Tare da sojojin mamaya da ke kaddamar da yaki a Iraki da Afganistan, tare da sansanonin soji da cin zarafi na kamfanoni a kowane bangare na duniya, da wuya babu wata tambaya game da wanzuwar Daular Amurka. Lallai, musun da aka yi da gaske sun rikide zuwa rungumar ra'ayi na fahariya, mara kunya.
Sai dai kuma ra’ayin cewa Amurka daula ce bai same ni ba, sai bayan da na gama aikina na kai harin bama-bamai da sojojin sama na takwas a yakin duniya na biyu, na dawo gida. Ko da na fara tunani na biyu game da tsabtar "Yakin Kyau," ko da bayan Hiroshima da Nagasaki sun tsoratar da ni, ko da bayan sake tunanin kaina na bama-bamai na garuruwa a Turai, har yanzu ban hada duk wannan a cikin mahallin ba. Amurka "Empire."
Ina sane, kamar kowa, daular Biritaniya da sauran manyan daular Turai, amma ba a ga Amurka haka. Lokacin da, bayan yakin, na tafi kwaleji a karkashin GI. Bill of Rights kuma na ɗauki kwasa-kwasan a tarihin Amurka, yawanci ina samun babi a cikin rubutun tarihi mai suna "Zamanin Imperialism." Yakan yi nuni da Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898 da cin Philippines wanda ya biyo baya. Da alama mulkin mallaka na Amurka ya dau shekaru kaɗan kawai. Babu wani babban ra'ayi game da fadada Amurka wanda zai iya haifar da ra'ayin daular da ta fi nisa - ko lokaci - na "imperialism."
Na tuna taswirar aji (mai lakabin "Faɗaɗa Yamma") wanda ya gabatar da tattakin a duk faɗin nahiyar a matsayin na halitta, kusan al'amari na halitta. Wannan babbar mallakar ƙasar da ake kira "The Louisiana Purchase" bai yi nuni da komai ba face faffadan ƙasar da aka samu. Babu wata ma'ana cewa daruruwan kabilun Indiya sun mamaye wannan yanki wanda dole ne a hallaka su ko kuma a tilasta su daga gidajensu - abin da a yanzu muke kira "tsarkake kabilanci" - don farar fata su zauna a cikin ƙasa, kuma daga baya hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa za su iya ƙetare ta. , presaging "wayewa" da kuma rashin jin daɗi.
Babu tattaunawar "dimokuradiyya ta Jackson" a cikin darussan tarihi, ko kuma shahararren littafin Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Zamanin Jackson, ya gaya mani game da "Trail of Tears," muguwar tilas ta tilastawa "ƙabilu biyar masu wayewa" zuwa yamma daga Georgia da Alabama a fadin Mississippi, inda suka bar 4,000 da suka mutu a farke. Babu wani magani da aka yi game da Yaƙin Basasa da aka ambata kisan kiyashin Sand Creek na ɗaruruwan ƙauyen Indiya a Colorado kamar yadda gwamnatin Lincoln ta yi shelar "yanci" ga baƙar fata.
Taswirar ajin kuma tana da wani sashe zuwa kudu da yamma mai lakabin "Cession Mexico." Wannan wani kyakkyawan zance ne na yaƙi mai zafi da aka yi da Meziko a shekara ta 1846 inda Amurka ta kwace rabin ƙasar, ta ba mu California da babbar Kudu maso Yamma. Kalmar “Bayyana Ƙaddara,” da aka yi amfani da ita a wancan lokacin, ba da daɗewa ba ta zama gama gari. A jajibirin yakin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka a 1898, da Washington Post ya ga bayan Cuba: "Muna fuskantar wani bakon makoma, dandanon daular yana cikin bakin mutane kamar yadda dandanon jini yake a cikin daji."
Tafiyar tashin hankali a fadin nahiyar, har ma da mamaye kasar Cuba, ya bayyana yana cikin wani yanayi na sha'awar Amurka. Bayan haka, shin koyarwar Monroe na 1823 ba ta ayyana Yammacin Duniya don kasancewa ƙarƙashin kariyarmu ba? Amma da kyar aka dakata bayan Cuba ta mamaye Philippines, rabin duniya. Kalmar "imperialism" yanzu ta zama kamar ta dace da ayyukan Amurka. Tabbas, wannan dogon lokaci, yaƙe-yaƙe - wanda aka bi da shi cikin sauri kuma a cikin littattafan tarihi - ya haifar da ƙungiyar Anti-Imperialist League, wanda William James da Mark Twain suka kasance manyan mutane. Amma wannan ba abin da na koya a jami'a ma.
The "Sole Superpower" Ya shigo cikin Duba
Karatu a wajen aji, duk da haka, na fara shigar da abubuwan tarihi zuwa wani babban mosaic. Abin da da farko ya yi kama da manufofin ketare mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekaru goma da suka kai ga yakin duniya na farko a yanzu ya bayyana a matsayin jerin hare-hare na tashin hankali: kwace yankin Canal na Panama daga Colombia, wani harin bam na sojojin ruwa na gabar tekun Mexico, aika aika. na Marines zuwa kusan kowace ƙasa a Amurka ta tsakiya, mamaye sojojin da aka aika zuwa Haiti da Jamhuriyar Dominican. Kamar yadda Janar Smedley Butler, wanda aka yi wa ado da yawa, wanda ya shiga cikin yawancin waɗannan tsoma baki, ya rubuta daga baya: "Na kasance yaro ne na Wall Street."
A daidai lokacin da nake koyon wannan tarihin—shekaru bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu—Amurka ba ta zama wata ƙaramar daular kaɗai ba, amma babbar ƙwaƙƙwaran duniya. Da yunƙurin kiyayewa da faɗaɗa ikonta na mallakar makaman nukiliya, tana ɗaukar tsibiran da ke nesa da tekun Pacific, ta tilasta wa mazauna yankin barin, tare da mai da tsibiran zuwa wuraren wasa masu kisa don ƙarin gwajin makaman nukiliya.
A cikin tarihinsa, Babu Wurin Boyewa, Dokta David Bradley, wanda ya lura da radiation a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, ya bayyana abin da aka bari a baya yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwaji suka tafi gida: "[R] adioactivity, gurɓatawa, tsibirin Bikini da ya rushe da kuma bakin ciki na marasa lafiya marasa lafiya." An bi gwaje-gwaje a cikin Pacific, tsawon shekaru, ta ƙarin gwaje-gwaje a cikin hamadar Utah da Nevada, fiye da gwaje-gwaje dubu a duka.
Sa’ad da aka soma yaƙi a Koriya a shekara ta 1950, har ila ina nazarin tarihi sa’ad da na kammala digiri a Jami’ar Columbia. Babu wani abu a cikin azuzuwan da ya shirya ni don fahimtar manufofin Amurka a Asiya. Amma ni ya reading I. F. Stone's Weekly. Stone yana cikin 'yan jarida kaɗan da suka yi tambaya game da hujjar aikewa da sojoji zuwa Koriya. A lokacin na ga kamar ba wai mamayar da Koriya ta Kudu ta yi wa Koriya ta Kudu ne ya sa Amurka shiga tsakani ba, a’a, burin Amurka na samun gindin zama a nahiyar Asiya, musamman ma a yanzu da ‘yan gurguzu ke rike da madafun iko. China.
Shekaru bayan haka, yayin da shigar sirrin da aka yi a Vietnam ya zama wani gagarumin aikin soja na zalunci, tsarin daular Amurka ya kara bayyana a gare ni. A cikin 1967, na rubuta wani ɗan littafi mai suna Vietnam: Dabarar Janyewa. A lokacin na shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yaƙi da yaƙi.
Lokacin da na karanta ɗaruruwan shafuka na Takardun Pentagon da Daniel Ellsberg ya ba ni amana, abin da ya faɗo a kaina shi ne bayanan sirri na Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa. Da suke bayyana sha'awar Amurka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sun yi magana a fili game da dalilan kasar a matsayin neman "tira, roba, mai."
Ba korar sojoji a cikin Yaƙin Mexiko ba, ko daftarin tarzoma na Yaƙin Basasa, ba ƙungiyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka a ƙarshen ƙarni ba, ko adawa mai ƙarfi ga Yaƙin Duniya na I - hakika babu wani motsi na antiwar a cikin tarihin al'ummar ta kai ma'aunin adawa da yakin Vietnam. Akalla wani ɓangare na waccan adawar ya dogara ne kan fahimtar cewa fiye da Vietnam na cikin kangi, cewa mummunan yaƙin da aka yi a wannan ƙaramar ƙasar wani ɓangare ne na babban tsarin sarauta.
Tsangwama iri-iri da suka biyo bayan shan kayen da Amurka ta yi a Vietnam da alama sun yi nuni da matsananciyar bukatuwar babban mai mulki - ko da bayan faduwar babbar abokiyar hamayyarta, Tarayyar Soviet - don tabbatar da ikonta a ko'ina. Saboda haka mamaye Grenada a 1982, harin bam a Panama a 1989, yakin Gulf na farko na 1991. George Bush Sr. ya damu da kwacewar Saddam Hussein na Kuwait, ko kuma yana amfani da wannan taron a matsayin wata dama ta motsa ikon Amurka da karfi. a cikin yankin da ake kwadayin mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya? Idan aka yi la’akari da tarihin kasar Amurka, idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ta damu da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga yarjejeniyar da Franklin Roosevelt ya kulla da Sarki Abdul Aziz na Saudiyya a 1945, da kuma hambarar da gwamnatin Mossadeq ta Iran da CIA ta yi a shekarar 1953, ba abu ne mai wahala a iya yanke shawarar hakan ba. tambaya.
Tabbatar da Daular
Hare-haren rashin tausayi na Satumba 11th (kamar yadda hukumar ta 9/11 ta yarda) sun samo asali ne daga mummunar ƙiyayya ga fadada Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya da sauran wurare. Tun kafin wannan taron, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta yarda, a cewar littafin Chalmers Johnson The Sorrows na Empire, kasancewar sansanonin sojojin Amurka sama da 700 a wajen Amurka.
Tun daga wannan ranar, tare da ƙaddamar da "yaƙin ta'addanci," an kafa ko kuma fadada wasu sansanonin da yawa: a Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, hamadar Qatar, Gulf of Oman, Horn of Africa, da kuma ko'ina cikin ƙasa mai yarda. za a iya cin hanci ko tilastawa.
Lokacin da nake kai hare-hare a biranen Jamus, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, da Faransa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, hujjar ɗabi'a ta kasance mai sauƙi kuma a sarari ta yadda ba za a iya tattaunawa ba: Muna ceton duniya daga muguntar farkisanci. Saboda haka na yi mamakin jin ta bakin wani mai bindiga a cikin wani jirgin ruwa - abin da muke da shi shi ne cewa mu duka mun karanta littattafai - cewa ya ɗauki wannan "yaƙin mulkin mallaka." Bangarorin biyu, in ji shi, burinsu na samun iko da cin nasara ne. Mun yi jayayya ba tare da warware matsalar ba. Abin ban mamaki, abin takaici, ba a daɗe da tattaunawarmu ba, an harbe wannan ɗan adam a wani aiki.
A cikin yake-yake, a kodayaushe ana samun bambanci tsakanin manufar sojoji da manufar shugabannin siyasa da ke tura su fada. Burina, kamar na mutane da yawa, ba shi da laifi ga burin sarauta. Ya kasance don taimakawa kayar da farkisanci da ƙirƙirar duniya mafi kyau, ba tare da zalunci, soja, da wariyar launin fata ba.
Dalilin kafa Amurka, wanda mai harbin iska da na sani ya fahimta, yana da wani yanayi daban. An bayyana shi a farkon 1941 ta hanyar Henry Luce, mai miliyoyin miliyoyin Time, Life, Da kuma Fortune mujallu, kamar yadda zuwan "The American Century." Lokaci ya yi, in ji shi, da Amurka za ta "yi amfani da duniya ga cikakken tasirin tasirinmu, don dalilai da muka ga dama, da kuma hanyoyin da muka ga dama."
Da ƙyar ba za mu iya neman ƙarin haƙiƙa, ƙayyadaddun shela na ƙirar masarautu ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, 'yan mata masu hankali na gwamnatin Bush sun yi ta maimaitawa, amma tare da tabbacin cewa dalilin wannan "tasirin" yana da kyau, cewa "manufofin" - ko a cikin tsarin Luce ko kuma kwanan nan - suna da daraja, cewa wannan "Lite na mulkin mallaka." Kamar yadda George Bush ya fada a jawabinsa na farko na biyu: "Yada 'yanci a duniya… shine kiran zamaninmu." The New York Times ya kira wannan magana "mai daukar hankali ga manufarsa."
Daular Amurka ko da yaushe ta kasance aikin bangaranci ne - 'yan Democrat da 'yan Republican sun dauki bi-bi-bi-u-bi-da-bi suna fadada shi, suna daukaka shi, suna ba da hujja. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya gaya wa daliban da suka kammala karatu a Makarantar Sojan Ruwa a 1914 (shekarar da ya kai hari kan Mexico) cewa Amurka ta yi amfani da "Rundunar sojojin ruwa da sojojinta… a matsayin kayan aikin wayewa, ba kamar kayan aikin zalunci ba." Kuma Bill Clinton, a cikin 1992, ya gaya wa ɗaliban da suka kammala karatunsa na West Point cewa: "Dabi'un da kuka koya a nan… za su iya yaduwa a cikin ƙasa da ko'ina cikin duniya."
Ga mutanen Amurka, kuma ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, waɗannan da'awar ba dade ko ba dade ana bayyana su ƙarya ne. Maganganun, sau da yawa masu gamsarwa a lokacin sauraron farko, nan da nan ya zama abin ban tsoro wanda ba za a iya ɓoye shi ba: gawarwakin na Iraki, tsagewar gaɓoɓin GI na Amurka, miliyoyin iyalai da aka kora daga gidajensu - a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma a cikin Mississippi Delta.
Shin dalilai na daular, waɗanda ke cikin al'adunmu, suna cin zarafi mai kyau - cewa yaƙi ya zama dole don tsaro, faɗaɗa yana da mahimmanci ga wayewa - sun fara rasa ikonsu a cikin zukatanmu? Shin mun kai wani matsayi a tarihi inda a shirye muke mu rungumi sabuwar hanyar rayuwa a duniya, fadada ba ikon soja ba, amma ɗan adam?
Howard Zinn shine marubucin Tarihin Jama'a na Amurka da kuma Muryoyin Tarihin Jama'a na Amurka, yanzu ana yin fim don babban shirin talabijin. Sabon littafinsa shine Tarihin Jama'a na Daular Amurka, labarin Amurka a duniya, an bayar da shi cikin sigar ban dariya, tare da Mike Konopacki da Paul Buhle a cikin jerin littattafan daular Amurka. Bidiyo mai raye-rayen da aka daidaita daga wannan maƙala tare da abubuwan gani daga littafin ban dariya da muryar Viggo Mortensen, da kuma wani sashe na littafin kan rayuwar farko na Zinn, za a iya kallo ta danna nan. Gidan yanar gizon Zinn shine HowardZinn.org.
[Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana Tomdispatch.com, wani gidan yanar gizo na Cibiyar Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyoyi daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin bugawa, co-kafa Aikin Daular Amurka kuma marubucin Ƙarshen Nasara Al'adu (Jami'ar Massachusetts Press), wacce aka sabunta ta sosai a cikin wani sabon bugu da aka fitar wanda ke magana kan al'adar nasara ta karo da kone-kone a Iraki.]
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