asalin ke ba da fifikon al'adu da siyasa, mafi ƙarfi shi ne gada da haɗin gwiwar da suke ginawa a ƙarshe tare da maƙwabtansu farar fata na karkara. Nasarar da aka samu ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da haƙƙin yarjejeniya kuma na iya kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa da al'ummomin da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ke amfani da su ba, don haka yana da kyau su daina faɗa a kan albarkatun kuma su haɗa da kabilu don kare su, kuma su fara lalata ƙasa.
Hukumomin tarayya sun "dakata" aikin gine-gine a kashi 3 cikin dari na hanyar bututun mai, a bangarorin biyu na Missouri, don haka ana ci gaba da kama mutane da kama wasu wurare. Ko da wane sakamako na ƙarshe a yaƙin Dakota Access, tsayawar tarihi a Standing Rock ba wai kawai ta haifar da tasiri a ko'ina cikin Ƙasar Indiya ba, amma ya shafi dangantakar ƴan ƙasa/masu asali a Arewacin Dakota. Shugaban Rock Sioux David Archambault II na tsaye ya lura, "Dole ne in zauna a nan lokacin da kowa ya tafi," wata sanarwa da kwamishinan gundumar Strinden ya yi yayin da ya ce, "Lokacin da wannan ya ƙare, har yanzu mu abokai ne kuma makwabta."
Zoltán Grossman farfesa ne na Geography da Nazarin Ƙasa a Kwalejin Jiha ta Evergreen a Olympia, Washington. Littafinsa Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da yuwuwa: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Fari sun Haɗa don Kare Ƙasashen Karkara, Za a buga shi a cikin bazara 2017 ta Jami'ar Washington Press Indigenous Confluences jerin. Gidan yanar gizon sa shine http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz (ciki har da hotunan Standing Rock a http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/standingrock.html), kuma imel ne [email kariya]. Don ƙarin bayani kan yadda ake taimakawa Standing Rock, duba http://www.sacredstonecamp.org
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