Source: FAIR
Chavez dai zai yi kokarin ganin ya cika alkawuran da ya dauka na sauya tsarin da tabbatar da mulkin kasarsa.
Hoto daga Northfoto/Shutterstock
An daidaita wannan yanki daga sabon littafin marubuta, Barazana ta Musamman: Daular Amurka, Kafafen Yada Labarai da Ƙoƙarin Juyin Mulki na Shekaru 20 a Venezuela, aka buga ta Latsa Bita na wata-wata.
A Jiharsa ta Kungiyar adireshin A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Donald Trump ya ce:
Muna tsayawa tare da al'ummar Venezuela a cikin kyakkyawar neman 'yanci - kuma muna yin Allah wadai da zaluncin gwamnatin Maduro, wanda manufofin gurguzu ya mayar da wannan al'ummar daga kasancewa mafi arziki a Kudancin Amirka zuwa wani yanayi na talauci da rashin bege.
Ba a yi la'akari da kalaman ba'a na Trump a matsayin mai kawo cece-kuce ba, domin kafafen yada labarai na Yamma, ciki har da masu adawa da Trump kamar su. New York Times, sun shafe shekaru da yawa suna isar da karya: cewa Venezuela ta kasance mai wadata sosai da dimokiradiyya har sai Hugo Chavez, sannan magajinsa Nicolás Maduro, ya zo tare da lalata komai. Idan masu karatu sun yi imani da hakan, to tabbas za su yi mamaki, "Me ya sa gwamnatin Amurka ba za ta taimaka wa Venezuelan su koma wannan jiha mai wadata ba?"
Amma wannan hali ya samo asali ne na yaudarar gama-gari game da tarihin tattalin arzikin Venezuela, kuma ya yi watsi da yadda hawan Chavez ya kawo gyarar demokradiyya a hakika, ba koma baya ba, ga Venezuela. Labarin da kafofin yada labarai na Yamma suka fada a maimakon haka ya kamata mutane su yi mamakin yadda Chavismo zai iya zama babban karfin siyasa idan komai ya kasance mai ban mamaki a Venezuela.
'Da zarar mafi arziki'
Wannan da'awar da ba ta dace ba game da tarihin tattalin arzikin Venezuela, ta nau'i daban-daban - "da zarar ta sami wadata," "da zarar mafi arziki" ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na yammacin Turai. Binciken Nexis na jaridun Ingilishi na "Venezuela" da "sau ɗaya mai wadata" ya sami nasara 563 tsakanin 2015 da 2019.
Da'awar "da zarar wadata" ba za ta iya komawa ga arzikin kasa na Venezuela ba: Babban arzikin mai da zinariya yana nan. Manufar bayyana Venezuela a matsayin "da zarar ta kasance mai wadata" ita ce a ba da shawarar cewa yanayin rayuwa ya kasance "sau ɗaya" na ƙasa mai arziki.
Don haka ta wane ma'auni ne Venezuela "sau ɗaya" ta kasance mai arziki? Yaushe daidai yake? Menene ma'aunin martaba da ake amfani da shi don cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziki? Shin sau ɗaya ya kasance a saman 10% (ta kowane ma'auni)? Babban 50%?
Koyaushe ana nuna cewa kwanakin daukakar tattalin arzikin Venezuela sun kasance a zamanin pre-Chávez, amma dan jaridar kudi Jason Mitchell ya yi wannan ikirarin a fili. Rubutun don Burtaniya Spectator (2/18/17), ya ce, "Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata Venezuela na daya daga cikin kasashe mafi arziki a duniya." Don haka ana tsammanin Venezuela ta ji daɗin matsayinta na arziki a cikin 1997, shekarar da aka fara zaɓe Hugo Chavez. Wannan maganar banza ce.
A zahiri, lokacin da aka zaɓi Chavez a farkon 1998, Venezuela tana da kashi 50% yawan talauci, duk da kasancewarsa babban mai fitar da mai tsawon shekaru da dama. Yana ya fara fitarwa mai a cikin 1920s, kuma a farkon shekarun 1970 ne manyan masu samar da mai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Saudi Arabia da Iran. ya zarce Venezuela a cikin samarwa. A shekarar 1992, da New York Times (2/5/92) ya ruwaito cewa "kashi 57% na Venezuelan ne kawai ke iya samun abinci fiye da ɗaya a rana." Shin hakan yana kama da "ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi arziki a duniya"? Babu shakka ba haka ba, amma yana da kyau a faɗi ƙarin bayani game da kididdigar da za a iya amfani da ita don yaudarar mutane game da tarihin tattalin arzikin Venezuela.
Kudin shiga da rarrabawa
Masana tattalin arziki sukan yi amfani da su GDP a kowace kalma domin a tantance irin arzikin kasa. Ainihin ma'auni ne na matsakaicin kuɗin shiga kowane mutum. Idan 'yan jarida sun kula da kasancewa daidai lokacin da suka ce Venezuela ta taɓa kasancewa "masu arziki," to wannan ƙididdiga ce da za su kawo.
Jadawalin da ke ƙasa yana nuna bayanan Bankin Duniya na ainihin GDP na Venezuela na kowane mutum tun 1960, kuma ya ci karo da labarin da kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma suka yi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba cewa an sami sauyi daga wadata zuwa talauci saboda Chavismo. GDP na kowane mutum ya kai kololuwa 1977, kusa da ƙarshen haƙar man fetur, sannan ya shiga raguwa na dogon lokaci. Lokacin da Chavez ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1999, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi karancin maki a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bayan haka, an kori shi har ma da ƙasa ta ƙoƙarin biyu na farko na hambarar da Chavez: juyin mulkin Afrilu 2002 da, bayan watanni da yawa, rufe kamfanin mai na jihar - "yajin aikin mai." A shekara ta 2013, ainihin GDP na kowane mutum ya murmure sosai, ya kusa kai kololuwar sa a shekarar 1977.
A karkashin Chavez, an rage yawan talauci da rabi, don haka tabbas akwai alaƙa tsakanin GDP na kowane mutum da yanayin rayuwa a Venezuela. Amma GDP na kowace kasa, shi kadai, bai ce komai ba game da yadda ake rarraba kudaden shiga. Kuma hakan na iya sa kwatancen ƙasashen duniya su zama masu ruɗi sosai.
Misali, 1980 ya kasance kusa da kololuwar tarihi na Venezuela a cikin ainihin GDP na kowane mutum, wanda matsayi na 32 a cikin duniyar wancan shekarar lokacin da aka daidaita don daidaiton ikon siye, kamar yadda masana tattalin arziki ke ba da shawarar kwatancen ƙasashen duniya. Sai dai adadin mace-macen jarirai nata ya zo na 58 a duniya, inda ya yi kasa da Cuba, wanda adadin jariran da ke mutuwa ya kasance na 28 a wannan shekarar. Mutuwar jarirai wata alama ce ta asali ta kiwon lafiya da ke taimakawa wajen bayyana irin yadda ake amfani da dukiyar kasa a zahiri don amfanin al'ummarta. A zahiri, yawan mace-macen jarirai a Venezuela a 1980 ya kasance fiye da sau biyu kamar yadda yake a Cuba.
Wata shekarar da ta bayyana ita ce 1989, lokacin da aka yi kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa talakawa masu zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Caracazo. Dangane da GDP na kowane mutum (daidaita don siyan ikon siyan), Venezuela matsayi mafi girma a Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka—yayin da gwamnatinta ta yi kisan gilla ga talakawa mafi muni a tarihinta na zamani.
Kisan kiyashin ya fallasa yadda ake tafka magudi a cikin wadata da dimokuradiyyar Venezuela. Ya yi bayanin hawan Chavez, sannan kuma ya bayyana yadda gwamnatin Amurka da kafafen yada labarai suka yi wa gwamnatin Venezuelan da ta aiwatar da kisan kiyashi.
Daga Caracazo zuwa Chavismo
Ya fara ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1989. Jami'an tsaron Venezuela kashe daruruwan, da yiwuwar dubbai, na talakawa a cikin kwanaki biyar. Talakawa sun taso don tayar da kayar baya ga shirin "daidaita tsarin" da IMF ta gindaya wanda ya hada da hauhawar farashin mai da kudin motar bas. Shugaban kasar Carlos Andres Pérez, mutumin da ya yi yakin neman zabe ne ya kaddamar da shirin cewa cewa shirye-shiryen IMF sun kasance kamar "bam neutron wanda ya kashe mutane amma ya bar gine-gine a tsaye."
Shugaban Amurka George HW Bush kira Pérez a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1989, yayin da kisan kiyashin Caracazo ke ci gaba da gudana, don yin ta'aziyya tare da Pérez da bayar da lamuni na Venezuela. Labarin da kafofin yada labaran Amurka na Venezuela suka bayar ya dace da manufofin Bush na ketare. A New York Times labari (11/11/90game da Venezuela ta Clifford Krauss ya bayyana Pérez a matsayin "mai son dimokradiyyar zamantakewa." Babu wata kalma da aka rubuta game da kisan kiyashin Caracazo. Labarin ya mayar da hankali ne kan godiyar Bush ga Pérez, a cikin wasu abubuwa, inganta yawan man fetur na Venezuela don taimakawa wajen kare Amurka daga mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki bayan harin Iraqi na Kuwait.
A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1992, Laftanar Kanar Hugo Chávez ya fara zama sananne ga 'yan Venezuela ta hanyar yunkurin juyin mulkin soja. Ranar da juyin mulkin Chavez ya gaza, labarin labarai a cikin New York Times (2/5/92) ya kira Venezuela a matsayin "daya daga cikin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Latin Amurka," da kuma Pérez da kansa a matsayin "jagorancin dimokuradiyya," duk da kisan kiyashin Caracazo shekaru uku kawai da suka gabata, wanda ba a taɓa ambata ba. The Times Har ila yau aka nakalto a lokacin - Shugaba Bush ya kira Pérez "daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin dimokuradiyya na duniyarmu."
Ba wani Perez ba
Lokacin da Chavez ya fara karbar mulki bayan zabe a 1999, gwamnatin Amurka ba ta kai ga kai harin ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da kalaman adawa da IMF Carlos Andres Pérez - shugaban da ya kashe mutane don aiwatar da shirin tsuke bakin aljihun IMF - ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Amurka za ta ji Chavez na ɗan lokaci. Watakila Chavez zai kasance irin wannan abin kunya - don haka ya cancanci goyon bayan Amurka.
A shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Amurka ta fahimci cewa Chavez ba zai zama kamar Pérez ba, wanda ya yi ba'a na rashin lafiya na furucin sa na IMF da zarar yana kan karagar mulki. Chavez dai zai yi kokarin ganin ya cika alkawuran da ya dauka na sauya tsarin da tabbatar da ikon kasarsa. Chavez ya yi kakkausar suka ga harin da Amurka ta kai Afghanistan, har ma ya ce jakadan Amurka ya zo ya kira shi da rashin mutuntawa ya nemi ya sauya matsayinsa. Hakan ya sa Chavez ya umarci jakadan ya fice daga dakin. Wannan muhimmin lamari ne a cikin tabarbarewar dangantakar Venezuela/Amurka (Bart Jones, Hugo!, Latsa Steerforth, 2007, shafi na. 297).
A cikin gida, Chavez kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokacin hutun gudun amarci tare da tsofaffin fitattun mutane da na tsakiya na Venezuela. Kamar yadda Gregory Wilpert ya sanya shi a ciki Canza Venezuela ta hanyar ɗaukar iko (Aya, 2006, p. 20):
Lokacin da Chávez ya fara zama ofis, ya ji daɗin ƙimar amincewar kashi 90%, wanda hakan zai nuna cewa wariyar launin fata da ƙima ga adawa ta tsakiyar aji ga Chávez ba zai iya zama muhimmin abu ba.
Tsakanin ajin Venezuela sun kasance suna zamewa cikin talauci tsawon shekaru ashirin kuma sun goyi bayan Chavez a 1998 saboda suna da burin samun canji.
Amma ba da jimawa ba, tsofaffin jiga-jigan siyasa, kamar jakadan Amurka, sun yi matukar jin haushin Chávez yana tabbatar da ikonsa. Sun yi tsammanin jin daɗin Chavez. Tushensa na Afirka da na asali, da kuma asalinsa na masu aiki, ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, har sai ya guje wa dillalan wutar lantarki da aka saba yi lokacin nada majalisar ministocinsa.
Rikicin dai ya yi kamari ne a lokacin da majalisar wakilai da masu kada kuri’a suka zabe ta, ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da aka amince da shi a zaben raba gardama. An nada hukumomin rikon kwarya a karkashin sabon tsarin dimokuradiyya. Kamar yadda Wilpert ya bayyana (Canjin Venezuela, p. 20):
Daga nan ne tsofaffin masu fada aji suka yi amfani da ikonsu na kafofin yada labarai na kasar wajen karkatar da masu matsakaicin ra'ayi kan Chávez, tare da samar da wani kamfen da ya yi amfani da kyamar wariyar launin fata da kyama a al'adun Venezuela.
A shekara ta 2004, ana iya hasashen, Chavez ya dogara sosai kan goyon bayan talakawa don cin zaɓe.Canjin Venezuela, p. 268-269).
Sabon tsarin mulki, sabon zamani
A cikin shekarar farko da ya hau kan karagar mulki, Chávez ya kaddamar da wani tsari mai matakai uku na bai wa Venezuela sabon kundin tsarin mulki. A watan Afrilun 1999, ya je wurin masu jefa ƙuri'a yana tambayar ko suna so su fara aiwatar da tsarin ta hanyar zabar majalisar tsarin mulki, da kuma idan sun amince da dokokin da suka ƙayyade yadda za a zaɓen majalisa. Bangaren sa ya lashe wannan kuri'ar raba gardama da kashi 92% na kuri'un da aka kada kan tambaya ta farko, sannan da kashi 86% a na biyu (wanda ya kayyade ka'idojin zabe) (Canjin Venezuela, p. 21).
A watan Yuli ne aka gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar. Magoya bayan Chavez sun samu kujeru 125 daga cikin kujeru 131 na majalisar. Majalisar ta kuma tsara kundin tsarin mulki bayan watanni hudu, kashi 72% na masu kada kuri'a sun amince da shi a wata kuri'ar raba gardama.
Majalisar ta kuma nada wata kungiya ta rikon kwarya, wacce aka fi sani da Congressillo (karamar majalisa), wadda ta nada sabon babban lauya, mai kare hakkin dan adam, kwanturola janar, majalisar zabe ta kasa da kuma kotun koli.
A watan Yulin 2000, Chávez ya sake zuwa wurin masu jefa kuri'a don sabon wa'adin shugaban kasa karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki kuma ya yi nasara cikin sauki da kashi 59.8% na kuri'un. Amma waɗannan su ne "zaben-mega," kamar yadda Wilpert (Canjin Venezuela, p. 22) sanya shi, waɗanda suka "kawar da tsoffin ƴan siyasar ƙasar kusan gaba ɗaya daga manyan cibiyoyin jama'a na Venezuela":
‘Yan takara dubu talatin da uku ne suka tsaya takarar ofisoshi sama da 6,000 a ranar. A karshe dai an sake tabbatar da Chavez akan karagar mulki da kashi 59.8% na kuri'un da aka kada. Magoya bayan Chavez sun lashe kujeru 104 daga cikin kujeru 165 na majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma 17 cikin 23 na gwamnonin jihohi. A matakin kananan hukumomi, 'yan takarar Chavez ba su da nasara, inda suka samu kusan rabin mukaman magajin gari.
Mene ne, a New York Times Editorial a watan Agustan 1999 an riga an ɗauka cewa zai gabatar da lacca ga 'yan ƙasar Venezuela tare da karkatar da tsarin sake fasalin dimokraɗiyya a matsayin iko:
Kamata ya yi su yi taka-tsan-tsan da hanyoyin da Mista Chavez ke amfani da su. Yana jan ragamar mulki a hannunsa, da kuma yin amfani da wani taro na musamman na kundin tsarin mulki a Caracas wanda ya kunshi kusan magoya bayansa.
Mista Chávez, wanda tsohon kwamandan rundunar soji ne, wanda ya yi juyin mulkin soji da bai yi nasara ba a shekarar 1992, ya zuwa yanzu bai nuna mutunta yarjejeniyar da ta dace a tsarin dimokuradiyya ba, wanda Venezuela ta shafe shekaru 40 tana yi.
A bayyane yake, duk wani tsarin gyara na gaske a Latin Amurka za a tozarta shi ta hanyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar New York Times.
Mabuɗin ƙarya
Karyar da aka yi ta yi game da abubuwan da Venezuela ta yi a baya ta sa Amurka ta zalunce ta a halin yanzu. Yana da kyau a taƙaice wasu daga cikin mabuɗin ƙarya:
- Venezuela ta kasance "ta taɓa samun wadata" kuma ta lalata tsarin gurguzu. Hasali ma, Venezuela kasa ce da ba ta da daidaito a cikinta wadda akasarin mutane ke fama da talauci duk da arzikin man fetur da kasar ke samu, wanda ya samar da makudan kudaden shiga zuwa kasashen waje tun a shekarun 1920.
- Venezuela ta kasance dimokuradiyya kafin Chavismo. Hasali ma, dimokuradiyyar Venezuela wani tsari ne mai cike da kura-kurai da ‘yan siyasa ke murkushe madafun iko bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace da dimokradiyya ba, tare da durkusar da kuncin talakawan Venezuela ta hanyar kisan kiyashi, irin su Caracazo.
- Chavismo ya lalata dimokuradiyyar Venezuela. Haƙiƙa Chavez ya yi ƙoƙarin yin juyin mulki a 1992, amma ya hau mulki ta hanyar zaɓe a 1998, kuma daga baya ya yi sauye-sauye ta hanyoyin dimokuradiyya.
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