URobin Hahnel unguProfesa Wezomnotho e-American University. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ethi Economic Justice and Democracy. Ungumbhali ngokubambisana noMichael Albert we-The Political Economy of Participatory Economics. Ukhulume ne-NLP (http://www.newleftproject.org/) mayelana nenkinga yezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele.
1.I-Economics ivamise ukubonwa njengesihloko esingaqondakali futhi esingangeneki. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza ngamagama aqondile ukuthi kungani kube nenkinga yezimali emhlabeni jikelele?
Izimbangela eziyinhloko “zesivunguvungu esiphelele somnotho” esaqubuka ekwindla ka-2008 kwaba (1) ukwanda okumangazayo kokungalingani kwezomnotho okwenze uhlelo lungazinzi futhi lungabi nobulungiswa, kanye (2) nokuhoxiswa budedengu komkhakha wezezimali. . Zombili lezi zimo zaqala ngokuzimisela ngoMongameli uReagan ngo-1980, zaqhubeka ngaphansi kukaBush I noClinton, futhi zakhula ngesivinini ngesikhathi sikaBush II. Lezi zindlela beziwumphumela wokukhula okuqhubekayo kwamandla ezinkampani, namandla ezinkampani ezinkulu zezezimali ikakhulukazi, kanye nokwehla okumangalisayo kwamandla okuphikisa abasebenzi, abathengi, kanye nohulumeni.
Singangeza imininingwane eyengeziwe - okubalulekile-ngoba kunezifundo ezibalulekile okufanele zifundwe kabusha. Ngithi ngiphinde ngifunde ngoba eziningi zalezi zifundo zake zafundwa emuva kokuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho ngeminyaka yawo-1930s, kodwa ngebhadi azange zifundwe wumkhakha wezomnotho, abezindaba abakhulu, nosopolitiki abasuke benza itulo lokusiza umphakathi ukuthi ukhohlwe kanzima. wafunda izifundo futhi. Ikhulu leminyaka elidlule phakathi nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “Iminyaka Yamashumi Amabili Okuhlokomayo” nokungalingani kwezomnotho kwanda kakhulu, futhi lapho umkhakha wezezimali ongalawulwa, owawuqagela kakhulu uphahlazeka ngo-1929 uKuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kwaba umphumela. Lokho abantu abaningi baseMelika - okuhlanganisa noMongameli wethu ngaleso sikhathi - abakufunda kulokho okuhlangenwe nakho okubi ukuthi imali yemakethe yamahhala yingozi elindele ukwenzeka. Umphumela? Ukulawulwa okuhlakaniphile kokusebenza kwamabhange nokuhweba ngamasheya kwabekwa phezu kweziphikiso zalabo ababephikisana ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba nje abanye bephikisa namuhla, ukuthi lezi zinyathelo azinasidingo futhi azizuzisi. Abantu - kuhlanganisa noMongameli wethu wangaleso sikhathi - nabo bafunda ukuthi ngaphandle uma amaholo ehambisana nokukhuphuka komkhiqizo ngeke nje umnotho ungabi nabulungiswa, futhi uzontengantenga. Umphumela? Ngelungelo labo lokusungula izinyunyana futhi bahlanganyele ekuxoxisaneni okuhlangene okusanda kusungulwa emthethweni, abasebenzi abahlelekile bakha izimo eziyisisekelo ze-“Golden Age of American capitalism” esukela ku-1940 kuya maphakathi nawo-1970—okuwukuphela kwesikhathi lapho inani elikhulu labasebenzi baseMelika lihlanganyele kabanzi. ekwandeni kokukhiqiza kwabo.
Izimo zesivunguvungu esiphelele somnotho sanamuhla zidalwa futhi ukwanda okumangalisayo kokungalingani kwezomnotho okwenzeka eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule okwenza uhlelo lungazinzi, kanye nokuhoxiswa budedengu komkhakha wezezimali okhula ngamandla. Futhi futhi, okudingeka sikwenze ngokushesha ukunqanda isilayidi sokwehla kwamandla omnotho futhi senze uhlelo lwezikweletu lusebenze futhi. Kodwa futhi kudingeka silungise izimo eziyisisekelo ezenze lokhu kwehla komnotho kwaba nokwenzeka. Kudingeka siguqule futhi silawule umkhakha wezezimali owawuvunyelwe ukuthi ungalawuleki ngokuphelele futhi usebenzise izinqubomgomo ezizokwenza ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo kulingane kakhulu ukuze lolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka lungaphinde lwenzeke.
1. Ukungalingani okukhulu kwemali engenayo kanye nengcebo akukhona nje kuphela okungalungile, futhi kwandisa amathuba okuba nezinkinga zomnotho ngesizathu esilula sokuthi imali eningi yabacebile ayiphendulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ibe yisidingo sokusetshenziswa. Uma umpofu kunamathuba amaningi okuthi usebenzise imali encane ongenayo ngokushesha, futhi ngalokho unikeze isidingo esanele sakho konke okukhiqizwayo. Uma ucebe kulapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi ungadli wonke umholo wakho. Ngaphandle uma ukonga kwabacebile kufakwe ngempumelelo ekusetshenzisweni kwezimpahla nasezinkonzweni ngomunye umuntu, isidingo sempahla sisonke ngeke sifinyelele ekuhlinzekeni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka amabhizinisi angakwazi ukudayisa konke akukhiqizayo anciphisa ukukhiqiza aphinde adilize abasebenzi, okuyinto ebuye ibhebhethekise inkinga. Lokhu kuziqinisa, ukujiya kokwehla yilokho esibhekene nakho manje, ngamandla kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi isikhathi kusukela nge-Great Depression eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili edlule.
Isifundo 1: Sidinga ukugqugquzelwa kwezimali okukhulu ngoba ayikho enye indlela yokunqanda ukuwohloka komnotho osekuphenduke inkinga enkulu.
Imali engenayo yekhaya iyehla, bambalwa abanemali elinganayo esele ezindlini zabo abangaboleka ngayo, futhi amakhadi esikweletu abantu abaningi akhishwa kakhulu. Ngokusobala ukusetshenziswa kwemali eyengeziwe okudingekayo njengamanje ngeke kuqhamuke emkhakheni wasekhaya. Ngeke futhi iqhamuke emkhakheni webhizinisi ngoba amabhizinisi ngeke atshale imali esitshalweni nasemishinini emisha lapho engakwazi ukudayisa konke akwenzayo kakade. Okwamanje okuwukuphela kwendlela yokunqanda ukuwohloka komnotho ukuthi uhulumeni asebenzise imali engaphezu kwaleyo ayiqoqayo ezintela - okuningi kakhulu!
Yebo, lokhu kusho ukuthi sidinga ukushoda kwesabelomali esikhulu sikahulumeni njengamanje. Ukushoda okukhulu manje…. Kuhle. Ukushoda okuncane manje…. Okubi. Noma ngabe konke okukukhathazayo wukunciphisa usayizi wesikweletu sikazwelonke eminyakeni emihlanu kusukela manje, umgomo ongcono kakhulu uwukuba nesikweletu esikhulu manje. Umqondo ulula ngokwanele: Ayikho into enyusa isikweletu sikazwelonke ngaphezu kokuwohloka komnotho ngoba amarisidi entela ayehla uma imali engenayo yehla - okuyilokho ukwehla komnotho, ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kanye nemali engenayo. Abantu baseMelika abaningi, osopolitiki abaningi, kanye nabezindaba abaningi abajwayelekile bayala ukuvuma leli qiniso eliphikisayo, futhi ukukhathazeka okungadingekile mayelana nokushoda kwamanje kube isithiyo esisodwa esikhulu ekuqedeni ukuwohloka komnotho.
AmaRiphabhulikhi aphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokushoda kwezimali ngezizathu ezingosomathuba. Abazange babonise ukukhathazeka ngokushoda okukhulu okubangelwa ukuncishiswa kwentela kwabacebile kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zezempi kanye nenhlalakahle yezinkampani ngesikhathi soBumongameli bukaBush—ngisho nalapho umnotho wawungadingi kakhulu ukukhuthazwa kwezimali. Ngokusobala bangabazenzisi ukuze bakhuphule ukushoda kwezimali njengesizathu esingenakukwazi ukukhokhela inkuthazo enkulu yezimali manje lapho umnotho uyidinga kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amaRiphabhulikhi nawo abhebhethekisa amalangabi okukhathazeka ngokushoda manje ukuvimbela u-Obama kanye neDemocratic Congress ekwenzeni lokho okudingekayo ukuze umnotho uqhubeke futhi unciphise ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ngethemba lokwandisa le nkinga nokudala izimo zezombusazwe zokunqoba kweRiphabhulikhi kuCongress. okhethweni luka-2010, futhi ekugcineni yenze u-Obama uMongameli wehlandla elilodwa ngo-2012. Kuyamangalisa, mangala! AmaRepublican aziphatha njengeqembu lezepolitiki eliphikisayo elizimisele ukulimaza izwe ukuze lizuze ipolitiki.
AmaLiberals amaningi kanye nabantu abajwayelekile abazwakalisa futhi basekele ukukhathazeka ngokushoda kwesabelomali benza iphutha elibi labo kanye nentshisekelo yezwe futhi bawela ogibeni lweRiphabhulikhi ngokwenza kanjalo. Kungenzeka ukuthi abakaze basifunde isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu uLord Keynes asifundise umhlaba ngeminyaka yawo-1930s—okungenzeka njengoba umkhakha wezomnotho usebenze kanzima ukubhala uKeynes ezincwadini zabo zokufunda kanye nekharikhulamu kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule - noma bakhohlwe isifundo. futhi bazivumele ukuthi bagxivizwe abezindaba abajwayelekile okuyimithombo yezindaba ephiko kwesokudla.
I-Centrist Democrats, echaza uMongameli u-Obama nethimba lakhe lenqubomgomo yezomnotho ngokuphelele, njengamanje banesibopho sokwehluleka ukuhlinzeka ngesikhuthazo esanele sezimali ngokuhlanganyela kulokho abasemthethweni njengokuthi "ukukhathazeka okudumile" mayelana nokushoda kunokuba bachaze ukuthi kungani ukulwa nokunciphisa ukushoda manje kungasebenzi, futhi bagxeke labo ababhebhezela amalangabi okukhathazeka okuthandwayo ngenxa yokushoda kosomathuba abangashisekeli izwe, abangosomathuba bezombangazwe abayibo.
2. Nokho, inkinga ewumsuka eyadala izimo zokungalingani komnotho omkhulu, futhi ikwenza kube nzima ukuhlehla, ukukhula okumangalisayo kokungalingani emashumini eminyaka adlule okushiya amandla amancane kakhulu okuthenga ezandleni zalabo abawasebenzisa ngokugcwele nangokushesha. . Le nkinga kumele ilungiswe nayo.
Isifundo sesi-2: Amaholo kufanele ahambisane nokukhuphuka komkhiqizo noma umnotho ngeke nje ube nokungabi nabulungiswa futhi uzontengantenga.
Yini engenziwa ukuvikela amaholo ngokushesha? Ukuphasiswa komthetho we-Employee Free Choice Act-owamiswa ngo-2007 yi-Republican filibuster eSenate yaseMelika-kuzosusa imigoqo evimbela abasebenzi ukuthi bakhe izinyunyana, kususe isisusa sokuthi abaqashi bamise izingxoxo ngenkontileka yokuqala, futhi kwenyuse izinhlawulo kubaqashi abephulayo. umthetho ngesikhathi semikhankaso yokuhlela izinyunyana. Ukuqeda ikhefu lentela ezinkampanini ezihlinzeka ngemisebenzi kwamanye amazwe, nokugcizelela izindinganiso ezanele neziphoqelelayo zabasebenzi kuzo zonke izivumelwano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kungasiza ekunciphiseni ingcindezi ephansi yamaholo ase-US nezimo zokusebenza. UMthetho Wezinguquko Zohwebo, Ukuziphendulela, Wokuthuthukiswa Nokuqashwa ka-2009 (HR 3012) uzosiyisa endleleni efanele. Njengamanje inabaxhasi abangu-97 futhi idinga abanye ukuze iqhubekele phambili.
Yebo ukwedlula kwalezi zikweletu kungaba yisiqalo nje. Kuningi okwengeziwe okudingekayo ukuze kwandiswe ukulingana kweholo. Kodwa umthetho omusha wokunika izinyunyana amandla, umthetho omusha wokuhlehlisa umonakalo odalwe yizivumelwano zezomnotho zamazwe ngamazwe ze-neoliberal, ukwandisa umholo omncane, nokuqinisa inetha lokuphepha komphakathi ngokukhuphuka kwemali yomshwalense wokungasebenzi, ukuphepha komphakathi, izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, kanye nokuphasisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo komkhokhi oyedwa. zonke ziyizinyathelo ezidingekayo ezingakhuphula ukulingana kwemali engenayo futhi zenze izinkinga zomnotho ezinjengalesi zibe mancane amathuba. Impela ubulungiswa bezomnotho angeke bufezwe emnothweni wonxiwankulu noma zingaki izinguquko zedemokhrasi kwezenhlalo esikwaziyo ukuzinqoba - okuyisizathu esisodwa okumele sigcine simiselele umnotho wokuncintisana nobugovu, owaziwa nge-capitalist, ngomnotho wokubambisana ngokulinganayo, aka. i-participatory eco-socialism.
3. Inkinga yezezimali namuhla ayiwona nje umphumela wemali ebolekiwe okwakungafanele yenziwe. Ngaphansi kwama-20% emali ebolekiwe abenesikweletu ngesikhathi inkinga yezezimali ifika ekwindla okokugcina, okusho ukuthi u-80% wababolekiwe ubekhona njengamanje nezinkokhelo zabo. Kungenxa yokuthi ukulawulwa okuhlakaniphile kwemboni yamabhange kusukela ekuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kwaqedwa ngokuhlelekile ngosopolitiki kuwo womabili amaqembu eRiphabhulikhi neDemocratic Alliance ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela embonini yezezimali, kuphela ngenxa yokuthi abantu abafana noLarry Summers noTimothy Geithner bangenelela ezikhathini eziningi esikhathini esidlule ukuvimbela ukulawulwa kwamabhange okutshalwa kwezimali e-Wall Street okuqagela kakhulu kanye nezimali zothango, kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ukuntuleka kokulawula okunekhono kwakha amathuba okuba abadlali bezezimali benze inzuzo enkulu ngezindlela eziyingozi emphakathini kwakungenzeka yini ukuthi inkinga yezimali embi kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ivele lapho ibhamuza lezindlu— okwakumelwe iphele ngesikhathi esithile—ekugcineni yaphela.
Uhlu olufushane lwemithetho embalwa yezisusa eziphambene evunyelwe futhi evunyelwe namanje kwanele ukuxabanisa ingqondo.
(1) Amabhange endawo awasawabambi ama-mortgest azovuma izicelo zawo. Esikhundleni salokho, ngokushesha bathengisa lezo zindlu ezibolekiwe kumabhange amakhulu nakubatshalizimali bezikhungo. Lokhu kushiya inkuthazo encane yokuthi amabhange endawo acubungule izicelo zokubolekwa kwezindlu ukuze anakekele ukuthi abafake izicelo basifanele ngempela isikweletu noma cha.
(2) Amabhange e-Wall Street adale izibambiso ezakhiwe izingxenyana ezincane zezinkokhelo zanyanga zonke ezivela ezinkulungwaneni zezindlu ezibolekiwe ezihlukene, azithengisela abatshalizimali bezikhungo futhi azigcina ezincwadini zawo njengezimpahla. Kodwa-ke, ama-ejensi anesibopho sokulinganisa lezi zibambiso ezisekelwe emalini ebolekiwe akhokhelwa amabhange alinganisela izibambiso zawo. Ingcindezi kuma-ejensi okulinganisa ukuthi agxivize izibambiso ngokujwayelekile njengokuphindwe kathathu kubaphathi bazo, okungukuthi zilinganisele ngekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nengozi ephansi, kufanele ibonakale kunoma ubani.
(3) Ukuvikeleka ngokuyinhloko akuyona indlela yokusabalalisa ubungozi - njengoba abalandeli bayo besho - okubaluleke kakhulu kuyindlela yokufihla ubungozi ekubonweni kwangaphandle okuvumela amabhange ukuthi adlulise izibambiso zekhwalithi ephansi njengokungathi ziyikhwalithi ephezulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba abathengi abazoba ngabathengi bengakwazi ukuhlukanisa ikhwalithi ephansi nezibambiso ezisekelwe emalini ebolekiwe esezingeni eliphezulu, uma izikweletu zezindlu seziqala ukwehla ngesikweletu esisilele emuva, imakethe yazo zonke izibambiso ezisekelwe emalini ebolekiwe, ngisho nalezo ezinhle, iyoma. Lezo yizimpahla okuthiwa ezinobuthi esizizwa kakhulu ngazo ezincwadini zamabhange amakhulu aseWall Street, yingakho amabhange ethola ngokumangala ukuthi awakwazi ukudayisa ngisho ezinhle ngemali engaphezu kwengoma.
(3) Inkokhelo ye-CEO ivame ukuxhunyaniswa nenani lesitoko senkampani yabo esikhathini esifushane. Kodwa ama-CEO anezindlela eziningi ezitholakalayo zokusebenzisa intengo yesitoko senkampani yabo ngesikhathi esifushane ukuze azuze, ngisho noma ngokwenza kanjalo benza buthaka inkampani futhi bafake umnotho engozini.
(4) Ukwehlisela isaphulelo kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi amadada amnyama ezezimali - imiphumela enemiphumela emibi kakhulu emikhulu kodwa okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi yenzeke—kuyisisekelo senzuzo ye-hedge fund. Ngeshwa kithina sonke, ukubukela phansi amadada amnyama kuyingozi kakhulu ohlelweni lwezezimali lulonke.
(5) Uma isikhungo sezezimali sibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi ukwehluleka kwaso kungase kubangele ukwethuka kwezezimali kudala isikhuthazo esibi esaziwa ngokuthi ingozi yokuziphatha. Isikhungo “esikhulu kakhulu ukuthi singahluleka” singazibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuyingozi sazi ukuthi sizovuna imivuzo ephezulu ekutshalweni kwezimali okuyingozi uma senza inzuzo, kodwa sitakulwe wuhulumeni ngamadola abakhokhi bentela noma nini lapho befakazela okuhlukile. I-Wall Street iyisibonelo esihle kunazo zonke “se-lemon socialism” izwe lonxiwankulu elake lasibona. Uma izinto zihamba kahle i-Wall Street iyawina. Uma izinto zingahambi kahle umkhokhi wentela, hhayi i-Wall Street, uyalahlekelwa.
(6) Futhi-ke, okokugcina: Ukuzuza okwengeziwe, okungukuthi ukudlala ngemali yabanye abantu eningi futhi engaphansi kweyakho, kusho amanani aphezulu enzuzo kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sezezimali. Kodwa futhi kusho ukuntengantenga okukhulu kwezezimali kohlelo lulonke, kanye nokuwa okukhulu lapho kuvela inkinga.
Isifundo 3: Izimali ezingalawulwa, ezimakethe zamahhala ziyingozi elindele ukwenzeka. Uma uhlelo lwezikweletu luzoshiywa ezandleni ezizimele, akufanele nje kuphela kubuyiswe futhi kuqiniswe imithethonqubo mayelana nezikhungo zezimali zendabuko, kodwa umkhakha omusha wezezimali wamabhange okutshalwa kwezimali e-Wall Street kanye nezikhwama ze-hedge ezikhule ngaphandle kwezinhlaka zokulawula ezindala kufanele zitholwe. emithethweni evimbela ukuziphatha okubonakale kulimaza izithakazelo zomphakathi.
Ukukugcina kulula: Uma uvumela “abafana” badlale “ngemali yasendlini”, izisusa eziyingozi zokuziphatha ezihlanekezelwe kanye nokuthambekela kokuthi “abafana” bacebe bazikhukhumeze futhi “babe abafana,” kudala ingozi elindele ukwenzeka. .
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