I-Robin Hahnel's Of the People, By the People: Icala lomnotho obambe iqhaza (Soapbox Press, 2012, esakazwe ngabashicileli be-AK, www.akpress.org) isethulo sakamuva nesifinyeleleka kakhulu sempikiswano yakhe yokuthi umnotho omusha-osekelwe ukulingana, ukubamba iqhaza, ubumbano, nokuzilawula—kuyafiseleka futhi kuyenzeka. Yakhiwa ekuqaleni nguHahnel noMichael Albert eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili edlule, imodeli ibilokhu icwengwa futhi yathuthukiswa, kubhekwana nezinkinga eziphakanyiswe abagxeki. Lena iyona kanye indlela umbono wekusasa okufanele uthuthukiswe ngayo: ngenqubo eqhubekayo yokugxeka nokubuyekeza.
Kule ncwadi entsha, u-Hahnel unikeza izibuyekezo ezimbili ekudalulweni kwakhe kwangaphambilini. Ezinguqulweni ezedlule, inqubo yokuhlela—ukuhlelwa kokuhlanganyela—ayenzanga mehluko phakathi kohlelo lwamanje lonyaka nezinye izinhlelo zesikhathi eside. Lapha u-Hahnel uyavuma ukuthi lokhu kokugcina kuhilela ezinye zezinkinga ezikhethekile ezidinga ukubhekwana nazo. Ikakhulukazi, izilinganiso zethu zamathuba kanye nezindleko zezenhlalakahle ziba kancane zithembeke ngokuqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo esikubikezelayo, ngakho-ke ukuhlela isikhathi eside kuyodingeka kuncike kakhulu engxoxweni nasengxoxweni phakathi kwezithunywa zemifelandawonye yemikhandlu yabathengi nabasebenzi. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuthola izindlela zokugcina ukubandakanyeka okudumile ohlelweni lokuhlela oluthatha isikhathi eside lapho kubhekene nokubamba iqhaza okungaqondile.
Ukubuyekezwa kwesibili kuhilela izicelo zonyaka zokusetshenziswa. Abantu bangazi kanjani ukuthi bafunani unyaka wonke, kubuza abagxeki abaningi? Abakwazi, kusho uHahnel. Kodwa uma ukuqagela kwabo kokuqala konyaka—okungase kufane “nangonyaka odlule”—kungaba yiphutha, khona-ke ukulungiswa kwaphakathi nonyaka kungenziwa. Asikho isiqiniseko, vele, sokuthi wonke umuntu angathola noma yini ayifunayo futhi unelungelo lokuyithola ngesikhathi ayifunayo, kodwa ngisho nohlelo lwemakethe alukwazi ukuqinisekisa lokho.
Le ncwadi entsha ayiwuqedi umjikelezo wokugxeka nokubuyekezwa, futhi ngalowo moya, ngabuza imibuzo eminingana kuRobin Hahnel eyafika kimi lapho ngifunda ethi Of the People, By the People. Imibuzo yami nezimpendulo zakhe ziyalandela.
Shalom: Ake ngiqale kulo mbuzo wezicelo zonyaka zokusetshenziswa kwabantu ngabanye. Ukuhambisa isicelo "esifana nesangonyaka odlule" ngokuqinisekile kwenza izinto zibe lula. Kodwa kusenezizathu zokucabanga ukuthi lokhu ngeke kube inqubo elawuleka kalula. USeth Ackerman, isibonelo, uyaphawula ukuthi kunemikhiqizo engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili esigabeni 'sekhishi nendawo yokudlela' ye-Amazon.com kuphela. [USeth Ackerman, “.Obomvu Nomnyama,” The Jacobin, no. 9, Winter 2013, p. 39.] Akuyona yonke imikhiqizo edliwayo phakathi nonyaka (ngakho ngonyaka odlule, isibonelo, ngathenga insingo kagesi; angifuni "okufana nonyaka odlule" ngalokho). Amateku engawathenga eminyakeni emibili edlule asegugile; ngakho-ke ngizodinga ukuchibiyela isicelo sonyaka odlule. Futhi kuthiwani ngemikhiqizo eshintshayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? Ngangigweme ukudla okulula ngonyaka odlule ngoba kwakunosawoti omningi, kodwa kulo nyaka kunenguqulo enosawoti omncane. Futhi-ke izincwadi, umculo, amamuvi, imidlalo yevidiyo, isoftware-angifuni okufanayo nangonyaka odlule.
I-Hahnel: Imikhiqizo eyizigidi ezimbili esigabeni “sekhishi nendawo yokudlela” ye-Amazon.com iyisibonelo esihle sokuthi abathengi bangabona kanjani ngezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ezotholakala emnothweni obamba iqhaza. Njengoba nje i-Amazon.com ingafaka ohlwini izigidi zemikhiqizo—ihlinzeka ngezithombe nemininingwane mayelana nezici zayo—imifelandawonye yabathengi inganikeza le sevisi kubathengi emnothweni obamba iqhaza kunoma ubani ofisa ukuthenga ku-inthanethi. Futhi kulabo abakhetha lokho abanye babafundi bami abake bangitshela kona ukuthi “ukuzijabulisa kokuyithengisa” mathupha, imifelandawonye yabathengi ingaba nezindawo zokuthenga lapho noma ubani ofisayo engaya khona, abone ukuthi yini etholakalayo, futhi ahambe nanoma yini abayithandayo. . Ulwazi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo lunganikezwa ngalezi zindlela futhi.
Uma ukhumbula ukuthi amateku owawathenga eminyakeni emibili edlule asegugile uzofaka amateki esicelweni sakho sokuwathenga kulo nyaka abengekho ohlwini lwakho lokuwathenga ngonyaka odlule. Ngeke futhi ucele insingo kagesi kulo nyaka. Njengoba ngingeke ngikhumbule ukuthi ngidinga amateki amasha kodwa angidingi enye insingo kagesi, futhi ngeke ngizihluphe ngokuthumela isicelo esibuyekeziwe noma ngabe ngikwenzile, isicelo sami sokuqala sokusebenzisa sizofana nesangonyaka odlule futhi singafaki amateki kodwa izofaka insingo kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umkhandlu wakithi osebenzisa indawo kamakhelwane ungithumelela amanani entengo abuyekeziwe emzuliswaneni wesibili wenqubo yokuhlela futhi ungibuza ukuthi ngiyafuna yini ukubuyekeza isiphakamiso sami sokusebenzisa ngeke ngiphinde ngiphendule, kuyilapho ungakhetha ukulungisa ezinye zezicelo zakho ekuphenduleni. ukuze uthole amanani entengo abuyekeziwe—mhlawumbe ucela amapheya amabili amateku uma intengo yawo yehlile, noma ukuhlehlisa amateku ashintshwayo ngomunye unyaka uma intengo yawo yenyuka kakhulu.
Okubalulekile ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wena noma mina sikhetha ukwenzani ngamunye ngamunye kuzoba nesiphakamiso sokuqala sokusebenzisa indawo yonke esilethwe umkhandlu wethu wabathengi, futhi kuzoba neziphakamiso ezibuyekeziwe zokusetshenziswa komakhelwane ezilethwa kuyo yonke imizuliswano elandelayo. Futhi yilokho kuphela okubalulekile mayelana nokuthi inqubo yokuhlela "isebenza kanjani." Kuzokwenzekani uma ngithola phakathi nonyaka ukuthi ngifuna amateku amasha engingazange ngiwa-ode kodwa angiwadingi insingo kagesi engiwa-odile? Ngizo-oda ipheya elibukeka lifaneleka ku-inthanethi, noma ngithathe ipheya esikhungweni sokusabalalisa noma enxanxatheleni yezitolo ephethwe umfelandawonye wabathengi, bese ngikhokhiswa inani elifana nelezinkomba entweni oyi-ode kusengaphambili futhi ngishaye indiva uku-oda. Ngeke ngicoshe insingo kagesi ngakho-ke ngeke ngikhokhiswe yona.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalokho okudingeka sikufeze nalokho OKUNGADINGI ukuthi sikufeze ohlelweni lonyaka lokuhlela ukubamba iqhaza. Uma kuqala unyaka imikhandlu yabasebenzi kumele yazi ukuthi yini okulindeleke ukuthi ikhiqize nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezigunyazwe ukuthi ziyisebenzise ukwenza lokho. Uma bezazi lezi zinto ezimbili bangaqala ukukhiqiza uma kuqala unyaka, ngakho-ke yilokho kuphela uhlelo lokuhlela oluhlanganyelwe okufanele lufeze. Ngaphambi kokuthi iqale ukukhiqiza ngoJanuwari 1, ingabe inkampani eyenza izicathulo emnothweni we-capitalist iyazi ukuthi zingaki izicathulo ze-9 vs. size 11? Zingaki izicathulo ezinsundu vs. ezimnyama ozozenza? Zingaki izicathulo zekhwalithi ephezulu uma ziqhathaniswa nekhwalithi ephansi? Ayinayo indlela yokwazi izimpendulo zale mibuzo ethi “kangaki umkhiqizo ngamunye ohluke kancane”, futhi ayidingi. Ngokusekelwe ngokuphelele ekuqageleni kwayo kanye nocwaningo mayelana nezitayela ezifunwa ngabathengi, inkampani eyenza izicathulo zonxiwankulu iqala ukukhiqiza izicathulo ngoJanuwari ngesivinini esisheshayo noma esinensayo kunangonyaka odlule bese ilungisa izinguquko ebezingalindelekile esidingweni sesisonke sezicathulo zayo, namashifu. ekufuneni osayizi abahlukahlukene, imibala, nezimfanelo, empukaneni njengoba ulwazi olusha lufika. Abathungi bezicathulo emnothweni obambe iqhaza bazokwenza lokhu nabo, ngaphandle kokuthi uhlelo lonyaka lubahlinzeka ngo-January 1 ngolwazi olungcono kakhulu mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele bayilindele.
Kubalulekile futhi ukucacisa ukuthi abasebenzi nabathengi bakhokhiswa kanjani futhi bakhokhiswe ngalokho abakwenzayo. Inqubo yokuhlela “igunyaza” ukuziphatha okuvunyelwene ngakho ohlelweni—kokubili imikhandlu yabasebenzi neyabathengi. Kodwa-ke, imikhandlu yabasebenzi ihlonishwa ngemiphumela abayikhiqizayo futhi ikhokhiswe lokho abayisebenzisayo phakathi nonyaka.[1] Ngakho-ke uma uhlelo lwabo lokukhiqiza olugunyaziwe lube nesilinganiso se-SB/SC esingu-1.09 kodwa isilinganiso sazo sangempela ekupheleni konyaka siphenduka sibe ngu-1.03 isilinganiso sesilinganiso somzamo wabasebenzi emkhandlwini ngonyaka ozayo singu-1.03 hhayi u-1.09. Ngokufanayo, abathengi, nemikhandlu yabathengi nemifelandawonye bakhokhiswa lokho abakudlayo phakathi nonyaka, hhayi lokho okugunyazwe bona ohlelweni. Noma imuphi umehluko urekhodwa njengokukhuphuka noma ukuncipha kwesikweletu noma ukongiwa kwabathengi ngabanye, imikhandlu yomakhelwane, kanye nemifelandawonye yabathengi.
Kudingeka sihlukanise phakathi kokuthi singazivumelanisa kanjani nezinguquko ezingalindelekile njengoba unyaka uqhubeka kanye nendlela yokusungula uhlelo lokukhiqiza lonyaka kwasekuqaleni. Lezi yizindaba ezimbili ezihlukene kuwo wonke umnotho ohleliwe. Udaba lokuqala luwukwenza kanjani uhlelo kwasekuqaleni. Futhi yilokho abagqugquzeli bokuhlelwa kokuhlanganyela ababhale ngakho—indlela yokufika ohlelweni lokukhiqiza/ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke oluhluke ngokwekhwalithi kokugunyazwa, noma ukuhlela okumaphakathi, futhi futhi okuhluke kakhulu emibonweni eminingi yokuthi kwenziwa kanjani ukuhlela umnotho wentando yeningi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo lokukhiqiza lonyaka lwenziwa kanjani, noma yimuphi umnotho ohleliwe kufanele uqhamuke nendlela ethile yokwenza izinguquko phakathi nonyaka. Ngibhale okuncane kakhulu mayelana nezinguquko ngoba isiphakamiso esiyingqayizivele esisenzile sihlobene nendlela yokulwakha uhlelo kwasekuqaleni. Engikushilo mayelana nokwenza izinguquko phakathi nonyaka: (1) Cabanga abantu beswayipha amakhadi edebithi kumarejista emali (noma ku-inthanethi), futhi bebuzwa ukuthi bafuna ukumemezela uguquko ohlelweni lwabo lokusebenzisa olugunyaziwe uma ijubane lokusebenzisa kwabo kwangempela. ichezuka ngokuthi ithi 20% kulokho abakuyalile. (2) Khumbula ukuthi amasistimu okuphathwa kwempahla ekhompuyutha axhunywe kumarejista emali kanye nezinguquko zokuhlinzeka “ngesikhathi sangempela” sezivele ziyizici zomnotho womhlaba. (3) Bona ngeso lengqondo imifelandawonye yabathengi njengezindlu ezisulayo ukuze zisetshenziswe njengoba nje i-Federal Reserve Banks yesifunda isula amasheke amabhange azimele asebenza esifundeni sawo. (4) Lapho izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni phakathi kwabo bonke abathengi zingakhanseli khona-ke imifelandawonye yabathengi kuyodingeka ixoxisane nemifelandawonye yezimboni mayelana nezinguquko ekukhiqizeni phakathi nonyaka. Okushiya umbuzo owodwa ukuthi uphendule: Ingabe amanani entengo, ayisisekelo sabakhiqizi abafaka izikweletu kanye nabathengi abakhokhisayo, nawo azoshintshwa phakathi nonyaka noma nini lapho izinguquko ezifiselekayo ekukhiqizeni zingeke zenziwe, noma zingakwazi ukwenziwa ngokugcwele? Ngiyakwazi ukucabanga ngezimpikiswano zokuphikisa nokuphikisa.
Uma sifuna abathengi babe nomthelela ohlelweni lonyaka sidinga imibono evela kubathengi ngesikhathi sokuhlela. Uma sifuna imikhandlu yabasebenzi ibe nombono ongcono wokuthi kufanele ikhiqize ini kunezinkampani ezisezimakethe zomnotho lokhu kumele kusuke ohlelweni lonyaka. Emnothweni obambe iqhaza abathengi bathonya izinqumo zokukhiqiza ngokuyinhloko ngeziphakamiso "zokuzenzela" zemikhandlu yabathengi kanye nemifelandawonye phakathi nenqubo yokuhlela. Imikhandlu yabathengi kanye nemifelandawonye iphendula ezilinganisweni zezindleko zezenhlalakahle zokukhiqiza izimpahla nezinsizakalo zokugcina ezahlukene ngokubonisa ukuthi zifuna malini, azi ukuthi zizokhokhiswa ngokwamanani "okubonisa" lokho kubiza umphakathi ukuhlinzeka ngakho. Njengoba lezo zilinganiso zezindleko zomphakathi zilungiswa phakathi nenqubo yokuhlela yi-IFB, cishe imikhandlu yabathengi nemifelandawonye izoshintsha amanani ezinto ezahlukene ezizicelayo lapho ziletha iziphakamiso zokusetshenziswa ezibuyekeziwe.
Shalom: Ithi kunezindawo zokusebenza eziyi-100 ezikhiqiza umkhiqizo X. Enqubweni yokuhlela kunqunywa ukuthi kunesidingo kuphela somkhiqizo wezindawo zokusebenza ezingama-90. (Cabanga ukuthi kunqunywa ukuthi lokhu kumelela inkambiso yesikhathi eside, hhayi nje ukwehla kwesidingo esisodwa okungase kube nengqondo ukugcina izindawo zokusebenza ezingadingeki eziyi-10 ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokuthengiselana.) Thatha ngokuthi bonke abasebenzi bafuna ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza. X (bajabulela ukwenza kanjalo ngaphezu kokukhiqiza u-Y, umkhiqizo onesidingo esikhulu; noma abafuni ukuletha ukuphazamiseka kokuthi kudingeke baqeqeshwe kabusha; njll.). Yiziphi izindawo zokusebenza eziyi-10 ezizovalwa noma ziguqulwe? Ingabe lena indaba yesilinganiso esithile somgomo (isb., isilinganiso senzuzo yomphakathi kuzindleko, SB/SC) noma yevoti lentando yeningi? Uma owokuqala, ngeke yini kube nengcindezi kubasebenzi ukuthi “bazixhaphaze” ukuze bakhulise isilinganiso sabo (njengoba ngaphansi konxiwankulu, abaphathi bazozama ukukhulisa ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi embonini yokuncintisana)? Angisho ukuthi abasebenzi bazozizwa benengcindezi yokukhulisa isilinganiso esingaphansi koku-1 kuya kusilinganiso esikhulu kuno-1—lokho kunengqondo—kodwa ukusuka ku-1.31 kuye ku-1.33 ukuze kuqedwe indawo yokusebenza 1.32 isilinganiso.
Hahnel: Ziningi izinto eziqukethwe kulo mbuzo owodwa, ake ngiwuhlukanise ube yizicucu.
Uyabhala: “Ithi kunezindawo zokusebenza eziyi-100 ezikhiqiza umkhiqizo X. Enqubweni yokuhlela kunqunywa ukuthi kunesidingo kuphela somkhiqizo wezindawo zokusebenza ezingama-90. (Cabanga ukuthi kunqunywa ukuthi lokhu kumelela inkambiso yesikhathi eside, hhayi nje ukwehla kwesidingo esisodwa okungase kube nengqondo ukugcina izindawo zokusebenza ezingadingeki eziyi-10 zizonciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana.)”
Leyo akuyona indlela okuzobonakala ngayo ukuthi cishe u-10% walabo abasebenza ukukhiqiza i-X akumele ngabe besakwenza lokho. Ake sithi indawo ngayinye kweziyi-100 ezikhona zokwenza i-X ithumele iziphakamiso zokuqala zokwenza njengoba yenza ngonyaka odlule, icela imibono efanayo kuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebenzi eziyisebenzisayo njengamanje. Ekupheleni komzuliswano wokuqala wenqubo yokuhlela kuvela ukuthi kunesidingo kuphela samaphesenti angama-90 womkhiqizo imboni ye-X ehlongoze ukuhlinzeka. Emzuliswaneni olandelayo wenqubo yokuhlela inani lenkomba lika-X lizokwehliswa yi-Iteration Facilitation Board (IFB). Ukuyigcina ilula, ake sithi yehliswe ngo-10%. Lokhu kuzoshintsha izinxephezelo zabo bobabili labo abathembisa ukukhiqiza noma ukuhlinzeka ngo-X, kanye nakulabo abacela ukudla noma ukufuna u-X. Emzuliswaneni olandelayo weziphakamiso, ngenxa yokuthi isilinganiso sezindleko zomphakathi sokukhiqiza u-X manje sesiphansi, isidingo esihlanganisiwe seziphakamiso. U-X kufanele akhuphuke-mhlawumbe angabi ngaphezu kuka-10%, kodwa amanye. Ngakho ukunikezwa ngokweqile ngeke kusaba kukhulu njenge-10%. Kepha kungenzeka ukuthi kusazoba nokuhlinzekwa ngokweqile, ake sithi u-8%. Kodwa-ke, umkhandlu ngamunye wabasebenzi ohlongoza ukuhlinzeka ngo-X manje usuthola kuphela "ikhredithi" yokwandisa izinzuzo zomphakathi ngo-90% walokho obujwayele ukukwenza kuwo wonke amayunithi ka-X abahlongoza ukuhlinzeka ngawo. Ngakho-ke uma bephikelela ekwenzeni isiphakamiso esifanayo emzuliswaneni wesibili njengoba benza emzuliswaneni wokuqala izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle ezinzuzweni zabo zomphakathi nesilinganiso sezindleko zomphakathi manje zizoba ngaphansi ngo-10% kunangaphambili, futhi isiphakamiso sabo sizoba mancane nakakhulu ukuhlangabezana nemvume. Le “ngcindezi” yokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kuka-X, kanye/noma ukushintshela ekukhiqizeni u-Y, izoba nzima kakhulu emikhandlwini yabasebenzi enezilinganiso eziphansi ze-SB/SC kwasekuqaleni. Ngokunokwenzeka, laba bangabakhiqizi be-X abasebenza kancane futhi yibona okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi banciphise ukukhiqizwa kwabo kwe-X emizuliswaneni elandelayo. Ngakho-ke kukhona esingakubiza ngokuthi inqubo “yemvelo” yokukhetha phakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza eziyi-100 mayelana nokuthi ubani ozoyeka ukukhiqizwa kwe-X.
Uyabhala: “Cabanga ukuthi izisebenzi zonke zifuna ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza u-X (zijabulela ukwenza lokho ngaphezu kokukhiqiza u-Y, umkhiqizo odingeka kakhulu; noma abafuni ukuletha iziphazamiso zokuthi baqeqeshwe kabusha; njll. ). Yiziphi izindawo zokusebenza eziyi-10 ezizovalwa noma ziguqulwe? Ingabe lena indaba yesilinganiso esithile somgomo (isb., isilinganiso senzuzo yomphakathi nezindleko) noma yevoti lentando yeningi. Uma owokuqala, ngeke yini kube nengcindezi kubasebenzi ukuba ‘bazixhaphaze’ ukuze bandise isilinganiso sabo (njengoba nje ngaphansi konxiwankulu, abaphathi bazozama ukwandisa ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi embonini yokuncintisana)?”
Ngakho-ke impendulo yami, ngenhla, ukuthi lokhu ngokuvamile kuzonakekelwa yilokho okubiza ngokuthi “isilinganiso esithile esinqunyiwe” kunokuthi “ivoti lentando yeningi”—lapho ngicabanga ukuthi usho kubo bonke abasebenzi embonini ye-X.
Mayelana nalokho okubiza ngokuthi “ukuzixhaphaza”: Kubunxiwankulu “ukuzixhaphaza” akukhona ngempela ukuzixhaphaza. Kuwukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi ngabaqashi babo. Abaqashi baya kubasebenzi babo futhi bathi uma ungakwamukeli ukuncishiswa kwamaholo kanye/noma izinzuzo noma ukwenyuswa kwamandla okusebenza ngizodiliza abanye benu, noma ngivale isikhungo ngokuphelele bese ngithuthela lapho abasebenzi bethobela khona kakhudlwana. Isifaniso esingcono kungaba umfelandawonye wabasebenzi okhiqiza u-X emnothweni wobunxiwankulu. Uma amalungu aleli hhoko ethanda ngempela ukwenza u-X abe ngaphezu kuka-Y noma, uma ayengafuni ngempela ukushintsha imisebenzi—okungase kubize kakhulu ngoba abukho ubungxiwankulu ngaphandle kobunxiwankulu baseScandinavia obake bazama ukunciphisa izindleko zoguquko zokuhamba. abantu besuka komunye umsebenzi baye komunye futhi bahlanganyele nezindleko zokwenza kanjalo—bangakhetha izinga eliphezulu lalokho okubiza ngokuthi “ukuzixhaphaza” ukuze bahlale ebhizinisini. Ngicabanga ukuthi kuyafana emnothweni obambe iqhaza, okungavumela umkhandlu wabasebenzi abakhiqiza u-X ukuthi uqhubeke nokwenza njalo uma bezimisele ukwamukela isilinganiso esingaphansi kwesilinganiso se-SB/SC esijwayelekile, nanoma iyiphi i-avareji ephansi yemali esetshenziswayo ehambisana nayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka kaningi? Mhlawumbe endabeni yokukhiqiza izikebhe. Kodwa uma izindleko zoshintsho zokuthuthela endaweni entsha yokusebenza zincishiswa futhi zenziwa abantu abaningi—njengoba bengaba emnothweni obamba iqhaza—angiboni ukuthi kungani abasebenzi bengase bafune “ukuzixhaphaza” lapho kudingekile, ngaphandle uma zazinamathele kakhulu ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo othile. Phela, lokho okuphindwaphindwayo, inqubo yokuhlela umphakathi ebabonisayo ukuthi umkhiqizo Y uzuzisa umphakathi ngaphezu kuka-X. Kungani abasebenzi benqaba lesi siginali ngezindleko zabo? Ubuciko, ubuciko bokusebenza… mhlawumbe. Uma kunjalo, angiboni lutho olungalungile ngakho. Kuyafana nokuvumela abantu ukuthi bazenzele “imizamo/ukuzinikela” kwabo uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhethwa “kokusebenzisa”. Uma nje ubophezelekile emphakathini—kulokhu usebenza ngokuzikhandla kanye/noma wamukela isilinganiso somzamo ophansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela uvumele ukusetshenziswa ukuze ukhiqize umkhiqizo othile umphakathi ongawutholi ubalulekile emphakathini njengabanye, kwenze!
Ubhala ukuthi: “Angisho ukuthi abasebenzi bazozizwa benengcindezi yokukhulisa isilinganiso esingaphansi koku-1 kuya esilinganisweni esikhulu kuno-1—lokho kunengqondo—kodwa basuke ku-1.31 baye ku-1.33 ukuze baphumelele. indawo yokusebenza enesilinganiso esingu-1.32.”
Izilinganiso ze-SB/SC ezingaphansi kuka-1 ngokuvamile azinasibopho emphakathini futhi okungenzeka ukuthi zigunyazwe abanye. Noma kunjalo iqembu labasebenzi lingabika ngokweqiniso iminyaka eminingi yabantu beshisela, njll. ukukhiqiza amayunithi amaningi ka-X omuhle futhi bathole isilinganiso se-SB/SC sifike ku-1 ngokuhlela ukwenza umzamo ongaphezu kwesilinganiso emsebenzini. , ngakho-ke ukwazi ukuhlala ebhizinisini. Lokho kungaba yilokho okubiza ngokuthi “ukuzixhaphaza”. Noma yimiphi imikhandlu enezilinganiso ze-SB/SC KUNOMA YIYIPHI imboni ebangeni elithi 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33 IYAZIPHATHA ngendlela enesibopho emphakathini futhi IZOBA neziphakamiso zayo zigunyazwe abanye, ngakho lokho akuyona into ekhathazayo. Kodwa ngomoya wombuzo wakho, umkhandlu wabasebenzi othatha isinqumo sokwenza umzamo/umfutho ongaphezu kwesilinganiso sokukhulisa isilinganiso sawo se-SB/SC sisuka ku-0.98 siye ku-1.00 ukuze sihlale ebhizinisini, kuyilapho umkhandlu wabasebenzi onesilinganiso esingu-0.99 ongakhethi “ ukuzixhaphaza” iyona okumele ishintshele ku-Y noma ivale ukuze amalungu ayo athole imisebenzi emisha, akhululeke ukwenza kanjalo. Futhi angicabangi ukuthi kukhona inkinga ngalokho.
Shalom: Uthi (ikhasi 76) abantu abaqashwe njengamalungu emikhandlu yabasebenzi bathola amalungelo agcwele nalinganayo kusukela befika. Ingabe lokhu kuvimbela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenkathi yesilingo? Uma kunjalo, ingabe lokhu ngeke kusho (a) amaphutha amaningi okuqasha, kanye (b) nokungabaza okwengeziwe “ukuthatha amathuba” ekuqasheni?
I-Hahnel: Bengingaqondile ukubekela eceleni amathuba ezikhathi zokuvivinywa kwamalungu amasha—okuwumkhuba ovamile kumadlelandawonye amaningi aphethwe izisebenzi, futhi ngisho nasemabhizinisini aphethwe yizisebenzi ayazicabangela yona yonke imikhuba yezomnotho ebambe iqhaza, njengamaqoqo eMondragon. eWinnipeg, eCanada. Kodwa angeke kube khona izakhamizi ezisezingeni lesibili ezindaweni zokusebenza. Umnotho obambe iqhaza awukubekezeleli lokhu, nakuba ngokudabukisayo kuwumkhuba weminye imifelandawonye namuhla, lapho kunamalungu—anezwi eligcwele, ivoti, namasheya enzuzo—abe eseqasha abanye njengezisebenzi zawo. Yilokho engangihlose ukukusho ukuthi kwenqatshelwe.
Shalom: Okunye okuthakaselayo okuphawulwe encwadini yakho ethi The ABCs of Political Economy: A Modern Approach (London: Pluto Press, 2002, p. 70) ukuthi amanani amancane okuzinikela ngokungalingani aphenduka ukungalingani okungapheli ngoba imali eqoqwe ngomsebenzi owengeziwe yenza umsebenzi olandelayo ekhiqiza kakhulu. Ingabe lokhu kuyinkinga emnothweni obambe iqhaza? Okusho ukuthi, ingabe umehluko omncane wemizamo noma umehluko omncane ekongeni okunenzalo (ikhasi 83) ungaholela ngale ndlela efanayo ekungalinganini kwemali engenayo okuzokhula kakhulu?
I-Hahnel: Ngethemba ngempela ukuthi ngeke. Kodwa ngenhlanhla angikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungaba yinkinga. Kumamodeli usho noma yikuphi ukuzidela okwengeziwe esikhathini sangaphambi kwesikhathi kuguqulwa kube imali eyengeziwe ozosebenza ngayo esikhathini esizayo—okungekubi ngokwako njengoba amathuluzi amaningi kanye namathuluzi angcono asenza sikhiqize kakhudlwana emphakathini njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka. . Kumamodeli osho icala elibi kakhulu lokushintsha le nto enhle ibe yimbi kuphakama lapho imali eyengeziwe evela ekunikeleni kwangaphambi kwesikhathi isetshenziselwa ukuqasha isisebenzi esikhiqiza kakhulu lapho sisebenza nemali eyengeziwe yabiwa njengenzuzo umqashi wakhe, noma lapho imali eyengeziwe ibolekwa kumuntu okhiqiza kakhulu lapho esebenza nemali eyengeziwe ethathwa njengenzalo ngumbolekisi. Kulezi zimo ngicabanga ukuthi igama elithi "ukuxhashazwa" lifanelekile. Njengoba usho, kulezi zimo ukungalingani okudlula ngokushesha inani elidingekayo ukuze kunxeshezelwe umhlatshelo ongeziwe wasekuqaleni kukhuphuka "ngokunamandla" ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kumamodeli owashoyo ngisho nalapho kungekho makethe yezemisebenzi noma yezikweletu, uma umuntu owenze umhlatshelo wangaphambi kwesikhathi owengeziwe ngeviki 1 ewusebenzisa ukuze asebenze ngemali enkulu kunaleyo okufanele asebenze ngayo abanye, ngemva kwenombolo ethile. amasonto bayobe bezuze okuningi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye kunalokho okungathethelelwa ngokuzidela kwabo kanye, kwasekuqaleni. Kulokhu umphumela ongalingani isonto ngalinye uhlala unjalo (okungukuthi awukhuphuki ngokuqhubekayo), kodwa njengoba amaviki omasha wokungabi nabulungisa okwandayo kuyanda. Kulesi simo sokugcina, njengoba kungekho ubudlelwano obungalingani bomphakathi obudala umphumela ongalungile ngicabanga ukuthi kuphambene nokusetshenziswa okuvamile ukubiza umphumela ngokuthi "ukuxhaphaza," kodwa akulungile noma kunjalo.
Kwenzekani emnothweni obambe iqhaza?
Emnothweni obambe iqhaza noma yikuphi ukunyuka kwezimali ezinkulu phakathi nonyaka-okuwumphumela wohlelo lokutshala izimali-kwengezwa esitokisini somphakathi semali ekhiqizayo yonyaka olandelayo. Futhi uma isikhona ayisekho eqenjini elithile labasebenzi kunelinye. Njalo ngonyaka konke imikhandlu yabasebenzi "iphakamisa" ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zemali eyinhloko yomphakathi efisa ukuyisebenzisa, kanye nesinqumo mayelana nokuthi ubani ozogcina esebenzise lokho okwenziwa lapho imikhandlu yabasebenzi kanye nabathengi ivuma iziphakamiso. Ekugcineni, umkhandlu wabasebenzi owodwa ungagcina unezingxenye eziningi noma ezingcono zesitoko somphakathi kunomunye. Nokho, (1) lokhu kuyoba ngenxa yokuthi babonise ikhono lokuyisebenzisa kangcono, futhi (2) “bazokhokhiswa” inani elingeziwe noma ikhwalithi yesitoko esikhulu esisetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nezilinganiso zezindleko zamathuba alezo zindleko. imibono ekhiqizwe yinqubo yokuhlela ukubamba iqhaza. Noma yimuphi umkhandlu wabasebenzi “onosonhlamvukazi” ongaphezulu noma ongcono uzoba ne-SC ephakeme eqoqweni lesilinganiso se-SB/SC yabo kunomkhandlu wabasebenzi onemali encane noma embi kakhulu, okuzodinga ukuthi bakhiqize i-SB ephakeme ukuze bagunyaze ukuvunyelwa ukuyisebenzisa. . Ngakho-ke inani elilindelekile lesilinganiso se-SB/SC somkhandlu wabasebenzi onemali eningi noma engcono akufanele ibe ngaphezu kwenani elilindelekile lesilinganiso se-SB/SC somkhandlu wabasebenzi onemali encane noma embi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke umehluko wenani kanye nekhwalithi yemali esetshenziswa emikhandlwini yabasebenzi eyahlukene akufanele idale umehluko emalungelweni okusebenzisa kubantu abasemnothweni obambe iqhaza. Lokhu akulona iqiniso kwezomnotho ezinezimakethe zezabasebenzi kanye/noma zezikweletu. Akulona iqiniso ngisho nakwezomnotho lapho wonke umuntu ekwazi ukuzimela ngokugcwele nalapho labo abazidela kakhulu kusenesikhathi bevunyelwa ukuthi bagcine imali eyengeziwe ephumela njengeyabo abazosebenza nayo esikhathini esizayo—njengezibonelo ozicaphuna kuma-ABC. woMnotho Wezepolitiki ukhombisa.
Angeke kube khona ukwanda kwezimali zomphakathi ngonyaka ozayo ngaphandle uma umphakathi ukhiqiza izimpahla zokutshala izimali esikhundleni sezimpahla ezisetshenziswayo kuphela kulo nyaka. Kungakanani, futhi hlobo luni lwezimpahla zokutshala izimali ezizokhiqizwa, ngakho-ke kungakanani okungadliwa, kodwa "ukulondoloza" kulo nyaka, kunqunywa ngenqubo yokuhlela utshalomali emnothweni obamba iqhaza. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhwebelana komphakathi phakathi kokusetshenziswa manje nasesikhathini esizayo kunqunywa uhlelo lokutshala izimali.
Minyaka yonke abathengi abangabodwana—kanye nemifelandawonye yabathengi—banesinqumo sokuthi bazolondoloza, bazoboleka, noma basebenzise inani eliqondile lemali engenayo abawabelwe emnothweni obamba iqhaza. Kodwa minyaka yonke benza lokhu ngokwengqikithi yanoma yimaphi amanani ezimpahla ezisetshenziswayo azokhiqizwa ngalowo nyaka. Uma uhlelo lokutshalwa kwezimali ludinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okungama-40% kulo nyaka kanye nokusetshenziswa okungama-60% kuphela, kuzoba nezimpahla ezisetshenziswayo ezimbalwa abathengi abangazibhida kunalapho uhlelo lokutshalwa kwezimali lufuna ukutshalwa kwezimali okungu-10% kuphela kusale u-90% ukuze kusetshenziswe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma izinga lokutshalwa liphezulu liphezulu amanani entengo ezinkomba zezimpahla ezisetshenziswayo ayoba phezulu ngalowo nyaka. Leyo yingqikithi lapho abathengi ngabanye bekhululekile ukunquma ukuthi bafuna ukonga noma ukuboleka kunoma yimuphi unyaka othile.
Kuthiwani ngesithakazelo? Ingabe abathengi abongayo kufanele bakhokhelwe inani lenzalo futhi abathengi ababolekayo bakhokhiswe inzalo? Futhi uma kunjalo, kufanele libe yini leli zinga lenzalo? Qaphela ukuthi noma yiliphi izinga lenzalo elikhethiwe ngeke libe nomthelela ekuhlukaniseni umkhiqizo phakathi kwezimpahla ezitshaliwe kanye nezimpahla ezisetshenziswayo njengoba lokho kunqunywa inqubo yokuhlela utshalomali. Ngakho konke okwenziwa izinga lenzalo ukusabalalisa kabusha imali engenayo phakathi kwabathengi. Umphakathi awudingi inani eliphezulu lenzalo ukuze uvuse ukutshalwa kwezimali. Inketho elula ukwenza izinga lenzalo libe ziro. Kulokhu impendulo yombuzo wakho ukuthi akekho ongakhuphula amalungelo akhe okusebenzisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokulondoloza—ukulondoloza kuwukuhlehlisa okulula. Kodwa-ke, umuntu angase futhi enze impikiswano yokubeka izinga lenzalo elilingana nezinga elilindelekile lokukhuphuka kwenhlalakahle yomnotho iyonke ngomuntu ngamunye. Kulokhu umuntu angase andise isamba samalungelo akhe okusebenzisa ngokusebenzisa okuncane kwawo kusenesikhathi ngoba ukonga kuzuza ukuhlehliswa kanye nenzalo. Nokho, lokhu akwenyusi nakancane iholo lakhe elilindelekile eminyakeni ezayo njengoba lokho kunqunywa minyaka yonke ngokwanoma yikuphi ukuzidela noma umzamo awenzayo lapho esebenza. Sekukonke, ngisho noma umlandeli kaCalvin oyongayo ayesindisa inqwaba yamalungelo akhe okusebenzisa phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engu-20 yokuphila kwakhe komsebenzi, futhi ngisho noma imali ayeyongile yayingamane nje ihlehliswe kodwa ikhokhwa inani lenzalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho yakhula “ngokushesha kakhulu,” konke angakwenza wukudla okuningi eminyakeni yakhe edlule. Ngicabanga ukuthi naye angathatha umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunabanye. Uma labo ababoleka besebancane bekhokhiswa inzalo bekungamane kunciphise inani abangalisebenzisa kamuva ekuphileni ngaphezu kwalokho obekuyoba khona ukuba izinga lenzalo belinguziro.
Shalom: Uma indawo ethile yokusebenza ingasebenzi kahle futhi kufanele ichithwe, uthi (ikhasi 110) uhlelo lokukhiqiza lonyaka luhlinzeka ngokuqashwa okuphelele, ngakho kuzoba nemisebenzi yalaba basebenzi emikhandlwini yabasebenzi enempumelelo. Ungeza ngokuthi "imali engenayo elindeleke ukuthi basebenze kwenye indawo kufanele ibe phezulu, noma ibe phezulu kunaleyo eyayikumkhandlu owahlakazwa." Angikuqondi lokhu. Uma besebenza ngezinga elifanayo lomzamo njengangaphambili, kungani imali yabo engenayo ingeke ihlale ifana ncamashi?
I-Hahnel: Ngenxa yokuthi umnotho obambe iqhaza ungumnotho ohleliwe kuzoba nemisebenzi yawo wonke umuntu osebenza ohlelweni lonyaka minyaka yonke. Leyo yinto okungekho umnotho wemakethe ongakuqinisekisa. Yilokho engangikusho lapho ngithi kuyohlale kunemisebenzi emisha kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi olahlekelwa umsebenzi. Uma umnotho obambe iqhaza ukhetha ukubeka ukuthi isilinganiso sokukala umzamo kuyo yonke imikhandlu yabasebenzi kufanele sifane, kusho ukuthi uqinisile ukuthi imali engenayo elindelwe wonke umuntu ihlala injalo lapho besuka komunye umkhandlu wabasebenzi beya komunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umnotho obambe iqhaza unquma ukusetha isilinganiso somzamo esimaphakathi emkhandlwini wabasebenzi esilingana nesilinganiso se-SB/SC somkhandlu, kusho ukuthi imali engenayo elindelwe ngabasebenzi ilingana nesilinganiso somkhandlu se-SB/SC. Inqubo yokuhlela ngokuvamile izoshintsha izinsiza—kulokhu abasebenzi—zisuke ezindaweni zokusebenza ezinezilinganiso eziphansi ze-SB/SC ziye kwezinezilinganiso eziphakeme. Yilokhu ebengikusho uma ngithi abasebenzi abadiliziwe bangaze balindele ukuthi imali abayitholayo izokhuphuka ekushintsheni kwabo emsebenzini.
Shalom: Wena uthi (ikhasi 111): “Emnothweni obamba iqhaza imikhandlu yabasebenzi abasha ibhidela -izinsiza abazidingayo ukuze baqale ohlelweni lokubamba iqhaza. Uma behambisa isiphakamiso esamukelwe, balungele ukuhamba. Ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke.” Ingabe kukhona ukukhetha okunikezwa imikhandlu yabasebenzi ekhona? Okusho ukuthi, uma isidingo samawijethi sifezwa ngokunembile futhi umkhandlu omusha wabasebenzi uhlongoza ukwenza amawijethi (bathi ngendlela egculisayo), ingabe isiphakamiso sabo sizokwamukelwa, esikhundleni somkhandlu wabasebenzi okhona? Cabanga nje ukuthi ngabe sonke isisebenzi e-US namuhla besingaphansi kosongo lokushintshwa yisisebenzi esisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukwesaba ukuphazamiseka nokucekela phansi kungase kuvimbele lokhu, kodwa emnothweni obambe iqhaza akufanele yini kube khona ukuhlonishwa okuthile okukhokhelwa ukuqhubeka?
I-Hahnel: Lezi yizindaba abantu abahlala futhi abasebenza emnothweni obamba iqhaza okufanele bazinqumele bona. Phela, noma yini noma ubani kithi abhala ngalezi zinqumo namuhla akuyona into engaphezu kwesincomo esisekelwe engxabano ethile. Wethule udaba ukuze kukhethwe imikhandlu yabasebenzi ekhona kunabasanda kungena. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucwasa kakhulu abasanda kungena, ngisho noma kusho ukuthi eminye imikhandlu yabasebenzi ekhona kufanele ichithe izisebenzi, noma ivalwe ngokuphelele, kungaba yindlela evimbela ukusungula izinto ezintsha. Esahlukweni 15 kuxoxwe kafushane ngezindaba ezithinta ukuzalwa nokufa kwemikhandlu yabasebenzi. Ngaphikisa lapho ukuthi imifelandawonye yezimboni eqapha izinguquko ekukhiqizweni kwemboni kuzofanele ibuyekeze izicelo ezivela emaqenjini amasha abasebenzi abafuna ukungena embonini ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi “bathembekile” kunoma yikuphi. Lokho kungaba yindawo efanelekile yokusebenzisa "ukuhlolisisa."
Shalom: Uma uxoxa ngezinselelo zokwenza utshalomali lwesikhathi eside nokuhlelwa kwentuthuko, ukhomba inkinga yokungabi nedatha enembile ngamathuba nezindleko zokuxhumana zesikhathi esizayo. Kumbhalo waphansi uphawula ukuthi:
“Lena akuyona inkinga kuphela ekuhleleni ukubamba iqhaza. Ukuhlela okugunyaziwe kanye nezinhlelo zemakethe zibhekene nenkinga efanayo kodwa empeleni, zenza sengathi inkinga ayikho. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kuzoba yini izindleko namanani esikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke abantu babheka izindleko nezintengo zamanje, bese benza izinguquko besebenzisa izindlela zokubikezela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kodwa ekugcineni lezi kumane kuwukuqagela okunembile kakhulu noma okuncane.” [iph. 116n1]
Kodwa uyiphendula kanjani le mpikiswano elandelayo ye-pro-market? Kuhlelo lwemakethe, akekho owazi ikusasa ngakho-ke wonke umuntu kufanele enze ukuqagela. Kodwa isistimu iklomelisa labo abenza ukuqagela okuhle kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho isistimu ikhethela abaqageli abahle, okubenza yibona okungenzeka kakhulu baqagele ngokuzayo. U-Apple ucebe ngendlela emangalisayo ngokwenza ukuqagela okuhle. Ngakho imakethe ibenze bakwazi (kunokuba, uma sithi, umenzi we-Edsel) bakwazi ukuqagela esikhathini esizayo.
I-Hahnel: Bengibhekisela endaweni ethile—ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuhlelwa kwentuthuko yesikhathi eside—lapho bekunenkinga ethile: izilinganiso zamazinga enzuzo yenhlalakahle zizobandakanya ukuqagela okuningi kunokulinganisa izindleko zamathuba phakathi nokuhlelwa konyaka okuhlanganyelwe. Kodwa kulesi simo kungani THINA, ABANTU, uma SIHLANGANISA nokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuhlelwa kwentuthuko yesikhathi eside, singakwazi ukulandelela ukuthi ubani phakathi kochwepheshe abaselulekayo mayelana nezilinganiso zenani lembuyiselo yezenhlalakahle ezifakazela ukuthi zazi kakhudlwana nokuthi ubani khombisa ukuthi uncane? Futhi kungani singakwazi ukucabangela amarekhodi abo lapho sihlola imibono yabo? Ngiyazi ukuthi isistimu yamanje iklomelisa ukwehluleka emazingeni aphezulu ngamaphromoshini kaningi, kodwa Akudingekile ukuthi senze kanjalo.
Ngokuvamile, umbuzo wakho uhlobene nendima efanele yobungcweti nokuthi abantu abavamile bangakwazi yini ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, noma ukuthi singcono yini ngokuvumela abathile “abaphakeme” ukuba basenzele izinqumo. Ngiphikisa esahlukweni 11 ukuthi kuneqhaza lobungcweti emnothweni obambe iqhaza. Kodwa leyo ndima iwukweluleka mayelana nemiphumela ebikezelwe yezinketho ezahlukene lapho lezo zibikezelo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga ubuchwepheshe esingeke sibe nabo sonke. Uma sesizwile umbono wochwepheshe—okuhlanganisa nemibono ephikisanayo phakathi kochwepheshe—ngikholelwa ukuthi THINA, ABANTU, asinalo nje kuphela ilungelo lokuzenzela izinqumo, kodwa THINA “Singochwepheshe” abangcono kakhulu bokwahlulela ukuthi sizizwa kanjani ngemiphumela ochwepheshe abangasiza ngayo. silinganisela.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, njengoba usho, kunxiwankulu kube khona ama-Edsels kanjalo nama-apula. Ngamanye amazwi, singabheka irekhodi lomkhondo wokaputeni bemboni—futhi okubaluleke kakhulu abalandeli bezezimali kulezi zinsuku—futhi sibuze ukuthi benze kahle kangakanani ukusithathela izinqumo. Ngicabanga ukuthi siya ngokuya sibona ukuthi umlando wezikhulu zethu ezibusayo zonxiwankulu uyahlolwa, ukusho okungenani. Ingabe i-Wizards of Wall Street ifake ukonga komhlaba ekutshalweni kwezimali okwenza umnotho wethu ukhiqize kakhudlwana futhi usimeme, noma esikhundleni salokho uqondise ukonga kubhamuza elilodwa lempahla ebhubhisayo ngemva kwenye eminyakeni engu-30 edlule?
Shalom: Ekuxoxeni ngokuthi ubani othintwa ukungcola kwemvelo, izibonelo zakho (ikhasi 124-26) ziyimibuthano egxile kakhulu. Uma umbuthano ongaphakathi impela, iWadi 2 yase-Washington DC, ithinteka, uthi umkhandlu weWadi 2 ucabangele ukuhwebelana kwezindleko nezinzuzo. Uma umbuthano olandelayo, yonke i-Washington DC, ithinteka, khona-ke uthi uvumele umkhandlu wase-Washington DC ucabangele ukuhwebelana. Futhi uma kuyindingiliza elandelayo, yonke isifunda samanzi sase-Chesapeake Bay, esithintekile, khona-ke uthi vumela umkhandlu waseChesapeake Bay unqume. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ukungcola kuthinta iWadi 2 kanye neWadi 3? Awukho umfelandawonye ohlukene walawo mawadi wodwa. Kodwa uma umkhandlu weWashington DC uthatha isinqumo, iningi lalabo abavotayo alithinteki. Ngamanye amazwi, umthelela wokungcola akudingeki uhambisane nemingcele yomfelandawonye. Ngakho-ke akubonakali yini ukuthi ezinye izindlela ziyadingeka ukuze kuvunyelwe imikhandlu emibili yezinga lezigceme ukuthi yenze isinqumo esingathinti zonke ezinye izigceme (hhayi nje ezindabeni zemvelo)?
I-Hahnel: Uqinisile. Esihlokweni esibuyekezwayo kuyi-Eastern Economic Journal, “Okufunwayo: Ukonakala Kokungcola Kwembula Indlela Yokusebenzisa,” ngilubheka kabanzi lolu daba. Lapho ngiphikisa ngokuthi kuyodingeka kunqunywe lokho engikubiza ngokuthi “umphakathi wamaqembu athintekayo” (CAP) ngokungcola okuhlukene. Ngiyachaza ukuthi kungani la ma-CAPs engase angahlali ehambisana nemikhandlu yabathengi kanye nemifelandawonye, okuyinto ephazamisayo. Futhi ngiyakuveza ukuthi akufanele silindele ukuthi incazelo yeCAPs ihlale ilula. Iyiphi kweningi okungenzeka iyindingilizi eqondile efaneleke kakhulu ekungcoleni ngakunye ingabanga isizathu esiqondile osishoyo. Ngiyaphetha:
“Njengoba ubulungu ku-CAP bunika umuntu amalungelo okusebenzisa okwengeziwe abantu bangase bathi bathinteke kabi futhi bafanelwe ubulungu ku-CAP nakuba kungenjalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yokuchaza amaCAPS—ukunquma ukuthi ubani okufanele afakwe, nokuthi ubani okungafanele afakwe—kufanele iqashwe ngokucophelela. Kungase kudingeke ngisho nokuthi kwakhiwe uhlelo olusemthethweni ‘lokwahlulela’ lokuxazulula izingxabano ngobulungu kuma-CAPS. Cishe ubufakazi bochwepheshe bososayensi nabasebenzi bezokwelapha bungaba wusizo, kanye nobufakazi babantu abacela ubulungu, kanye nobufakazi obuvela kumalungu amanje aphikisana nezicelo zabo.”
Shalom: Ngaphandle kodaba lwendilinga egxilile, izinqubo ozichazayo zokubhekana nemibuzo yezemvelo zibonakala zinenye inkinga. Ubonakala ucabanga (ikhasi 124-26) ukuthi wonke umuntu uthintwa ukungcola noma cha, kodwa akukho ukucatshangelwa okunikezwa amazinga ahlukene okuthinteka. Ngakho-ke uma ukungcola kuthinta iWadi 2 kuphela, banquma bodwa. Kodwa uma kuba nomphumela omncane nakwezinye izigceme zase-Washington DC, khona-ke zonke izigceme zizothatha isinqumo nakuba izakhamuzi zesigceme sesi-2 zithinteka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zakwezinye izigceme ezingathinteki kangako zinezisusa zokuvumela ukungcola (njengoba zithola umfutho emalini esetshenziswayo, umfutho ofanayo nowabantu bakuWadi 2 abathinteke kakhulu).
I-Hahnel: Futhi, uqinisile. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu kuvela ukuthi kukhona amakhambi angcono: Futhi, ukucaphuna ngobude obude kusuka esihlokweni esifanayo:
“Ngisho nangemva kokuba ubulungu sebuxazululiwe, angeke yini kube khona isisusa esibi samalungu e-CAP ukuba enze ihaba ngezinga athinteka ngalo kabi ngenxa yokungcola? Lokhu kuncike ekutheni abakwaCAP banquma kanjani ukusabalalisa amalungelo abo okusebenzisa engeziwe phakathi kwamalungu. Uma ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kuthatha uhlobo lokusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela kohlobo oluthile ngamalungu e-CAP asikho isisusa sokuba amalungu enze ihaba ngomonakalo. Noma, uma amalungelo engeziwe okusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye esatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amalungu e-CAP, asikho isisusa sokuba noma ubani enze ihaba ngomonakalo. Kuphela uma i-CAP izama ukusabalalisa amalungelo okusebenzisa umuntu ngamunye kumalungu okucatshangwa ukuthi athinteke kakhulu lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi abantu bafune ukusizakala ngokwenza ihaba ngomonakalo wabo. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kwezomnotho womphakathi kudala kwakukholelwa ukuthi yayingekho indlela yokuzungeza lesi sikhuthazo esikhohlakele ‘sokubika amanga.’ Nokho, umsebenzi wokubhidliza indlela owenziwa nguClark, Groves, Ledyard nabanye ngawo-1970 wembula ukuthi, ngokumangalisayo, lokhu akulona iqiniso. icala. Isihluthulelo siwukunqamula isixhumanisi phakathi komonakalo obikiwe womuntu kanye nokuthi uthola malini ngokusebenzisa ifomula ukuze anikeze isinxephezelo ngokungasekelwe kumademeshe akhe azimemezele, kodwa esikhundleni salokho emonakalweni obikwe abanye ku-CAP. Isibonelo, inkokhelo yomuntu ingasethwa ilingane nesilinganiso senkokhelo kukhishwe isamba sesamba somonakalo okubikwe yibo bonke abanye kuCAP. Ngale ndlela: (1) Umuntu akakwazi ukuthikameza usayizi wenkokhelo yakhe ngamademeshe akhe abikiwe ngenxa yokuthi amademeshe abikiwe awaveli kufomula yokubala isinxephezelo sakhe. (2) Ngokubika ngokungeyikho ngomonakalo umuntu angadala kuphela inani lezinto ezikhishwayo ukuba liphambuke kakhulu kulokho angathanda ngempela. (3) Nokho umuntu obika ngomonakalo omkhulu kunabanye angathola inkokhelo ephakeme njengoba lokho okukhiphelwe yena kungaphansi kwalokho okukhiphelwe abanye njengoba okukhiphelwa abanye kuhlanganisa nomonakalo wakhe omkhulu; kuyilapho umuntu obika ngomonakalo omncane kunabanye engathola inkokhelo ephansi njengoba okukhishwayo endabeni yakhe kungaphezulu kwalokho okukhiphelwe abanye njengoba okukhiphelwa abanye kuhlanganisa nomonakalo wakhe ophansi. Kunoma ikuphi, i-CAP ebifisa ukunikeza amalungelo okusebenzisa engeziwe kumalungu alimele kakhulu ingase igweme ukudala isisusa esikhohlakele sokwenza ihaba ngezimangalo ngokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela ezitholakalayo ezingxenyeni eziyishumi nambili zokugqugquzela ezitholakalayo.”
Shalom: Uthi (ikhasi 127) imikhandlu nemifelandawonye inezisusa zokuveza ngokweqiniso izinga elilinyazwe ukungcola. Kungani singekho isisusa somonakalo wokungcoliswa kwezwe ngokweqile? Uma wazi ukuthi abanye bafuna ukungcolisa ngoba bezohlomula ngakho, kusuke kukuhle kuwe ukuthi wenze ihaba ngezinga ongalinyazwa ngalo kungcola ngoba uzonxeshezelwa.
I-Hahnel: Futhi, unephuzu. Kuvela ukuthi uma ama-CAPs enolwazi olwanele mayelana nesidingo semvume yokungcolisa futhi uma ama-CAPs eziphatha ngendlela ehlelekile singagcina sesinamazinga aphansi okungcola. Kodwa nakuba izazi zezomnotho zingase zikushaye indiva lokhu “kungasebenzi kahle” izazi zendawo ezungezile zingase zizwe ngenye indlela! Futhi, sicaphuna esihlokweni esifanayo:
“Uma womabili amabhizinisi acela amalungelo okukhipha izinto ezingcolisayo kanye nemiphakathi yamaqembu athintekayo anikeza amalungelo e-emission aziphatha ‘njengabathengi bamanani’ enqubweni yokuhlela yokuhlanganyela—njengoba yonke imikhandlu yabasebenzi kanye nabathengi, imifelandawonye, kanye neCAPS iqondiswa ukuba yenze lapho ihambisa iziphakamiso ngesikhathi sohlelo lokuhlela olubambe iqhaza.-futhi ngeke ikhulume kabi ukuthi ithintwa kanjani ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni futhi inqubo izozinza ezingeni elisebenza kahle lesisi esikhishwayo. Ngakho-ke inkinga inciphisa ukuthi ingabe abangcolisi bemvelo noma ama-CAPs kungenzeka yini ephule umyalelo wokuphatha amanani entengo acashunwe phakathi nomjikelezo wenqubo yokuhlela ‘njengepharamitha,’ futhi uma kunjalo, kungaba yimiphi imiphumela. Ezimweni eziningi kuzoba namabhizinisi amaningi ahlukene acela ukukhipha ukungcola endaweni, akukho nelilodwa lawo okungenzeka libe nolwazi lokuthi amalungu e-CAP ahlinzeka ngamalungelo e-emission athinteka kangakanani ngempela. Ngakho-ke akukhona nje ukuthi abangcolisi bebengeke baswele ulwazi mayelana nejika lokuhlinzekwa kwamalungelo okukhishwa adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe amasu, isimo sabo njengomunye wabaningi abafuna amalungelo okukhipha umoya sizobavimbela ekusebenziseni noma yiluphi ulwazi olunjalo noma ngabe benalo, ngaphandle uma bekwazi ukwakha. 'iqoqo labangcolisi.' Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emnothweni obambe iqhaza kunomhlinzeki oyedwa wamalungelo okukhipha umoya kunoma yikuphi ukungcola—umphakathi wabathintekayo. Uma i-CAP yayazi ukuthi ijika lesidingo elihlanganisiwe lamalungelo e-emission libukeka kanjani, esikhundleni sokuphatha inani lentengo elicashunwe yi-IFB njengelinikeziwe ingase ilingeke ukuba iziphathe njengomuntu oyedwa emakethe lapho u-monopolist azi ijika lokufunwa kwemakethe. Kulokhu i-CAP izohlinzeka ngamalungelo amancane e-emission kunalawo alungile emphakathini ukuze azuze lokho ngokwesiko okubizwa ngokuthi 'inzuzo ye-monopoly,' nakuba lokhu kusho ukulahlekelwa okunye kwalokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'i-producer surplus' ngenxa yokwehluleka ukunikeza imvume yokukhipha. amayunithi engeziwe obekuzokhokhwa ngawo i-CAP ngaphezu komonakalo abawudalele amalungu ayo. Ngakho-ke, uma i-CAP izimisele ngokunganaki isiyalezo sokuziphatha njengomkhiqizi wamanani, futhi uma i-CAP yazi ukuthi isamba sokufunwa kwamalungelo okukhipha umoya sibukeka kanjani, i-CAP ingase ikhawulele ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo engaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu. Nakuba lokhu kungase kungathandeki, umuntu kumelwe avume ukuthi okungenani kungaba inkinga entsha ethakazelisayo ukubhekana nayo—isimiso sezomnotho esithambekele ekungcoliseni okuncane kakhulu.”
Shalom: Kunezinkulumompikiswano eziningi zefilosofi mayelana nokuthi yini esiyikweleta izizukulwane ezizayo futhi, njengoba nixoxa (ikhasi 129-31), lolu udaba emnothweni obambe iqhaza njengakunoma iyiphi enye. Ucabangani ngokunikeza amavoti engeziwe kulabo abanezingane ezincane? (Qaphela ukuthi uma sabela abameleli e-United States namuhla, kusekelwe esibalweni sabantu—hhayi iminyaka yobudala yokuvota—yize ukumelwa kubekwa ezandleni zalabo abaneminyaka yokuvota kuphela.) Ingabe lokhu kungase kube ukulinganiswa okunengqondo kwendlela ethile. ukuze sibhekane nokukhathazeka kwezizukulwane ezizayo? (Umuntu ngamunye uzobalwa kanye kuphela, futhi sizobe sibala kuphela labo abaphilayo ngokoqobo, hhayi izizukulwane ezizayo ezingakazalwa. Emnothweni obambe iqhaza, abazali sebevele behambisa izicelo zokusebenzisa bona kanye nezingane zabo—okungenani emakhaya anezikhali zenuzi. ) Lokhu kungase futhi kube indlela ehlanzekile yokubhekana nenkinga ekhona kwamanye amadolobhana, lapho noma nini uma kunevoti kusabelomali sesikole, labo abanezingane ezifunda isikole bangase bathandeke kakhulu kunalabo abangenawo, nalapho kamuva. ziningi, isabelomali sesikole sivame ukwenqatshwa.
I-Hahnel: Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi labo abanezingane ezifunda isikole bavame ukuvota ukuthi “yebo” kunhlolovo yebhondi yesikole kunalabo abangenangane, alukho uhlelo lwezepolitiki engilwaziyo olunqume ukunika abanye abantu amavoti amaningi kunabanye ngalolu daba. Yebo lokho akusho ukuthi akufanele senze kanjalo. Phela uma sihamba ngokwesiko kuncane kakhulu okuhlongozwayo embonweni womnotho obambe iqhaza obekungenziwa! Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungani unganiki ogogo nomkhulu amavoti amaningi futhi? Mhlawumbe ezindabeni zezemvelo kufanele sinikeze wonke umuntu amavoti amaningi njengoba benezingane, abazukulu, nabazukulu bebonke—nakuba lokho kungaba amavoti amaningi kwabanye bethu asebesondele ekupheleni kunokuqala kwethu. izimpilo zabo. Esikhundleni sokuphakamisa ukunika abantu inani elihlukile lamavoti engikuvezile ukuthi le nkinga engaba khona ikhombisa ukuthi kuseneqhaza labasebenzi bezemvelo abazinikele kanye nezinhlangano zezemvelo emnothweni obambe iqhaza, ukukhuluma ngqo, njengeLorax, ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo. kanye nemvelo ngokwayo—ukuhlazisa ontanga yabo uma bengase balingeke ukuba baziphathe ngobugovu lapho abaphilayo benza ngamabomu ngokwentando yeningi. Umehluko wukuthi emnothweni obambe iqhaza ulwazi oludalula ukungabi nabulungiswa phakathi kwezizukulwane lukhona phambi kwabantu lapho betshala imali isikhathi eside, intuthuko, kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo.
Ngithanda ukubonga wena kanye neNew Politics ngaleli thuba lokuqhubeka nokuhlola ukuthi singazihlela kanjani kahle izindaba zethu zezomnotho uma sesilahlile i-albatross of capitalism elenga kakhulu ezintanyeni zethu. Kwezinye izimo nginomuzwa wokuthi kunezimpendulo ezinengqondo zemibuzo oyibuzayo. Kwezinye izimo izimpendulo zami zilula kakhulu. Ngethemba, uma kungenjalo thina, izingane zethu nabazukulu bayoba nethuba lokuthola ukuthi yini esebenza kangcono ngempela.
Note
1Ukuze sibe neqiniso kakhudlwana, zinikwa ikhredithi yokukhiqiza okwamukelwe njengokucaciswa komhlangano. Abathengi abathola imikhiqizo inephutha bayibuyisele emifelandawonye yabathengi. Uma umfelandawonye wabathengi uvumelana nomthengi uyenqaba ukukweleta umkhiqizi ngokuletha. Ngomfelandawonye wezimboni umkhandlu wabasebenzi ungasiphikisa lesi sinqumo uma uthanda, ushiye udaba luxazululwe phakathi kwemboni nemifelandawonye yabathengi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
2 Amazwana
I-eseyi iphela ngokuzumayo, ingabe isiphetho leso? Ngiyawuthanda umbono wokuthi abakhiqizi abaningi basebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngokuba nezinombolo zalokho wonke umuntu akudingayo - lokho kuzwakala kumnandi.
Uxolo - ukungenisa akusebenzanga ngesizathu esithile kule ndatshana, ngesikhathi soshintsho - isilungisiwe manje, noma...