Ungakhohliswa ucabange ukuthi okwenzekayo kuyinkulumo-mpikiswano “ngohwebo lwamahhala”—uhwebo olungenazihibe—ngoba akunjalo.
Zonke izinguquko ezinkulu ze-neoliberal emnothweni wamazwe ngamazwe kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule—okuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kweSivumelwano Jikelele Sentela Nohwebo (GATT) sibe yiNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (WTO) ngo-1995, kunikeza iChina isikhundla “sesizwe esithandwa kakhulu”. ngo-2001, kanye nezinye izivumelwano eziningi ngale kwe-NAFTA, i-TPP, kanye ne-TTIP—okokuqala nokubalulekile mayelana nokukhulisa ukuvikelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwamalungelo empahla yengqondo (amalungelo obunikazi namalungelo okushicilela) nokwenza kube lula ngezimali ezinkulu kanye nezinsiza ezikhiqizayo ukuthuthela noma kuphi lapho zitholakala khona. khetha. Labo abafuqa lezi zinguquko bafuna abantu bacabange ukuthi inkulumo-mpikiswano imayelana nokukhululeka kwezohwebo ukuze babaphazamise kulokho okwenziwa ngempela, okuwukuqhubekela phambili nokufukula izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukukhululeka kwezohwebo kube yi- okungenani ingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo ye-neoliberal globalization.
Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, amanani entengo ajwayelekile emhlabeni wonke ayephansi. IMpi Yezwe I yaholela amazwe amaningi athuthukile (ama-MDCs) ukuthi akhuphule imigoqo emikhulu yentela, engazange yehliswe ngeminyaka yawo-1920 futhi yabuye yandiswa njengoba ama-MDC ezama ukuvikela imisebenzi ekuqhudelwaneni kwempahla ngesikhathi se-Great Depression. Kulapho inkulumo ethi “umakhelwane wakho oyinxibi” yavela khona, futhi ukuvumelana ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwaba ukuthi nakuba ukukhushulwa kwentela kungase kubonakale kunengqondo ezweni ngalinye ngesikhathi esifushane, kumema impindiselo futhi kuba umdlalo wesamba esibi emhlabeni jikelele, wonke umuntu uyalahlekelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yasungulwa ngo-1947, i-GATT yenza okwengeziwe ukwehlisa amanani entengo futhi ikhuthaze “uhwebo lwamahhala” emashumini eminyaka ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kunalokho i-WTO eyenzile ukwehlisa intela selokhu yasungulwa ngo-1995—ibeka amanga esisho ukuthi i-neoliberal globalization iyinhloko. phushela ukukhululeka kwezohwebo.
Kwakungeyona nje injongo enkulu ye-GATT yokukhulula ezohwebo, ukugcizelelwa ngaphansi kwe-GATT kwakuwukwehliswa kwentela kuma-MDCs. Lokhu kunikeze inkululeko yokuthi amazwe asathuthuka kancane (ama-LDC) athuthuke ngokwezimboni “ngokufaka esikhundleni sokungenisa kwamanye amazwe.” Iphinde yahlomulisa iMelika ngoba ngokungafani namanye amaMDC, ingqalasizinda yayo ekhiqizayo ayizange yehliswe ibe yimfucumfucu ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ukuze intela ephansi yawo wonke amaMDC yakhuphula ukuthengiswa kwe-US ngaphezu kokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe eminyakeni yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-GATT ixoxisane ngokuncishiswa kwezintengo ngaphandle kokuphoqa amazwe ukuthi avume “izinyathelo zokutshala izimali ezihlobene nohwebo” kanye “namalungelo empahla yamazwe ngamazwe ahlobene nohwebo,” kuyilapho i-WTO yenze ukwamukela lezi zimiso kwaba imfuneko yobulungu. Ngakho-ke ungaphazanyiswa yizinkulumo “zohwebo olukhululekile.”
Akuyona i-Neoliberal Globalization…
Kunalokho, zibuze ukuthi izintshisekelo zikabani ezinikezwayo ngokuvikela amalungelo empahla yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokukhulula kokubili utshalomali oluqondile lwangaphandle (DFI) kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe (IFI, noma utshalomali lwephothifoliyo), kanye nezintshisekelo zazo ezilinyazwayo. Ngoba lokho obekuyikho ngempela i-neoliberal globalization iphrojekthi yezepolitiki exhaswe yinkampani yokuzama ukukhubaza umnotho womhlaba ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuzuze izikhungo zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nabanikazi bamalungelo obunikazi bezinkampani ngokulahlekelwa abantu abavamile yonke indawo.
Ema MDCs, izisebenzi zasezimbonini ezingenawo amakhono omsebenzi ziye zalimala kuqala ngokukhululeka ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, njengoba abaqashi babo bobabili besabisa ngokuyisa imisebenzi yabo kuma-LDC lapho amaholo ephansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba i-Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory ibikezela, ukukhululeka kwezohwebo kubeka ingcindezi ephansi “ekukhokhweni ezicini zokukhiqiza eziyivelakancane” ngoba kuzenza zibe yindlala kunangesikhathi kunohwebo oluncane. Odabeni lwase-United States lokhu kusho ukukhululeka kwezohwebo kucindezela amaholo abasebenzi abangenamakhono amancane. Kuhlanganiswe nokwehla kokubumbana kwezinyunyana, ukukhululeka kwe-DFI kanye nohwebo sekuholele ekuwohlokeni okukhulu kwemisebenzi namaholo ezisebenzi ezingenamakhono amancane kumaMDC. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amane lokhu, akumangazi ukuthi izisebenzi eziningi ezingenamakhono "ezindaweni zezimboni" ze-MDCs zavukela ukusungulwa kwezombusazwe ezazingamele lolu shintsho olukhulu futhi bavotela i-Brexit e-UK, uSanders phezu kukaClinton kuDemocratic Alliance. Ama-primaries, uTrump phezu komkhakha wokusungulwa kwamaRepublicans kuma-primaries amaRepublican, futhi ekugcineni uTrump phezu kukaClinton okhethweni lukazwelonke lwase-US.
Khonamanjalo kuma-LDCs imiphumela yokukhululeka kwezezimali yaba yinhlekelele, njengoba izinkinga zemali zabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho okwathatha iminyaka ukusimama eMexico (1995), Thailand (1997), Malaysia (1997), Indonesia (1997), South Korea (1998), Russia (1998), Brazil (1998), Turkey (2001), kanye Argentina (2002). Futhi njengoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neoliberal kwaxosha abalimi abaningi emhlabeni kuma-LDC kunokuba kwengeze imisebenzi emisha ekukhiqizeni okudinga abasebenzi, ngokuvamile bekunokwenyuka okuncane noma ukungabikho kwamaholo e-LDC, ngaphandle kwe-China. Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni waseShayina uvikele imali yakhe kubaqageli bamazwe ngamazwe futhi wasebenzisa isandla esibonakala kakhulu ukuze ahlele isu lokuthuthuka kwezimboni, ukukhiqiza eShayina kukhuphuke kakhulu phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule, amanye awo agcina ehle aze afika ezingxenyeni ezithile zesigaba sabasebenzi baseShayina.
…Noma Xenophobic Isolationism
Emashumini eminyaka imiphumela emibi yokukhululwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe yayiphelele kuma-LDC. Kepha ngo-2008 inkinga enkulu yezezimali selokhu kwaphahlazeka i-1929 yashaya i-United States kanye ne-European Union kakhulu kunezinye izindawo. Ngesikhathi amabandla ezombusazwe asungulwa kuMDC ekhulula amabhanga kodwa hatshi abahlukunyezwayo ngenxa yokudliwa kwempahla, bevumela ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi ukuthi kuqhubeke isikhathi eside kakhulu, izimo zase zivuthiwe zokuvukela umbuso.
Amabandla ezombusazwe aphakathi kwesokudla kanye laphakathi kwesokunxele kumaMDCs asethathe izintambo ezinkulu yonke indawo njengoba elwela ukugcina amandla. Kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlubuka bekuholwa amabutho aphiko lwesokunxele anjengeSyriza eGreece, Podemos eSpain, Uncut noJeremy Corbyn e-UK, noBernie Sanders e-United States. Kodwa ngeshwa ukuhlubuka kwe-populist ngokumelene nokusungulwa sekuvame ukuholwa osopolitiki abaphiko lwesokudla njengoMarine Le Pen eFrance, uNigel Farage e-UK, uGeert Wilders eNetherlands, kanye noDonald Trump omangalisa kakhulu e-United States. Abalandeli be-right-wing populists bahlambalaza abokufika kanye nababaleki ezimpini nobumpofu-okubangelwa kancane kancane ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye namaqhinga ombuso-bagxeka izivumelwano nezinhlangano zezomnotho zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi basongela ukunyusa amanani entengo ngokuphawulekayo. Kusazobonakala ukuthi ingakanani inkulumo yabo yangaphambi kokhetho iwuhlelo olunezinto ezibambekayo nokuthi ingakanani i-demagoguery emsulwa.
Kwesokunxele kuthuthukise ukugxeka okuphoqelekile kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neoliberal. (Bheka i-Hahnel, “Lokho Izazi Zezomnotho Ezivamile Ezingeke Zikutshele Ngokuhwebelana Kwezwe Neoliberal,” Izifundo zeSocialist (1,1, 2005), 5-29.) Abakwesobunxele nabo baye babe nobunzima obuncane bokugxeka imikhankaso yokucwasa ngokwebala eyenziwa ngamabutho asekela abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ababaleki, amaSulumane, kanye nabantu bemibala ehlukene njengokucwasa okunonya—ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kukwenza lokho. kunzima kakhulu kosopolitiki abangakwesobunxele ukuncintisana ngokumelene nama-populists angakwesokudla ngenxa yokwethembeka kwabavoti abamhlophe, abasebenzi. Kodwa uhlangothi lwesobunxele luzabalazile ukuze luvumelane ngolunye uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamazwe ngamazwe futhi ngenxa yalokho lube nenkinga yokuzihlukanisa ne-populism ephiko lwesokudla ngaphandle kokulwela ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko phezu kobandlululo nobandlululo.
… Ngakho Yini Okumele Yenziwe?
Uma kungeyona i-neoliberal globalization noma ukuvikela ukucwaswa kwabokufika kuyimpendulo—kokubili okuyizinhlobonhlobo zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okulawulwa yizinkampani—iluphi uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamazwe ngamazwe oluyofeza izithakazelo zabaningi kuwo womabili ama-MDC kanye nama-LDC? Kubalulekile ukusho umgomo ngale ndlela, ngoba uma ngokujaha kwethu ukuncintisana ngokumelene ne-populism ephiko lwesokudla siqala ukufuna uhlelo oluzuzisa izisebenzi kuma-MDC kuphela, sizokhaphela izimiso zethu eziyisisekelo futhi silahlekelwe abalingani bomhlaba kungenasidingo. Asikho isizathu sokuthi ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali akukwazi ukuzuzisa abasebenzi kuwo womabili ama-MDC kanye nama-LDC uma kwenziwa kahle. Nokho, ukwenza lokhu: (1) Ezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe kufanele zivinjelwe ukuze zingabangeli izinkinga zemali ezidala ukwehla komnotho. (2) Ukwehlukaniswa okubanzi kakhulu komhlaba wonke kwabasebenzi kufanele kwenzeke kuphela uma ngempela kuveza izinzuzo ezisebenza kahle emhlabeni wonke. Futhi (3) izinzuzo ezizuziwe zomhlaba wonke kufanele zabiwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezakhamizi zama-MDC kanye nama-LDC ngokufanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi konke lokhu kungenziwa ukuze kushiye abasebenzi abasebenza kuwo womabili ama-MDC kanye nama-LDC bengcono, asikho isidingo sokuthi kube nokushayisana kwezidingo.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi kucace ukuthi sidinga uhlelo olufushane lokususa ubunxiwankulu bomhlaba nge-eco-socialism yomhlaba. Ukuze sinake izethameli eziningi, futhi siqhudelane ngempumelelo ne-populism ephiko lwesokudla, sidinga uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamazwe ngamazwe ohulumeni abathuthukayo kuma-MDC onxiwankulu abangalulandela namuhla. Lokhu akusho ukuyeka ukushumayela izimfanelo ezinhle ze-eco-socialism phezu konxiwankulu, noma ekuchazeni isidingo “sesimiso sezomnotho esilandelayo,” noma ukuhlela “ukuhlola ukubambisana okulinganayo,” noma ukukhuthaza “izinhlelo zomnotho zesikhathi esizayo.” Kodwa futhi sidinga uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamazwe ngamazwe oluhambisanayo lwalapha namanje. Ibukeka kanjani?
Ngokwesiko uma osomaqhinga bezomnotho beshiywe besondela kunqubomgomo yezomnotho yamazwe ngamazwe baqala ngamatherifu, imithethonqubo ye-DFI, kanye nemithethonqubo ye-IFI-ayiqali ngemvelo. Kodwa kufanele! Ngoba emashumini amabili eminyaka ezayo ukunqoba impi yokuvimbela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele ngaphambi kokuba kuphuze kakhulu kuwumgomo wethu ophuthuma kakhulu. Uma umuntu eqala ngalo msebenzi engqondweni, iziphetho ezisheshayo yilezi:
• Izinhlelo zamandla kanye nengqalasizinda yezomnotho kumele kuguqulwe ngokuphelele kuwo wonke ama-MDC.
• Ama-LDC kufanele alandele izindlela zentuthuko ezikhona hhayi ngokusekelwe kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
• Konke lokhu kumele kufezwe esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amabili.
Futhi imiphumela ebalulekile evela kulezi ziphetho yilena:
• Inkinga yokuthi ekugcineni ungadlulela kanjani emnothweni lapho intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe isiqede isidingo somsebenzi omningi isasele amashumi eminyaka.
• Izinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe kumele zibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuletheni lolu shintsho oludingekayo.
Izindaba ezinhle uma umuntu eqala ngale ndlela ukuthi miningi imisebenzi elusizo emphakathini yawo wonke umuntu—kuma-MDC kanye nama-LDC ngokufanayo. Izindaba ezimbi ukuthi abanxele kumele bafunde ukwenza okuthile okungaqondakali kunokuvele bagxeke izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-boogeyman yomhlaba wonke. Futhi iqhinga liwukuthi uqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi imali engenayo eningi etholwa ukuqashwa okugcwele emhlabeni wonke isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Empeleni, yini engenziwa ama-progressives kuma-MDC?
Inhlangano Yezemvelo
Inhlangano yezemvelo kumele isekele isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esisebenzayo nesilinganayo (okungase singasenasivumelwano). Isivumelwano esinjalo kufanele (1) sehlise intuthu engcolisayo emhlabeni wonke ngokwanele ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elivamile lomhlaba ekukhuphukeni ngaphezu kuka-1.5 degrees Celsius; (2) inikeze umthwalo wemfanelo wokunciphisa ukungcola ngokuvumelana nezibopho ezihlukene zamazwe namakhono; futhi (3) ashiye ukukhetha kokuthi aqinisekise yini amakhredithi okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ukuze athengiswe, kanye nokuthenga amakhredithi, kuze kufike kohulumeni bezwe. (Bheka i-Hahnel, “Incwadi Evulekile Yokuhamba Kobulungiswa Besimo Sezulu.” Ipolitiki Entsha (56, Winter 2014), 76-83.) Lokhu kuzosungula inkuthazo enamandla kuma-MDC ukuthi anciphise umnotho wawo, anikeze izinsiza zezezimali kuma-LDCs ukulandela imikhondo yokuthuthukiswa kwamafutha emvelo, nokusabalalisa imithwalo yokuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokulinganayo. Nakuba inhlangano yezemvelo kuma-MDC ilwe kanzima ukuze kwehliswe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ibishoda kakhulu ekunikezeni umthwalo wemfanelo kazwelonke wokunciphisa, futhi idideke kakhulu futhi ingahambisani nezikweletu zekhabhoni. Ukwakha umfelandawonye osebenzayo nezinhlangano ezithuthukayo kanye nohulumeni kuma-LDC, abezemvelo kuma-MDC kuzofanele basheshe banikeze imithwalo yemfanelo futhi bayeke ukuxabana ngamakhredithi ekhabhoni.
Inhlangano yezemvelo kumele ilwele i-Green New Deal yasekhaya. Miningi imisebenzi yokongiwa kwamandla, ukwandiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo, kanye nokwakha igridi kagesi ehlakaniphile kunaleyo yokukhiqizwa kwamalahle negesi yemvelo. Inqobo nje uma kunemisebenzi eminingi eguqula umnotho weMDC, asikho isidingo sokulwa impi engase ibe ukulahlekelwa noma yikuphi ukubuyisa imisebenzi eChina naseMexico yokukhiqiza amahembe, ama-TV, noma amafoni ahlakaniphile. Njengoba nje imisebenzi yokumba amalahle ingasekho unomphela, imisebenzi eminingi yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo ayisekho unomphela. UTrump ngeke ababuyise, futhi ngethemba ukuthi labo abamvotele ngoba bekholelwa ukuthi izethembiso zakhe zokukwenza lokho bazosheshe baphoxeke uma ehluleka ukufeza lesi sithembiso somkhankaso. Kodwa abanxele kufanele bakuqonde ukuthi nathi ngeke sikwazi ukubuyisa eminingi yale misebenzi. Okubalulekile ukuthi asidingi, ngoba esingakwenza uTrump angeke akwenze ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi eminingi eluhlaza kanye nemisebenzi yokukhiqiza imishini yesizukulwane esilandelayo ezothunyelwa ngaphandle.
Inhlangano yezemvelo akumele igcizelele nje kuphela ukuthi i-Green New Deal inikeza okuwukuphela kwekhambi lokuswelakala kwemisebenzi kuma-MDC, kufanele futhi ihlanganyele ebunyeni obunezimiso nenhlangano yabasebenzi futhi igcizelele ukuthi le misebenzi emisha ibe yimisebenzi emihle, neholo elihloniphekile kanye nemihlomulo. Njengoba izinkampani ezinkulu ezikhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo futhi ziguqule ingqalasizinda yethu eyakhiwe zizoba yingxenye yomfelandawonye wezepolitiki ocindezela i-Green New Deal, futhi njengoba lezi zinkampani kuzodingeka zicindezelwe kanzima ukuze zamukele ubumbano futhi zikhokhe amaholo ahloniphekile ngezinzuzo, lokhu kuyindima ebalulekile. ukuthi inhlangano yezemvelo kuzodingeka yamukele ukuze kugcinwe umfelandawonye obomvu-luhlaza ndawonye. Izinsuku lapho inhlangano yezemvelo yayikwazi ukugeza izandla endabeni yokuhlanganiswa kwezinyunyana kanye namaholo afanelekile, futhi ithi kwabasebenzi,
“Leyo inkinga yakho hhayi eyethu,” sekuphelile.
Umbutho Wabasebenzi
Inhlangano yabasebenzi ibuthaka kunalokhu ebiyikho eminyakeni eyikhulu futhi isifinyelele empambana mgwaqo. Ngokwesiko inhlangano yabasebenzi ishiye ukukhetha lokho ekukhiqizayo kwabanye futhi yalwela imisebenzi eyengeziwe, amaholo angcono, nezimo zokusebenza ezingcono. Emhlabeni lapho esikukhiqizayo nesingakukhiqizi sekuyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu esikhathini sethu ngoba yikhona okuzocacisa ukuthi ngabe siyayidala yini inhlekelele yesimo sezulu noma cha, abasebenzi ngeke besakwazi ukusho ukuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa ngalokho okukhiqizwa ngabasebenzi.
Abasebenzi ngeke bakwazi ukuqhubeka nokulwela imisebenzi eyengeziwe yokumba amalahle, ukumba igesi yemvelo, kanye nokwakha amapayipi nezindawo zokuthekelisa uphethiloli futhi balindele eminye imigudu eqhubekayo ukuze ihambisane nezabasebenzi kanye nokweseka abasebenzi ekulweleni amaholo angcono nezimo zokusebenza. Futhi ungalenzi iphutha ngakho, ngaphandle kokwesekwa okubanzi umbutho wabasebenzi uzoqhubeka nohambo lwawo kuze kube sekulibalekeni. Abasebenzi kumele benze ikhefu elihlanzekile futhi bashaye inqola yabo ku-Green New Deal. Inzuzo yilena: Abasebenzi bazoyeka ukunxenxa imisebenzi ecekela phansi imvelo futhi esikhundleni salokho bajikijele izicubu zabo zezombusazwe ngemuva kokulwela i-Green New Deal enkulu kakhulu engenzeka. Ngokushintshana, inhlangano yezemvelo izothembisa ukwenza konke okucelwa yizisebenzi ukuze isize izisebenzi zenze leyo misebenzi ibe yimisebenzi emihle—imisebenzi eqinile enezitebhisi zemisebenzi, imisebenzi ekhokhelwa kahle, imisebenzi enezinzuzo, imisebenzi isisebenzi—owesilisa noma owesifazane—angakhuphula kuyo. futhi ondle umndeni.
Baningi abathuthukayo kuyo yomibili izinhlangano zezemvelo kanye nezabasebenzi ababonayo ukuthi lesi yisivumelwano okumele bobabili basishaye uma sifuna ukuphumelela. Ngeshwa lo mfelandawonye obomvu-luhlaza ube nezingqinamba eziningi njengoba amalungu kuwo womabili amakamu ekhaphele enye ikamu ngokuphindaphindiwe eminyakeni edlule. Inhlangano yezemvelo yahamba kancane kabuhlungu ukubona ukuthi yayidinga ukwenza izinqubomgomo ezingakhiqizi imiphumela emibi emisebenzini nasekusabalaliseni imali engenayo. Muva nje ukuziphatha kwabaholi bezinye izinyunyana zabasebenzi bezakhiwo—ukwenza ama-photo ops noMongameli uTrump eHhovisi le-Oval nokunxenxa ukuba kuqalwe kabusha ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi okwachitha iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili inhlangano yezemvelo icindezela abaphathi baka-Obama ukuthi bagcine bevale—kuyisithiyo esikhulu. Kuleli qophelo kunenkinga yangaphakathi ecacile enhlanganweni yabasebenzi. Futhi uma inhlangano yabasebenzi ingayixazululi le nkinga—engase idinge ukwehlukana okuthile kwenhlangano—inhlangano yabasebenzi izophelela othulini lomlando. Ukukhetha kulula kakhulu.
Ukulungisa Ukuhweba
Umuntu angaphikisana ngokuthi ingabe ukuthunyelwa kwe-US kwamanye amazwe kudinga kakhulu abasebenzi kunokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngokwesilinganiso. Kodwa muncane umehluko owanele obalulekile, ukuze kuthi uma sithumela kwamanye amazwe njengoba sithenga ngaphandle kungabi bikho ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, uma kukhona. Kunalokho wukushoda kwezohwebo okubiza imisebenzi. Minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-1970 i-United States yayiba nensada yohwebo, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwethu kwamanye amazwe kwadala amathuba emisebenzi amaningi kunalokho okwalahleka ekuthengeni kwethu kwamanye amazwe. Minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-1976 kuya ku-2016 i-United States ibe nokushoda kwezohwebo, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwethu kwamanye amazwe kuye kwadala imisebenzi embalwa kunaleyo elahlekelwe yimpahla yethu evela kwamanye amazwe. Ziningi izinyathelo uhulumeni angazithatha ukuze akhiqize amathuba omsebenzi ukuze abuyisele ukulahleka kwemisebenzi okudalwe ukushoda kwezohwebo. Kodwa iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi iminyaka engamashumi amane yokushoda kwezohwebo okungapheli kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi kuwo wonke umuntu okwaziyo futhi ozimisele ukusebenza, okubuye kubeke ingcindezi ephansi emaholweni.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-US idinga ukuthuthukisa uhlobo lwenqubomgomo yezohwebo esungulwe yiJapane futhi ikopishwe ngamanye "ama-Asian Tigers" njengeSouth Korea. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II uMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni waseJapane wasebenzisa amanani entela ahlukene kanye nemibandela yesikweletu ukuze izinkampani ezimbonini ezikhiqiza kancane njengezindwangu namathoyizi kube yilabo abathuthela ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kuphela ngemva kwamafemu ezimbonini ezikhiqiza kakhulu njengensimbi. , izimoto, nezinto zikagesi zase zithuthuke ngokwanele ukuba zimunce izisebenzi ezilahlekelwe umsebenzi. Ukuzikhethela akukhona phakathi kohwebo oluphethwe nohwebo lwamahhala. Ukuzikhethela kumayelana ngubani izophatha ezohwebo. Izinkampani zivunyelwe ukuphatha inqubomgomo yezohwebo e-United States, ezikwenzele inzuzo enkulu kakhulu. Esikhundleni salokho sidinga uhulumeni ukuthi angenelele futhi alawule inqubomgomo yezohwebo futhi ahlele izinguquko emaphethini ohwebo ukuze kwandiswe ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezabasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho wonke amazwe ethatha le ndlela umphumela uba umdlalo wesamba esihle lapho umkhiqizo ukhuphuka ngokushesha kakhulu yonke indawo.
Kodwa-ke, uguquko olusuka ekulawuleni uhwebo oluzuzisa izwe, hhayi izintshisekelo zezinkampani, luzothatha isikhathi. Esikhathini esifushane, indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokunciphisa ukushoda kwezohwebo ukuvumela idola ukuba lehle, okungukuthi, ukwehla inani elihlobene nezinye zezimali, hhayi ukukhuphula intela, okungeyona nje indlela yokunciphisa intela kodwa okungenzeka kakhulu. ukumema ukuziphindiselela, njengoba uTrump esekutholile. Umphumela ongemuhle ukuthi abathengi base-US bazokhokha kakhulu ngokuthenga kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa asikho isikhathi esingcono sokuthatha lokhu kushayisana kwalapho ukwehla kwamandla emali bekulokhu kuphansi ngokomlando iminyaka eyishumi. Ezinye izinqubomgomo zizodingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukukhushulwa kwamaholo e-United States kuphinde kuhambisane nokukhuphuka kokukhiqizwa kwezabasebenzi. Kodwa ukuqeda ukushoda kwezohwebo okungapheli kuzosiza ngoba kugcina izimakethe zezabasebenzi ziqinile.
I-International Financial Regulation
Imboni yezezimali engalawulwa yingozi elindele ukwenzeka, njengoba sithole lapho ukuhoxiswa kwemboni yezindlu ezibolekwayo, imboni yomshwalense, kanye nemboni yokulinganisa kuholela enkingeni enkulu yezezimali kusukela ngo-1929. (Bona i-Hahnel, Ama-ABC Omnotho Wezepolitiki (Pluto Press, 2014), 193-199.) Kodwa ukuqedwa kwezivikelo zokuvimbela izinkinga zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe, okwenziwa engqungqutheleni yaseBretton Woods ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwenzeka ngaphambi kokwesulwa kokulawulwa kwezimali kwasekhaya.
Uma ilawulwa kahle, imboni yezezimali inganikeza isevisi ewusizo futhi isize umnotho wangempela wenze kangcono. Kodwa lapho ingalawulwa, imboni yezezimali iba umsila onyakazisa inja, ukuze ijabule kodwa kube ingozi yenja. Futhi ngeshwa, njengoba sathola ngo-2008, inja iwumnotho wangempela lapho sonke sihlala futhi sisebenza khona.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezezimali kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjwe ezinye izinkinga zezimali, futhi kuyadingeka ukuze kube lula ukuqondisa kabusha okukhulu kwezinsiza zokutshala izimali ezidingwa Idili Entsha Elihlaza. Umsebenzi womkhakha wezezimali kwezomnotho wonxiwankulu wukuxhumanisa ukonga kutshalomali olukhiqiza umphakathi. Kunalokho, kule minyaka engamashumi amane edlule i-Wall Street ibilokhu idlulisela ukonga kubhamuza lempahla elilodwa ngemva kwenye. Kuningi kuphela uhulumeni angakwenza ukuze agxume aqalise i-Green New Deal esebenzisa inqubomgomo yezimali. Sidinga Isivumelwano Esisha Esihlaza esikhulu kakhulu kunesivuso esiluhlaza esingenziwa. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma umkhakha wezezimali uqala ukufaka imali ebolekiwe ekutshalweni kwezimali ukongiwa kwamandla namandla ahlanzekile, futhi lokho kuzokwenzeka kuphela uma uhulumeni engenelela emkhakheni wezezimali kakhulu kunokuncane.
Impendulo iwukulawula okuqinile, okunekhono kwemboni yezezimali, noma ukwenza kube kuzwelonke. Ukwamukela amadiphozithi kanye nokwenza imali ebolekwayo ekufanelekela isikweletu akuyona isayensi yerokhethi futhi kungaphakathi kwesethi yamakhono ezisebenzi zikahulumeni ngokugcwele. Futhi ukuqondisa izikweletu kubaboleki nezimboni ezizuzisa kakhulu emphakathini kumele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nezinto eziza kuqala ezibekwe ukuhlelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimboni kunoma yikuphi. I-Wall Street ayinaso isisekelo esiyiqiniso kunoma yisiphi isimangalo sobungcweti mayelana nalokhu.
Awukwazi Ukuthatha Imisebenzi Yethu Ugijime
Uma imali yezimali ikhululekile ukuyolanda futhi ithuthe imishini nemishini iye kunoma yiliphi izwe lapho amaholo ephansi, abasebenzi babekwa endaweni yokuxoxisana engamukeleki: “Ingabe uyafuna ukugcina umsebenzi wakho? Bese usayina inkontileka yokubuyisela emuva.” Inhlokodolobha sekuyisikhathi eside ihamba kakhulu kunabasebenzi, kodwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neoliberal kuye kwakhulisa umehluko. Maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, lapho izinyunyana zihlela abasebenzi eNyakatho-mpumalanga naseMidwest-ntshonalanga kwadingeka nje bakhathazeke ngezinkampani ezicosha futhi zithuthele eNingizimu lapho zazingekho khona izinyunyana namaholo ayephansi. Manje izinyunyana noma yikuphi e-United States kufanele zikhathazeke ngokuthi uma zingabambeleli ezingxoxweni, izinkampani ezihlale zixega zizothatha bese zithuthela eMexico noma eChina lapho amaholo ephansi kakhulu kunomholo ophansi odangele wase-US.
Ngomhla lu-1 kuZibandlela wezi-2016, kungakapheli nenyanga eqokwe njengomongameli, kwaba nedumela elikhulu, uDonald Trump wamemezela ukuthi uhlangane noCarrier, iyunithi ye-United Technologies, futhi wabaqinisekisa ukuthi bagcine imisebenzi eyi-1,100 e-Indiana ababeyihlelile ngaphambilini. ukuthuthela eMexico. Isibalo semisebenzi esisindisiwe saba ngu-730 kuphela, futhi imisebenzi eyi-1,873 yayisalahleka, futhi imvume yokugcina imisebenzi engama-730 e-Indiana senziwa kuphela ngemuva kweSifundazwe sase-Indiana, lapho isekela likamongameli okhethiwe uMike Pence ayesengumbusi, ethenjisiwe. Inkampani yenethiwekhi ikhefu lentela elengeziwe lika-$7 wezigidi. Umuntu kufanele azibuze ukuthi ngabe laba abangama-730 abagcine imisebenzi yabo bebengeke yini bancamele ukuthola inkokhelo yama- $ 96,000 umuntu ngamunye. Kodwa okubalulekile wukuthi inxele kufanele kucace ukuthi inkinga ngokwenziwa nguTrump akukhona ukuthi wangenelela ukusindisa imisebenzi yaseMelika. Inkinga bekungekhona ukuthi uhulumeni akanalo iqhaza elisemthethweni mayelana nezinkampani ezihambisa imisebenzi kwamanye amazwe. Kunalokho inkinga yayiwukuthi amazwi akhe empumelelo ayeyihaba futhi ayakhohlisa. Inkinga kwaba ukuthi lokho akuzuzile ukwehla kwebhakede kunokuthi kube nendlela ehlelekile yokonga isibalo esikhulu semisebenzi. Ngamafuphi, inkinga yayiwukuthi kwakumane kuyindaba yokukhangisa. Akumangazi ukuthi uTrump useqhubekele phambili ezenzweni ezintsha zokukhangisa kwezinye izindawo, futhi asikaze sizwe lutho mayelana “nomkhulumeli wethu omkhulu” osindisa imisebenzi yaseMelika eyedwa ngokwenza “izivumelwano ezinhle.”
Inqobo nje uma ubunxiwankulu busenathi isixazululo esisodwa sale nkinga wukumisa izithiyo ezivimba izinkampani ekushintsheni indawo lapho zithola inzuzo egculisayo nalapho zihamba kungaba yingozi emiphakathini ezikuyo. Ezingeni eliyisisekelo lokhu kusho ukubekela inselele umbono wokuthi abanikazi bamasheya kufanele bahlale bekhululekile ukwenza noma yini abayifisayo. Lokhu kusho ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinga elisemthethweni lembuyiselo kanye nombono wokuthi noma iliphi izinga lembuyiselo umuntu angalizuza yilokho okulungile nokusemthethweni futhi okungaphezu kwenselele noma ukusolwa. Endabeni yama-monopolies, kuyisimiso sezomnotho esimisiwe sokuthi uma bayekwa ukuba benze umathanda, abanikazi bamasheya bazokhokhisa amanani futhi bajabulele inzuzo engenasisekelo futhi engalungile. Impendulo eyamukelwe iwukulawula, lapho abalawuli bekhawulela amanani entengo ukuze anikeze isilinganiso esifanelekile sembuyiselo esingaphansi kwalokho obekungazuzwa yi-monopoly. Kufanele senze udaba olufanayo ngabaqashi abakhulu emiphakathini yethu. Uma ukuhamba kuzolimaza kakhulu imiphakathi lapho besebenza khona, futhi uma benza isilinganiso esifanelekile sembuyiselo, akufanele bakhululeke ukusebenzisa ithuba lokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ukuze bathole inzuzo ephakeme nakakhulu kwenye indawo.
Njengoba nje umthetho wobumbano udinga ukubuyekezwa komthelela kwezemvelo, singashaya umthetho odinga ukubuyekezwa komthelela womphakathi lapho izinkampani zifisa ukuhambisa imisebenzi phesheya. Futhi akukho lutho oluvimbela uhulumeni wobumbano ekushayeni umthetho wokugunyaza ingxenye yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa ukuthi iqaphe futhi ishushise amafemu ase-US ahambisa izitshalo phesheya, njengoba nesigaba esimelene nokwethenjwa soMnyango Wezobulungiswa siqapha futhi sishushise amafemu ngokulungiswa kwentengo. . Ohulumeni bezifundazwe bangabuye babuyekeze ukuvalwa kwezitshalo njengoba nje ohulumeni bezifunda belawula izinsiza ezizimele ezizimele. Okwamanje, umbono wokuthi uTrump wantanta ngesikhathi kungenele ukhetho, kodwa esingakaze sizwe ngawo selokhu akhethwa, uyimali ethe xaxa yokungenisa ezimpahleni zenkampani ehambisa ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-United States futhi manje isifuna ukuphinda idayise imikhiqizo yayo ngaphakathi E-US Kuze kube yilapho sesikwazi ukuthuthukisa izikhungo namathuluzi enqubomgomo adingekayo ukuze senze uhwebo olubalulekile kanye nenqubomgomo yezimboni, izinkokhelo ezingeziwe ezinkampanini ezivikeleke ekukhohliseni ukuziphatha akuwona umqondo omubi.
Isiphetho
Ukuveza indlela ehambisanayo ezindabeni zomnotho wamazwe ngamazwe ehlukile kukho kokubili i-neoliberalism kanye nokuvikela ukucwaswa kwabokufika kuwumsebenzi obalulekile kwesobunxele namuhla. Kunenqwaba yezithameli ezidumile ezilalele lesi sihloko, futhi impi yokuthi ubani ozodonsa ukunaka kwabo ngempumelelo nokwethembeka izohamba ibanga elide ekunqumeni ukuthi umhlaba uthuthuka kanjani emashumini ambalwa eminyaka abucayi alandelayo. Ukugxeka kubalulekile futhi kunendima okufanele kuyidlale. Kodwa ukugxeka kukodwa akwanele. Ngaphandle kokunye okuhambisanayo sizolahlekelwa, ngoba awukwazi ukushaya into ngalutho.
Isihluthulelo senye indlela eqhubekayo (1) Isivumelwano Esisha Esihlaza, kanye (2) nendima esebenza kakhulu kuhulumeni. Amaqembu ezepolitiki akwesokunxele maphakathi e-Europe nase-United States enza iphutha elikhulu ngokuvumela izinguquko ze-neoliberal emnothweni womhlaba ezigqugquzelwa amabhange nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, asanda kukhokha inani eliphakeme kakhulu okhethweni. Esikhundleni salokho, amaqembu ezepolitiki avuselelwe, anenqubekela phambili kumele asebenzisane namaqembu anenqubekela phambili kwamanye amazwe ukuze ahlele kabusha izivumelwano nezikhungo ezifana ne-IMF, i-WTO, neBhange Lomhlaba ukusiza ukulawula nokuphatha ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuzuzisa izakhamuzi hhayi izinkampani.
Uhulumeni wase-US kumele asebenzise izinqubomgomo, eziningi zazo ezike zaba amaphayona kwezinye izindawo, ukuze ahlele izinguquko ezizuzisa umphakathi ekuhwebeni nasekutshaleni izimali, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi ezimbonini eziwohlokayo bazoshintsha kalula ukusebenza ezimbonini zesikhathi esizayo ngokuqeqeshwa kabusha, ukufuduka. , kanye nokwesekwa kwemali engenayo ngesikhathi soshintsho. Futhi lolu hlelo kumele ludidiyelwe nezinqubomgomo zezimali ezinolaka kanye nezezimali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqashwa okugcwele kanye nokukhuphuka kwamaholo. Uma sesinenye indlela ehambisanayo, kuzodingeka futhi sifunde ukuthi singayethula kanjani ngamagama alula angaqondwa abantu abavamile abaya ngokuya becindezelwa ukuthi bavele babeke amakhanda abo ngaphezu kwamanzi.
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