A cikin Janairu 2010, Howard Zinn ya mutu yana da shekaru 87. Sabon littafinsa, Bomb, nan ba da jimawa ba za a buga shi a cikin Amurka ta Littattafan Hasken Birni. Iwanami Publishing House za ta buga bugun Jafananci lokaci guda. Wannan ƙaramin littafin ya ƙunshi babi biyu - Babi na ɗaya, "Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence" da Babi na Biyu, "Bam na Royan." Rubutun surori biyu, waɗanda a baya an buga su daban a wasu wurare, yanzu an haɗa su cikin littafi ɗaya tare da sabon gabatarwar marubucin. A cikin babi na daya, wanda aka zayyana a nan, Zinn ya yi nazarin musabbabin yakin Pasifik tare da yin bayani kan muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi alhakin harin bam din nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a cikin cikakkiyar tsari amma a takaice. A cikin babi na biyu, ya bayyana mummunan sakamakon harin bama-bamai da ba dole ba ne a kan Royan, wani karamin gari da ke gabar tekun Faransa, wanda sojojin Amurka suka gudanar makonni kadan kafin karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai, aikin da Zinn da kansa ya shiga a matsayin bombardier. Zinn ya mutu ba tare da ganin kwafin littafin nan mai jan hankali da aka buga ba, tare da sukar sa na rashin mutuntawa na tashin bama-bamai.
A cikin watan Yunin 1966, Howard Zinn, tare da Ralph Featherstone, sun ziyarci Japan bisa gayyatar Beheiren (Japan Peace-for-Vietnam Citizen's Alliance), wani babban yunkuri na yaki da yakin Vietnam, karkashin jagorancin Oda Makoto. Featherstone ya kasance babban memba na SNCC (Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru), A shekara mai zuwa, Featherstone ya zama darektan shirin na SNCC. An kashe shi ne a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1970 lokacin da wata mota da bam ta tashi a Maryland a wajen kotun da H. Rap Brown, shugaban SNCC, zai gurfana a gaban kotu.
Wannan shi ne karon farko da Zinn, tsohon mai kai hare-haren bama-bamai na Sojojin saman Amurka, ya gana da Oda Makoto, wanda ya tsira daga harin bama-bamai na birnin Osaka da sojojin Amurka suka kai a kusan samame 50 tsakanin 19 Disamba 1944 da 14 ga Agusta 1945. Gaba daya Sojojin Amurka sun jefa bama-bamai tan 168,000 da suka hada da napalm a garuruwa sama da 100 a duk fadin kasar Japan. Kashi 29 cikin 1,020,000 na waɗannan hare-haren B-560,000 ne suka jefar da su a cikin watanni biyar na ƙarshe na Yaƙin Asiya da Fasifik. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar da Cibiyar Raid din Tokyo da Lalacewar Yaki ta yi, an kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu a wadannan hare-haren, ciki har da na bama-baman nukiliya guda biyu, ya kai XNUMX, ciki har da mutuwar XNUMX.
An fara amfani da bama-baman Napalm a matsayin gwaji a Turai a karshen yakin duniya na biyu, kafin a yi amfani da su wajen kai hare-hare ta sama kan fararen hular Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gwaji na farko da waɗannan sabbin bama-bamai da ke ɗauke da “jellied petur,” an gudanar da shi ne fiye da 1,200 na Sojojin Sama na Amurka na Takwas, wanda Zinn ya kasance bama-bamai, a kan wani kyakkyawan garin bakin teku mai suna Royan kusa da Bordeaux a tsakiyar Afrilu 1945. makonni uku kafin Jamus ta mika wuya. Makasudin wannan aikin bama-bamai shi ne wasu sojojin Nazi 30,000 zuwa 40,000 wadanda ke shirye su mika wuya, kuma suna jiran karshen yakin ne kawai, yayin da kwamandansu, Vice Admiral Ernst Schirlitz, ya yi shawarwarin masauki da Admiral Hubert Meyer, kwamandan Faransa a yankin, shirye-shiryen mika wuya. Sakamakon ya kasance gaba ɗaya halakar ba kawai na tushen Jamus ba, har ma da wannan kyakkyawan wurin shakatawa na bakin teku da tsohuwar chateaux. Jamusawa sun yi asarar maza ɗari da dama, amma ba a san adadin fararen hula da suka mutu sakamakon wannan harin ba. A cikin littafi mai zuwa, The Bomb, Zinn ya kwatanta wannan manufa da kalmomi masu zuwa: “Na tuna sarai yadda na ga bama-bamai sun tashi a garin, suna ta harbawa kamar ashana a hazo. Ban san da rudanin dan Adam a kasa ba."
A daya bangaren kuma, Oda Makoto, ya fuskanci da yawa daga cikin hare-haren bam da aka kai a birnin Osaka. A jimilce, an kashe kusan mutane 15,000, an lalata gidaje 340,000, kuma an kiyasta mutane miliyan 1.2 sun rasa gidajensu kuma an kore su daga birni na biyu mafi girma a Japan. Oda yana da fa'ida sosai ba wai kawai ya buya ne a cikin wani katafaren matsuguni da iska mai rauni a bayan gidansa ba, yana rawar jiki saboda tsananin hayaniya da rawar jiki, har ma da irin kamshin gawarwaki da ke karkashin baraguzan da bama-bamai suka haddasa. Wannan abu mai ban tsoro a matsayin matashin da aka yi fama da tashin bam ta iska ya kasance muhimmiyar tushen kuzari ga ƙwararrun rubuce-rubucen Oda da kuma ayyukansa na siyasa da shiga ƙungiyoyin jama'a, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2007, yana da shekaru 75. Waɗannan abubuwan kuma. ya ba shi damar fadada tunaninsa don tausayawa wadanda harin bama-bamai iri daya ya rutsa da su, kamar fararen hular kasar Sin da sojojin daular Japan suka kai wa hari, da kuma wadanda harin bam na Amurka ya rutsa da su daga baya 'yan Vietnam. Babu shakka tashin bam din shi ne ginshikin kwarewa na neman zaman lafiya da adalci.
Jim kadan bayan yakin Zinn, ya zama sananne sosai game da firgicin da wadanda harin bam ya rutsa da su, yayin da ya fara tunanin abubuwan da wadanda harin ya rutsa da su. Halinsa na mutuntaka na laifinsa ya sa shi yin nazari sosai kan tarihin al'ummarsa a wani yunkuri na gano yadda Amurka ta zama mai iya aikata ta'asa kamar tada bam. Bayan karatu a Jami'ar New York akan GI Bill, ya sami tarihin Columbia MA a 1952 da Ph.D. a cikin 1958. Tare da nasarorin da ya samu a matsayinsa na masanin tarihi, ya zama jagoran yaki da yaki, zaman lafiya, da kuma kare hakkin jama'a. A cikin littafinsa mafi kyawun siyarwa mai suna A People's History of the United States, wanda aka fara buga shi a 1980, ya sake nazarin tarihin Amurka tun daga “kasa sama,” watau, ta mahangar ma’aikata da galibin ’yan al’umma marasa galihu maimakon na jiga-jigan siyasa da tattalin arziki.
Zinn da Oda, wadanda suka fara sana'arsu daga bangarori daban-daban - daya mai laifi, dayan kuma wanda aka yi wa harin bam - sun hada kai a matsayin masu fafutukar yaki da yaki a Japan a tsakiyar 1966. Tare da Ralph Featherstone, sun zagaya ko'ina cikin Japan ciki har da Hiroshima. gudanar da "koyarwa" da kuma jawo hankalin jama'a masu yawa a kowane birni da suka ziyarta. A ko'ina sun yi magana sosai game da yakin Vietnam da kuma batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi zaman lafiya da adalci, musamman batutuwan 'yancin ɗan adam.
Na yi baƙin ciki, ban taɓa samun damar saduwa da Howard Zinn ba, ko da yake Oda Makoto abokina ne na kud da kud na kusan shekaru 30. A cikin Maris 2003, kasa da wata guda kafin gwamnatin Bush ta kaddamar da yakin Iraki, an buga littafin Zinn na Jafananci, Ta'addanci da Yaƙi, wanda na fassara. Ina son Zinn ya zo Japan don inganta littafinsa, yana sake gudanar da "koyarwa" tare da Oda a birane da yawa. Na aika masa da imel kuma na ba da shawarar wannan shirin. Zinn ya amsa nan da nan, yana sanar da ni cewa, cikin nadama, an tsara jadawalinsa na wasu watanni kuma ba zai yiwu ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na ɗan lokaci ba. Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ya ci gaba da taka rawa a yakin da ake yi a kasarsa.
Zinn, a cikin wannan sabon littafin, The Bomb, yayi ƙoƙari ya samar da fiye da sauƙaƙan bayanan tarihi na tashin bama-bamai da aka yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin gabatarwar, "Har yau, mummunar gaskiyar tashin bama-bamai ta jirgin sama ya ɓace ga yawancin mutane a Amurka, aikin soja wanda ba shi da jin dadin ɗan adam, labarin labarai, kididdiga, gaskiyar da za a dauka cikin sauri kuma manta.” Ya so ya gargade mu cewa hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan fararen hula, dabarun soji da ke da dogon tarihi, har yanzu wani bangare ne na rayuwar mutane da yawa a kasashe irin su Afghanistan, Pakistan da Palastinu, kuma mu fararen hula ya kamata mu yi. iyakar kokarinmu don dakile wannan kashe-kashen da ake yi wa 'yan uwanmu.
Sa’ad da yake tunawa da Zinn, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ɗalibansa, Henry Maar, ya ba da labarin wata shawara da Zinn ya taɓa ba shi: “Kada a binne a cikin wannan sana’a. Tsaya a gefen, kiyaye rabin kan ku a waje da makarantar kimiyya, a wajen ɗakin karatu, a cikin ainihin duniyar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa. Kada ka rubuta wa abokan aikinka amma ga ’yan kasa.” Gaskiya ne cewa aikin ilimi zai iya motsa jiki ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kuma mahimmancin aikin ilimi yana fuskantar kalubale kullum ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, fiye da duk wanda ya shiga ciki. Duk da haka, na san cewa yana da wuyar gaske. kiyaye daidaito tsakanin aikin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da kuma samar da kyakkyawan sakamako a duka biyun. Zinn ya nuna yadda ake cim ma wannan aiki mai wahala. A wannan ma'anar, shi ne gwarzo na kuma ya kasance a yanzu da ba ya tare da mu.
Bari in ƙare wannan gabatarwar ga aikin Zinn tare da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da na fi so daga Baza Ka Iya Kasancewa Tsakanin Jikin Jirgin Kasa:
"Idan muka yi aiki, ta kowace hanya kaɗan, ba lallai ne mu jira wani babban makoma mai girma ba. Makomar kyauta ce marar iyaka, kuma rayuwa a yanzu kamar yadda muke tunanin ya kamata ’yan Adam su yi rayuwa, ba tare da ƙin duk abin da ke kewaye da mu ba, nasara ce mai ban mamaki.
Abubuwan da aka samo daga Babi na ɗaya, akan bam ɗin atomic, daga Bomb.
Bam ɗin da aka jefa a Hiroshima a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, ya zama foda da toka, a cikin ƴan lokaci kaɗan, nama da ƙasusuwan maza, mata, da yara 140,000. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, wani bam na atomic na biyu ya jefa a Nagasaki ya kashe kila 70,000 nan take. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, wasu 130,000 mazaunan wa annan garuruwan biyu sun mutu sakamakon gubar radiation.
Ba wanda zai taɓa sanin ainihin alkaluman, amma waɗannan sun fito ne daga mafi ƙarancin rahoton da ake samu, Hiroshima da Nagasaki: Tasirin Jiki, Likita, da Jama'a na Bama-baman Atom, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da likitoci na Japan talatin da huɗu suka haɗa, sannan aka fassara su kuma aka buga su a ƙasar nan a shekara ta 1981. Waɗannan alkalumman ba su haɗa da wasu mutane marasa adadi da aka bari da rai ba, amma sun naƙasa, da guba, sun lalace, sun makanta.
Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Kai Erikson, yana yin bitar rahoton ƙungiyar masana kimiya ta Japan, ya rubuta: “Tambayar ita ce: Wane irin yanayi ne mutumin da ya dace ya kasance a ciki, wane irin tsari na ɗabi’a ne ya kamata ya yi, kafin ya yarda. halakar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ’yan Adam domin yin wani batu.”
Bari mu bincika tambayar da Kai Erikson ya yi da kyau, tambaya ce mai matuƙar mahimmanci domin ba ta ƙyale mu mu watsar da abubuwan ban tsoro kamar yadda muggan mutane suka aikata ba makawa. Yana tilasta mana mu tambayi: wane “irin yanayi,” wane “tsari na ɗabi’a” zai sa mu, a cikin kowace al’umma da muke rayuwa, tare da duk wani “lalata” da muka mallaka, ko dai mu aikata (a matsayin masu bama-bamai, ko masana kimiyyar atomic, ko siyasa). shugabanni), ko kuma yarda kawai (a matsayin ƴan ƙasa masu biyayya), kona yara da yawa.
Wannan tambaya ce ba kawai game da wasu abubuwan da suka gabata da ba za a iya dawo da su da suka shafi wani ba, amma game da mu duka, waɗanda muke rayuwa a yau a cikin tashin hankali daban-daban dalla-dalla amma daidai da ɗabi'a, ga Hiroshima da Nagasaki. Yana da game da ci gaba da tarawa da al'ummomi (namu na farko) na makaman nukiliya ya fi muni sau dubu, sau dubu goma, fiye da waɗannan bama-bamai na farko. Yana da game da kashe dala tiriliyan kowace shekara don waɗannan da kuma abin da ake kira "makamai na al'ada", yayin da yara miliyan goma sha huɗu ke mutuwa kowace shekara saboda rashin abinci ko kulawa.
Muna buƙatar, don haka, mu bincika yanayin tunani da siyasa inda za a iya jefa bama-baman atom da kuma kare su a matsayin halal, kamar yadda ya cancanta. Wato yanayin yakin duniya na biyu.
Wani yanayi ne na adalcin ɗabi'a mara shakka. Abokan gaba shine Fascist. Ba a ɓoye zaluncin Fascism ta hanyar riya: sansanonin tattarawa, kisan abokan hamayya, azabtarwa da 'yan sanda na sirri, kona littattafai, cikakken ikon sarrafa bayanai, ƙungiyoyin ƴan daba a tituna, nadi na "ƙananan" jinsin da suka cancanci halaka, shugaba ma'asumi, jajircewar jama'a, ɗaukaka yaƙi, mamaye wasu ƙasashe, jefa bama-bamai na fararen hula. Babu wani aikin wallafe-wallafen da zai iya haifar da mummuna mafi muni. Babu shakka, babu wani dalili na tambayar cewa abokan gaba a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu suna da ban tsoro kuma dole ne a dakatar da su kafin su rufe ƙarin waɗanda abin ya shafa.
Amma daidai wannan yanayin ne—inda abokan gaba suke da mugunta ba tare da shakka ba—wanda ke haifar da adalci mai haɗari ba ga abokan gaba kaɗai ba amma ga kanmu, ga waɗanda ba su da laifi marasa adadi, da kuma ga tsararraki masu zuwa.
Za mu iya yin hukunci da abokan gaba da ɗan haske. Amma ba kanmu ba. Idan muka yi haka, da mun lura da wasu abubuwa da suka ruɗe hukunci mai sauƙi cewa tun da yake mugaye ne babu shakka, muna da kyau babu shakka.
Ma'anar "mu" ita ce yaudara ta farko, domin yana haɗa ra'ayin mutum na 'yan ƙasa tare da manufar jihar. Idan manufar mu ('yan ƙasa) na ɗabi'a na yin yaƙi ya bayyana a fili-a wannan yanayin shan kashi na Fascism, dakatar da zalunci na kasa da kasa-muna ɗaukar wannan niyya a ɓangaren "gwamnatinmu". Lallai gwamnati ce ta shelanta al'amuran da'a don inganta yawan jama'a don yaƙi, kuma ta ƙarfafa mu mu ɗauka cewa mu, gwamnati da 'yan ƙasa, muna da manufa iri ɗaya.
Akwai dogon tarihi zuwa wannan yaudara, tun daga yaƙe-yaƙe na Peloponnesia na ƙarni na biyar kafin Kristi ta hanyar yaƙin Crusades da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe na “addini”, zuwa zamanin yau, lokacin da yawancin sassan jama'a dole ne a tattara su, kuma ana amfani da fasahar sadarwar zamani. don ciyar da mafi nagartaccen taken tsarki na ɗabi'a.
Game da ƙasarmu, muna tuna korar Spain daga Cuba, da alama don 'yantar da Cubans, a zahiri don buɗe Cuba ga bankunanmu, layin dogo, kamfanonin 'ya'yan itace, da sojoji. Mun sa samarinmu aikin soja kuma muka tura su cikin mayanka na Turai a shekara ta 1917 don su “sama da duniya lafiya ga dimokuradiyya.” (Ka lura da yadda yake da wahala mu guje wa “mu,” “namu,” wanda ke haɗa gwamnati da mutane cikin wata ƙungiya da ba za ta iya bambanta ba, amma yana iya zama da amfani a tunatar da mu cewa mu ke da alhakin abin da gwamnati take yi.)
A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ɗaukan wani dalili na gama-gari na gwamnati da ƴan ƙasa ya kasance cikin sauƙin karɓa saboda a fili tabarbarewar Fascist. Amma za mu iya yarda da ra'ayin cewa Ingila, Faransa, Amurka, tare da dogon tarihin mulkin mallaka a Asiya, a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Latin Amurka, suna yaki da zalunci na kasa da kasa? Da Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Jafananci zalunci tabbas. Amma a kan nasu?
Hakika, ko da yake tsananin bukatar goyon baya a yakin ya haifar da kyakkyawan harshe na Yarjejeniya ta Atlantika tare da alkawarinsa na cin gashin kansa, lokacin da yakin ya ƙare, mutanen Indochina da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka dole ne su yi yaki da Faransanci, Indonesiya da Holland. , Malesiya na adawa da ingila, ’yan Afirka na adawa da turawan mulkin mallaka, da Filipinawan kan Amurka domin cika wannan alkawari.
Akwai maganganun taƙawa game da yunƙurin kai, kalmomi masu daraja a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Atlantika cewa Allies "ba sa neman ƙara girma, yanki ko wani." Duk da haka, makonni biyu kafin Yarjejeniyar, Mukaddashin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Sumner Welles ya ba wa gwamnatin Faransa tabbacin: “Wannan gwamnati, tana mai lura da abota ta al’ada ga Faransa, ta tausaya wa sha’awar Faransawa na kula da yankunansu da kuma kiyaye yankunansu. su duka.”
Ana iya fahimtar cewa shafukan tarihin hukuma na Ma'aikatar Tsaro na Yaƙin Vietnam (Takardun Pentagon) suna da alamar "SIRRIN SIRRI - M," domin sun bayyana cewa a ƙarshen 1942 wakilin Shugaba Roosevelt ya tabbatar wa Janar Henri Giraud na Faransa: "Yana da An fahimci sarai cewa za a sake kafa ikon mallakar Faransa da wuri-wuri a duk faɗin ƙasar, birni ko kuma mulkin mallaka, wanda ya tashi daga tutar Faransa a 1939. "
Amma game da dalilan Stalin da Tarayyar Soviet—wauta ce ko da a ce suna yaƙi da ‘yan sanda, da mulkin kama-karya. Haka ne, a kan mulkin kama-karya na Jamus, 'yan sanda na Nazi, amma ba nasu ba. Kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan yaƙin Fascist, farkisancin gulag ya dawwama, ya kuma faɗaɗa.
Idan kuma za a iya yaudarar duniya ta yi tunanin cewa an yi yaƙin ne don kawo ƙarshen tsoma bakin soja da manyan ƙasashe ke yi a cikin al'amuran ƙasashe masu rauni, shekaru da yawa bayan yaƙin sun fuskanci wannan ruɗi cikin sauri, a matsayin manyan masu nasara biyu - Amurka da Soviet. Union — ta aika da sojojinsu, ko rundunonin sojoji, zuwa ƙasashe a Amurka ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai.
Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin sun yi yaƙi ne don su ceci Yahudawa daga tsanantawa, ɗaurin kurkuku, da kuma halaka? A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin yaƙin, sa’ad da ‘yan Nazi suka riga suka fara kai wa Yahudawa hari na ƙeta, Amurka, Ingila, da Faransa sun yi shiru. Shugaba Roosevelt da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Hull sun yi jinkirin saka Amurka a kan matakan kyamar Yahudawa a Jamus.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan muna yaƙi, rahotanni sun fara isa cewa Hitler yana shirin halaka Yahudawa. Gwamnatin Roosevelt ta kasa yin aiki akai-akai lokacin da aka sami damar ceto Yahudawa. Babu wata hanya ta sanin Yahudawa nawa za a iya ceto ta hanyoyi dabam dabam waɗanda ba a bi su ba. Abin da ke bayyane shi ne cewa ceton rayukan Yahudawa ba shine fifiko mafi girma ba.
Wariyar launin fata ta Hitler ta fito karara. Wariyar launin fata na Allies, tare da dogon tarihin mulkin mallaka na mutane masu launi a duniya, ya zama kamar an manta da su, sai dai mutane da kansu. Da yawa daga cikinsu, kamar Gandhi na Indiya, suna da wahalar sha’awar yaƙin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi da su da suka sani sosai.
A {asar Amirka, duk da }o}arin da aka yi, na tara jama'ar Amirka, na {asar Amirka, don yin ya}in, an sami turjiya daban-daban. Rarraba kabilanci ba gaskiya ce ta Kudu kadai ba, amma manufar kasa ce. Wato Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a shekara ta 1896, ta ayyana irin wannan wariya a matsayin halaltacce, kuma wannan ita ce dokar kasa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ba rundunar 'yan tawaye ba ce, sojojin Amurka ne suka ware baki da fararen fata duk tsawon yakin.
Wani dalibi a wata kwalejin baƙar fata ya gaya wa malaminsa: “Sojoji Jim Crows mu. Sojojin ruwa na ba mu damar yin hidima kawai a matsayin maza masu rikici. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta ki jinin mu. Masu daukan ma'aikata da kungiyoyin kwadago sun rufe mu. Ana ci gaba da yin layya. An hana mu, Jim Crowed, ya tofa albarkacin bakinsa. Me Hitler zai iya yi fiye da wannan?"
Lokacin da shugaban NAACP Walter White ya maimaita waccan kalaman ga masu sauraro dubu da yawa a yankin Tsakiyar Yamma, yana tsammanin ba za su yarda ba, maimakon haka: “Abin mamaki da ban takaici ’yan kallo sun fashe da tafi har na ɗauki wasu daƙiƙa talatin ko arba’in don yin shuru. shi."
Baƙar fata da yawa sun tafi tare da sanannen bayanin Joe Louis cewa "Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ba daidai ba a nan, amma Hitler ba zai warkar da su ba." Kuma mutane da yawa sun kosa su nuna ƙarfin hali a yaƙi. Amma dogon tarihin wariyar launin fata na Amurka ya jefa gizagizai kan akidar yaki da Fascist.
Akwai wani gwaji na shawarwarin cewa yaƙin da ake yi da ikon Axis yana cikin kyakkyawan bangare na yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Hakan ya zo ne a cikin kula da Amurkawa Japanawa a gabar Tekun Yamma. Akwai raini ga Nazis, amma tare da Jafananci akwai wani abu na musamman, na launin fata. Bayan Pearl Harbor, dan majalisa John Rankin na Mississippi ya ce: “Ina kama kowane Jafananci a Amurka, Alaska, da Hawaii yanzu kuma in saka su a sansanonin furci. . . . La'ananne su! Mu rabu da su yanzu!”
Anti-Japan hysteria girma. Masu wariyar launin fata, sojoji da farar hula, sun rinjayi Shugaba Roosevelt cewa Jafanan da ke gabar Yamma sun zama barazana ga tsaron kasar, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1942 ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Hukuma mai lamba 9066. Wannan ya ba wa sojoji, ba tare da izini ko tuhume-tuhume ko sauraron karar ba. ka kama kowane Ba’amurke Ba’amurke da ke gabar Yamma, yawancinsu an haife su ne a Amurka—maza, mata, da yara 120,000—don ɗauke su daga gidajensu, kuma a kai su “sansanin tsare mutane,” waɗanda ainihin sansanonin fursuna ne.
John Dower, in Yaki Ba Rahma, ya rubuta yanayin wariyar launin fata da ya ci gaba da sauri, a Japan da kuma a Amurka. Mujallar Time ta ce: “Jahilai marasa hankali ne na yau da kullun. Wataƙila shi mutum ne. Babu wani abu… yana nuna shi. ”…
Hakika, sojojin Japan sun aikata munanan ayyukan ta'addanci a kasar Sin, a kasar Philippines. Haka ma dukkan sojoji, a ko’ina, amma ba a yi la’akari da Ba-Amurke kamar ‘yan adam ba, kodayake kamar yadda wakilin yakin Pacific Edgar Jones ya ruwaito, sojojin Amurka “sun harbe fursunoni, sun shafe asibitoci, da kwale-kwalen ceto.”
Mun yi tashin bama-bamai ba gaira ba dalili—ba makaman nukiliya ba, amma tare da hasarar fararen hula masu yawa—na garuruwan Jamus. Duk da haka, mun san cewa wariyar launin fata baƙar fata ce, tana ƙara duk wasu abubuwa. Kuma ra'ayin da aka dage cewa Jafanawa ba su kai ɗan adam ba mai yiwuwa ya taka rawa a shirye don share biranen biyu masu launin fata.
A kowane hali, jama'ar Amurka sun kasance a shirye, a hankali, yarda da kuma yaba da harin bam na Hiroshima da Nagasaki. Dalili ɗaya shi ne, ko da yake akwai wasu sabbin kimiyya masu ban al'ajabi, amma kamar ci gaba da tashin bama-bamai da aka yi a biranen Turai da aka riga aka yi.
Babu wanda da alama ya san abin ban haushi—cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa gabaɗayan fushin gwamnatin Fascist shine tarihinsu na jefa bama-bamai ga fararen hula. Italiya ta jefa bama-bamai a kasar Habasha a lokacin da ta mamaye kasar a shekara ta 1935. Japan ta kai harin bam a Shanghai, Nanking, da sauran garuruwan kasar Sin. Jamus da Italiya sun jefa bama-bamai a Madrid da Guernica da kuma wasu biranen Spain a yaƙin basasa na ƙasar. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, jiragen saman Nazi sun jefa bama-bamai a kan fararen hula na Rotterdam na Holland, da Coventry a Ingila.
Franklin D. Roosevelt ya kwatanta wadannan hare-haren a matsayin "barnanci mara kyau wanda ya girgiza lamirin bil'adama." Amma ba da jimawa ba, Amurka da Biritaniya suna yin abu iri ɗaya, kuma a mafi girman girma. Shugabannin kawance sun gana a Casablanca a watan Janairun 1943 kuma sun amince da kai hare-hare ta sama don cimma "lalata da wargajewar sojojin Jamus, tsarin masana'antu da tattalin arziki da kuma tauye kwarin gwiwar jama'ar Jamus har ta kai ga karfinsu na juriya da makami. yana da rauni sosai.”
Wannan furucin—“walaƙanta ɗabi’a” wata hanya ce ta faɗin cewa kashe-kashen jama’a da yawa ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a yanzu wata muhimmiyar dabara ce ta yaƙi. Da zarar an yi amfani da shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, za a amince da shi gabaɗaya bayan yaƙin, kamar yadda al’ummomi suka sa hannu da hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da suka yi alkawari cewa za su kawo ƙarshen “cutar yaƙi.” Zai zama manufofin Amurka a Koriya, a Vietnam, Iraki, da Afghanistan.
Akwai babbar yaudarar kai, ba a cikin shugabannin siyasa da suka yanke shawara da sane ba, amma ta bangaren sojoji masu karamin karfi da suka aiwatar da su. Mun yi fushi sa’ad da Jamusawa suka kai wa birane hari suka kashe mutane ɗari ko dubu. Amma yanzu Birtaniya da Amurka sun kashe dubunnan dubunnan a wani hari ta sama guda daya. Michael Sherry, a cikin bincikensa na al'ada, Tashin wutar lantarkin Amurka, bayanin kula, “kaɗan ne a cikin sojojin sama suka yi tambayoyi.” (Hakika ban yi ba, na shiga wani harin bam da aka kai a garin Royan na Faransa makonni kadan kafin karshen yakin Turai.)
Wata daya bayan harin bam na Dresden, a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1945, B-29's ɗari uku sun tashi sama da Tokyo a ƙasan ƙasa, tare da silinda na napalm da gungu na 500-laba na magnesium incendiaries. Bayan tsakar dare ne. Sama da mutane miliyan daya ne suka kwashe daga Tokyo, amma miliyan shida suka rage. Wuta ta mamaye da sauri mai ban mamaki a cikin gidajen talakawa na marasa ƙarfi. Yanayin ya zama mai zafi sosai zuwa digiri Fahrenheit 1,800. Mutane sun yi tsalle a cikin kogin don kariya kuma an dafa su da rai. Alkaluma sun kai 85,000 zuwa 100,000 da suka mutu. Sun mutu saboda ƙarancin iskar oxygen, gubar carbon monoxide, zafi mai haske, harshen wuta kai tsaye, tarkace mai tashi, ko kuma aka tattake su har lahira (Masuo Kato, Yaƙin da Ya Kashe: Labarin Ciki Mai Ba da Jafananci).
A wannan lokacin bazara an sami ƙarin irin waɗannan hare-hare a Kobe, Nagoya, Osaka, kuma a ƙarshen Mayu wani babban bam na abin da ya rage a Tokyo. Wannan ya kasance tare da manema labarai ta hanyar ci gaba da zubar da mutuncin makiya. RAYUWA mujallu ya nuna hoton wani ɗan Japan yana cin wuta har ya mutu kuma ya ce: “Wannan ita ce hanya ɗaya.”
A lokacin da aka yanke shawarar jefa bam ɗin atomic a Hiroshima, an shirya tunaninmu. Bangaran su ya kasance muguwar da ba za a iya kwatantawa ba. Saboda haka, duk abin da muka yi daidai ne a ɗabi'a. Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo, da manyan ma'aikatansu sun zama wanda ba a iya bambanta su da farar hula na Jamus, ko yaran makaranta Jafan. Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama na Amurka Curtis LeMay (wanda, a lokacin yaƙin Vietnam, ya ce: “Za mu mayar da su bama-bamai zuwa zamanin Dutse”) ya ce: “Babu wani abu kamar farar hula marar laifi.”
Ba a bayyana littattafan sirri na Shugaba Truman ba sai a shekara ta 1978. A cikinsu Truman ya kira ɗaya daga cikin saƙon da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amirka ta kama a matsayin “wayar tarho daga Sarkin Jap na neman zaman lafiya.” Kuma, bayan da Stalin ya tabbatar da cewa sojojin Red Army za su yi yaƙi da Japan, Truman ya rubuta: "Fini Japs lokacin da hakan ya faru." Da alama ba ya son Japs su zama "fini" ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Rasha amma ta hanyar bama-bamai na Amurka. Wannan ya bayyana a fili gaggawar yin amfani da bam a cikin watan Agusta, kwanaki kafin a shirya Rashawa shiga yakin, da kuma watanni kafin duk wani shirin mamaye kasar Japan.
Masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya PMS Blackett, daya daga cikin mashawartan Churchill, ya rubuta ((Tsoro, Yaki, da Bom) cewa jefa bam din shine "babban aiki na farko na yakin diflomasiyya mai sanyi da Rasha."
An yi tataunawa marar iyaka game da rayukan Amurkawa nawa za su yi hasarar mamayar Japan. Truman ya ce "rabin miliyan." Churchill ya ce "miliyan." An fitar da waɗannan alkalumman daga iska. Masanin tarihi Barton Bernstein binciken ya kasa gano wani hasashe na wadanda suka jikkata sama da 46,000.
Dukkanin tattaunawar game da alkaluman wadanda suka mutu ba su da ma'ana. Ya dogara ne a kan cewa dole ne Amurka ta mamaye Japan don kawo karshen yakin. Amma shaidun sun bayyana a fili cewa Jafanawa suna kan gab da mika wuya, cewa sanarwar mai sauki kan kiyaye matsayi na Sarkin sarakuna zai kawo karshen yakin, kuma babu wani mamayewa ya zama dole.
Lallai, yawancin muhawarar da ke kare harin bam na nukiliya sun ta'allaka ne kan wani yanayi na ramuwar gayya, kamar dai 'ya'yan Hiroshima ne suka jefa bama-bamai a Pearl Harbor, kamar dai fararen hular 'yan gudun hijirar da suka taru a Dresden ne ke kula da dakunan gas. Shin yaran Amurka sun cancanci mutuwa saboda kisan gillar da aka yi wa yaran Vietnam a My Lai?
Idan shiru da rashin jin daɗi a gaban muguntar da shugabannin siyasa suka yi ya cancanci hukuncin kisa, to al'ummar dukan manyan ƙasashe ba su cancanci rayuwa ba. Amma a cikin waɗancan talakawan, suna sake tunani game da rawar da suke takawa, akwai yuwuwar fansa da canji.
Har ya zuwa yau, babban tashin bama-bamai da aka yi wa farar hula ya dace, ta hanyar masu hankali da suka gabatar da kalaman mutuntawa da zagon kasa da muhawara: “Tabbas mun yi kisan gilla. Amma sun fara shi. Lamirinmu a fili yake.”
Wannan gardamar tana nufin taken “Kada a sake” a gare su kaɗai, ba kan kanmu ba. Takardun magani ne na zagayowar tashin hankali da yaƙi da tashe-tashen hankula, ta’addanci da kuma yaƙi da ta’addanci, wanda ya addabi zamaninmu, wanda kawai martaninsa shine: “Babu sauran yaƙe-yaƙe ko tashin bama-bamai, na ramuwar gayya. Wani, a'a, dole ne mu dakatar da wannan zagayowar, yanzu."
Yuki Tanaka Farfesa ne na Bincike, Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Hiroshima, kuma mai gudanarwa na Jaridar Asiya-Pacific. Shi ne marubucin kwanan nan na Yuki Tanaka da Marilyn Young, eds., Bombing 'Yan Sanda: Tarihin Tarihin Yhirin Yari. Ya rubuta wannan labarin don Jaridar Asiya-Pacific.
Shawarar da aka ba da shawarar: Howard Zinn da Yuki Tanaka, "Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence," Jaridar Asiya-Pacific, 25-1-10, Yuni 21, 2010.
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