Inguqulo emfushane yale nhlolokhono ishicilelwe ngo Ngaphandle.
Singakwazi ukukhula komnotho sibe sibhekene nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu? Kule ngxoxo, isazi sezomnotho esiqinile uRobin Hahnel sithi ukusimama kwemvelo kuhambisana ngokuphelele nokwenyuka kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho. Nakuba kufanele sehlise kakhulu izinto ezibonakalayo ezisetshenziswayo nezikhishwa emnothweni womhlaba (“okudlule”), singakwazi ukuthuthukisa impilo yabantu abaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Ukulwela uhlobo lokukhula olusimeme ngokwezemvelo kumele kube wumgogodla womsebenzi wenhlangano yobulungiswa besimo sezulu.
Singakwazi yini ukukhula komnotho sibe sisanciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolisa umoya (GHG)? Izazi zemvelo eziningi ziphendula ngo-Cha oqondile, zithi kufanele sinciphise ukukhula komnotho noma sinciphise ukukhula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi zezomnotho eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi kungenzeka “ukunciphisa” ukukhula nokukhishwa kwegesi, okugqugquzela “ukukhula okuluhlaza.” Ubani oqinisile?
Ngaphandle nje kwezimbalwa osomnotho bebelele bebambe ongezansi futhi benganakile neze ukuthi isitimela sethu sezomnotho sasibhekene nenhlekelele yemvelo. Ngakho-ke kumele sibonge kakhulu izazi zezemvelo ngokusihlaba umkhosi nokusixwayisa ngokuthi ukukhula komnotho esikuphishekelayo ngeke nje kuqhubeke nokulimaza imvelo ngezindlela eziningi, kuzodala ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okungekuhle phakathi. amashumi ambalwa eminyaka uma ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kungancishiswa ngama-90% kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo.
Kodwa-ke, labo abaveza ukuthi kungenzeka ngokuphelele ukuthi inhlalakahle yezomnotho ngomuntu ngamunye ikhule unomphela kuyilapho kuvikela imvelo kanye nokuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu baqinisile. Yebo. Ukukhula okuluhlaza kungenzeka. Futhi lapho abakhulumeli bokunyakaza kwesimo esiqinile kanye nokunciphisa ukukhula bephika ukuthi ukukhula okuluhlaza kungenzeka, lapho bethi kufanele sibuyisane nezinga lokuphila elimile noma elihlayo ukuze sigweme inhlekelele yemvelo, banephutha, futhi benza umonakalo omkhulu ukunyakaza kwemvelo. .
Okungakwazi ukuqhubeka nokukhula unomphela ukudlula. Izazi zezomnotho zemvelo ziyachaza ukudlula njengezinto ezibonakalayo ezivela endaweni yemvelo (evame ukucatshangwa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe) ezisetshenziswa njengokufakwayo ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezifana nensimbi nenhlabathi engaphezulu; kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo zokukhiqiza (okuvame ukucatshangelwa njengemfucuza noma ukungcola) njengezinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni namagesi abamba ukushisa aphinde abuyele endaweni yemvelo lapho emuncwa khona “kumasinki” emvelo. Okuphumayo kufanele kukalwe ngamayunithi athile angokoqobo afana namathani ensimbi yensimbi, ama-cubic metres enhlabathi engaphezulu, amakhilogremu ezinhlayiya, namathani angama-cubic we-carbon dioxide.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokho osomnotho abakuchaza njengokukhula komnotho akufani nokukhula komkhiqizo. Uma osomnotho bekhuluma ngokukhula komnotho basho ukukhula kwe-GDP, inani lezimpahla nezinsizakalo zokugcina ezikhiqizwayo ngonyaka. Njengokuguquguquka “kwenani” i-GDP ikalwa ngamadola angashintshi ukuze ibhekane nokwehla kwamandla emali. Yize ukukhula kwe-GDP yangempela kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhula kwezomnotho, ukukhula kwe-GDP yangempela kwehluleka ukumela ukukhula kwezomnotho ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ezaziwa kakhulu. (1). Noma kunjalo, osomnotho abakushoyo ngokukhula komnotho ukukhula kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho ngomuntu ngamunye, becabanga ukuthi kungakalwa ngendlela, hhayi ukukhula komnotho. Futhi asikho isizathu sokuthi inhlalakahle yezomnotho ingakwazi ukukhula noma ngabe i-output ihlala njalo, noma yehla. Ezincwadini lokhu kubizwa ukuhlukanisa, okusho ukuhlukanisa ukukhula kwe Inani salokho esikukhiqizayo ubuningi ye-throughput esiyisebenzisayo ukuyikhiqiza.
Lapho abagxeki beqinisile ukuveza lokho ibhizinisi njengenjwayelo ukukhula komnotho kwehlulekile ukwehla. Eqinisweni, ukukhula kwebhizinisi njengokujwayelekile kusibeke ethubeni lokufuna ukuzibulala! Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi uhlobo oluhlukile lokukhula—ukukhula okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza ngezinga elifanayo nalolo olwengeze ngalo ukukhiqizwa kwezisebenzi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungabe kusaba nzima emvelweni—akunakwenzeka. Futhi yilokho okushiwo ukuhlukaniswa: Ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza njengoba sikhulisa ukukhiqiza kwezabasebenzi. Ngoba uma senza kanjalo sizobe “sehlisiwe” ngokuphelele ukukhula kwenani lalokho esikukhiqizayo kunoma yikuphi ukwanda komkhiqizo osetshenzisiwe. (2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi ukuhlukanisa kungenzeka. Sikwenzela khona manje ukukhipha igesi ebamba ukushisa. Yebo kufanele sehlise izinga lokuphuma kwe-GHG ngokushesha ukuze sigweme ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele. Kepha noma ngubani ophikisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa akwenzeki akulungile kuzo zombili izizathu zethiyori nezama-empirical.
Igama lomdlalo ukukhulisa izinga esinciphisa ngalo ukukhula kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho kusukela ekukhuleni komphumela. Yebo, kufanele futhi sishintshe Kanjani sifinyelela inhlalakahle yezomnotho. Kufanele simiselele ukuzijabulisa okwengeziwe ngokusetshenziswa okuncane. Futhi kufanele siguqule ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa kwethu kwezinto ezibonakalayo, sishintshe izimpahla namasevisi anamandla amancane okusebenzisa ukuze sithenge izimpahla namasevisi adinga amandla amaningi. Kodwa ungalenzi iphutha ngakho. Sidinga ukunqamula ukukhuphuka kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-BIG TIME. Lapho sinciphisa kakhulu izinga lempilo enhle yezomnotho ingakhula ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokucekela phansi imvelo. Labo abaphika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlukana balungile bobabili futhi bayasiphazamisa emsebenzini esiwenzayo.
Okubi nakakhulu, benza kungenzeki ukwakha umfelandawonye wezepolitiki obuningi ngokwanele futhi onamandla ukuze kuvinjwe ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kungani izigaba eziphansi kwezomnotho ezithuthukile zingasekela inhlangano ethi izingane zabo azikwazi ukulangazelela izinga eliphakeme lokuphila? Kungani noma yimuphi kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine abahlala kwezomnotho ezingakathuthuki kahle abangakajabulela izinzuzo zokuthuthukiswa komnotho bengasayina inhlangano ebatshela ukuthi kumelwe balahle ithemba lokujabulela lezo zinzuzo? Impendulo ithi ngeke! Okubuhlungu wukuthi inhlangano yethu yezemvelo ayidingi ukushumayela le ntshumayelo yokuzihlula. Ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, nokuvikela kangcono imvelo jikelele, kuhambisana ngokuphelele nokwanda kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho.
Futhi ngiselapho, ake ngiveze okufanele futhi kube sobala: Noma ngabe singaba nenguquko yomhlaba wonke ye-eco-socialist kusasa, noma ngabe sabeka ubunxiwankulu othulini lomlando, kube kanye njengoba buwufanele ngokucebile. ; umnotho wethu we-eco-socialist kusazodingeka uhlakazeke ngendlela efanayo ukuze uvimbele ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuvikela kangcono imvelo nangezinye izindlela. Umehluko phakathi komnotho we-eco-socialist kanye nomnotho wobunxiwankulu ukuthi owokuqala uzohlinzeka ngosekelo lwesikhungo nolwemibono ukuze kuqedwe ubudlelwano, kanti lo mnotho ubeka izithiyo zesikhungo kanye nemibono ekuhlukaniseni. Kodwa inani lokuhlukanisa elidingekayo liyafana kuzo zombili izimo.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi nakuba ukukhula okusimeme emvelweni kungenzeka ngokucatshangelwayo, akunakwenzeka ngaphakathi kohlelo lonxiwankulu. URichard Harris, ngokwesibonelo, izimangalo ukuthi abagqugquzeli bokukhula kohlaza “bathatha ngokuthi ubunxiwankulu buthandeka ngokwanele kangangokuthi izinto eziyisisekelo zonxiwankulu ‘zingaguqulwa’ kangangokuthi izinkampani zingakwazi, ngandlela thize noma enye, ukuba zibe ngaphansi kokwenza inzuzo ukuze ‘zisindise umhlaba.’” isixuku sokukhula okuluhlaza ekugcineni sikhathazeke kakhulu ngokulondolozwa konxiwankulu kunokusimama kwemvelo.
I-capitalism ingaba luhlaza kakhulu kunalokho obuyikho kuze kube manje-okuyinhlanhla enkulu njengoba ukufaka esikhundleni sobungxiwankulu nge-eco-socialism kungeke kwenzeke ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuvimbela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Onxiwankulu baphishekela inzuzo ngomzila olula. Yebo ngeke bawusindise umhlaba ebuhleni bezinhliziyo zabo. Kodwa asikho isizathu sokuthi singakwazi ukwenza umzila oya enzuzweni ngokukhipha kanye nokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi zibe nzima kakhulu. Futhi asikho isizathu sokuthi singakwazi ukwenza indlela eya enzuzweni ngokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo kanye nokufaka kabusha izakhiwo ukuze konge amandla kube nenzuzo enkulu. Ziningi izindlela zokungenelela ezimakethe ukuze siguqule imiphumela, futhi kuzofanele sizisebenzise zonke emashumini eminyaka ezayo ngoba uhlobo lwesivumelwano esisha esiluhlaza esisidingayo kuzomele sethulwe ngenkathi ezomnotho zisagcwele onxiwankulu.
Yebo, baningi onxiwankulu abaluhlaza abakhathazeke kakhulu ngokugcina ubunxiwankulu kunokuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Eqinisweni, iningi labo alinikezi i-hoot mayelana ne-capitalism ngayinye se, bamane nje banentshisekelo yokwenza inzuzo ngokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo, ukwenza inzuzo ngokukhulisa ukongiwa kwamandla, njll. Kukhona futhi amasocialists akhathazeke kakhulu ngokufaka i-capitalism esikhundleni sokuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona osomathuba “abanezinhlelo ezifihliwe” nhlangothi zombili! Njengakuyo yonke imifelandawonye yezepolitiki eyimpumelelo, umfelandawonye odingekayo ukuze kwethulwe isivumelwano esisha esiluhlaza uzobandakanya osomathuba bemigqa eminingi. Njengoba sinomsebenzi omkhulu wepolitiki osihlalele, sizodinga umfelandawonye omkhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele sibamukele bonke!
Ngabe "isivumelwano esisha esiluhlaza" singabukeka kanjani ngaphansi konxiwankulu? Futhi ingabe zikhona izibonelo zalolo hlobo loshintsho olukhulu ezintweni eziza kuqala kwezomnotho?
Ukushintsha izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kufakwe ezivuselelwa kabusha, ukuguqula hhayi ezokuthutha kuphela kodwa izimboni nezolimo kanye ukuze kuzonge kakhulu amandla kakhudlwana, nokwakha kabusha yonke ingqalasizinda yethu eyakhiwe ukuze songe amandla kuzoba umsebenzi omkhulu, oyingqopha-mlando. Okudingekayo uma sifuna ukugwema ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okungamukelekile “ukuqalwa kabusha” kobuchwepheshe emlandweni wezomnotho, okuguqula lokho okufanele sikucabange njengokuthi I-Fossil-fuel-estan ku Vuselela-conserve-estan. Lena ukuphela kwendlela yokugwema ukuzifaka ekufeni ngokoqobo esikhathini esithile ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo, futhi Ngingase ngengeze, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqasha kabusha amashumi ezigidi ezilahlekelwe yimisebenzi eKuwohlokeni Okukhulu Komnotho kanye nentsha eyizigidi eziyikhulu ezodinga imisebenzi kule minyaka engamashumi amabili ezayo.
Ihlanganisani i-Green New Deal? Isikhuthazo esikhulu sezimali esiluhlaza, ukungenelela okukhulu kukahulumeni ohlelweni lwezikweletu ukuze kuqondiswe kabusha ukutshalwa kwezimali kude namabhamuza ezimpahla kanye nezimpahla zikanokusho ezicekela phansi imvelo zabacebile zibe izinto ezivuselelekayo nokongiwa kwamandla, amazinga avuselelekayo ezinsizakusebenza, amazinga okusebenza okuzenzakalelayo, amakhodi wokwakha awonga amandla, izintela zekhabhoni, izikhawu ezikhishwayo, izimvume zokukhishwa kwezinto ezithengiswayo, izimiso ezinhle zesidala, nokunye okuningi. Isandulela siwuguquko olukhulu lwezinto ezibalulekile kwezomnotho umnotho wase-US owadlula kukho phakathi kuka-1939 no-1942. Njengoba nje siphendule engozini ye-fascism yomhlaba wonke ngokugudluza ngaphezu kwama-50% okukhiqizwa kwempahla esetshenziswayo kuya ezintweni zempi, sidinga impendulo efanayo ku usongo oluyingozi ngokulinganayo lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele.
U-Robert Pollin nabahlanganyeli be-Political Economy Research Institute baye bafaka imininingwane yokuthi i-Green New Deal izobukeka kanjani hhayi e-United States kuphela, kodwa nakwezinye izingxenye eziningi zomnotho womhlaba. Bheka Ukukhula Okuluhlaza: Uhlelo lwase-US futhi Ukukhula Okuluhlaza Komhlaba Wonke: Amandla Ahlanzekile, Ukutshalwa Kwezimali kanye Nemisebenzi. Okutholakele okukhulu ukuthi bekuzobiza kancane kangakanani emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo ukuze umhlaba ungabi namafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ngamafuphi, u-Pollin nabahlanganyeli bakhe babonisa ukuthi izithiyo zokuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ziyipolitiki, hhayi ezobuchwepheshe.
Ngokombono wenhlangano yobulungisa besimo sezulu (CJM), yimiphi imiphumela ebambekayo yenkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokukhula?
I-Climate Justice Movement isivele yenze amaphutha amakhulu amabili amakhulu. Ingakwazi ukukhokhela okwesithathu ngokuzihlanganisa namandla okunciphisa ukukhula.
Ku-COP 21 e-Paris wonke amazwe amemezele isifungo sawo sokunciphisa ukungcola [I-Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, INDC]. I-CJM ibe nethuba lokwethula umkhankaso omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe ochaza ukuthi yiziphi izithembiso ezihambisana nezibopho zezwe (zokudala inkinga) namandla (okwenza iminikelo ekuxazululeni inkinga.) Ngaphambi kwemihlangano yaseParis abacwaningi bokulingana babefinyelele ukuvumelana okubanzi mayelana nokuxazulula inkinga. indlela yokwahlulela iziphakamiso, nokuhlola kwakutholakala kalula. Bheka isibonelo iClimate Equity Calculator kokuthi www.ecoequity.org. Okwaboniswa yilokhu kuhlola ukuthi izithembiso zamazwe athuthuke kakhudlwana ezimweni eziningi zasilela kakhulu kwisabelo sawo esifanelekile, kuyilapho izithembiso zamazwe angathuthukile kancane zazihambisana namasheya awo afanelekile ezimweni eziningi. I-CJM bekumele yeseke amazwe enza izithembiso ezinobulungiswa, nokugxekwa kwamazwe izithembiso zawo ezingaphumeleli, okubaluleke kakhulu eParis. Ngokungenzi njalo i-CJM yehlulekile ukunikeza ukweseka okusobala kohulumeni bamazwe abanikela ngokwenza isabelo sabo esifanelekile futhi bahlanganise ingcindezi yomphakathi ngokumelene nohulumeni bamazwe abahlulekayo.
Phambilini i-CJM yenze iphutha lokwenqaba ngokuphelele noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhweba ngekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe njengomkhonyovu kanye “nesixazululo esingamanga.” Lokhu kuyishwa elikhulu futhi kuwumbono omfishane ngoba okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthola amazwe asethuthuke kakhulu ukuthi akhokhele isabelo sawo esifanelekile sokunciphisa umhlaba ukuphoqelela ukuthi athenge amakhredithi okunciphisa emazweni angathuthukile kancane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umqondo wokulungiswa kwesimo sezulu “ulungile” kangakanani, ayikho indlela amazwe acebile azokhokha ngayo izinxephezelo. Amazwe acebile asevele ahoxile ezithembisweni ezincane kakhulu zokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezezimali nobuchwepheshe emazweni ampofu. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyogwenywa ngokufanele kuphela ngokukwenza ngenjongo yokuzizuzisa abathutha igesi emazweni acebile ukuze bathenge izikweletu ezidingekayo ezivela emazweni ampofu. Esikhundleni sokwamukela leli thuba i-CJM igxeke ukuhweba nge-carbon nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, yenqaba ukusekela izindlela ezilula zokulungisa izinhlelo zokuhweba ukuze zisebenze kahle futhi zingenzeleli, futhi yashaya isifuba sayo ifuna ukunxeshezelwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. (3).
Uma i-CJM manje ivuma umnyakazo wokususa ukukhula izophinde izinikele emgqonyeni womlando. Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhula komnotho kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimpilo zeningi labantu emhlabeni, inkundla “yokunciphisa ukukhula” ifuna ukuzibulala lapho kuzanywa ukwakha ukunyakaza okukhulu ukuvimbela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uma kubhekwa ingcebo eningi elawulwa abacebe kakhulu ngo-1% ukwabiwa kabusha okukhulu komcebo kungahlinzeka izidingo eziyisisekelo zawo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kokukhula komnotho okwengeziwe.
Cwilisa abacebile ukuze uqede ubumpofu. Ngabe kulula kangaka! Akulula nje ukucwilisa abacebile, akulona iqiniso ukuthi singaqeda ubumpofu ngokuphinde sabele abampofu imali engenayo ngaphandle kokukhula komnotho. Baningi kakhulu abampofu futhi abambalwa kakhulu abacebile.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lesi simo sesishintshile ngandlela-thile kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. Ushintsho olukhulu ukuthi i-1% ephezulu manje isinokuningi kakhulu kunakuqala. Ngakho ukucwilisa izicebi kwakuyobangela ubumpofu obukhulu emhlabeni kunokuba bekungaba njalo maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili lapho ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo kwakungalingani kangako kunanamuhla. Kepha akulona iqiniso ukuthi wonke umuntu e-US namuhla angakhushulelwa esigabeni esimaphakathi ngokucwilisa abacebile e-US. Futhi akulona iqiniso ukuthi izidingo eziyisisekelo zawo wonke umuntu zingahlangatshezwa emhlabeni wonke ngokusabalalisa kabusha imali engenayo emhlabeni wonke. Kafushane, ukukhula kwesilinganiso senhlalakahle yezomnotho kusadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zawo wonke umuntu. Ngenhlanhla lokhu kungenzeka ngokuphelele njengoba siqeda ngokushesha ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni wonke.
Lena akuyona ingxabano ephikisana nokucwilisa abacebile. Kufanele sizicwilise ngayo yonke isenti esingakwazi ukukhuphula izinga lempilo yabampofu. Kodwa ukucwilisa abacebile akwanele ukuqeda ubumpofu emhlabeni wonke, ngakho ukukhula komnotho okwengeziwe kuyadingeka futhi. Ngingase futhi ngiveze ukuthi ngokuvamile kulula ukusabalalisa ingcebo entsha ngokulinganayo kunokudlulisa ingcebo ekhona isuka kulabo abanobuningi iye kwabancane. Lena akuyona impikiswano yokuziphatha ephikisana nokudluliswa kwengcebo, ukubuka nje okungokoqobo. Eminyakeni engama-30 ezayo kuzokwakhiwa ingcebo emisha eyengeziwe ngendlela yamasheya amasha esitoko, ukwanda kwamanani ezakhiwo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni amakhulu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, amalungelo okukhipha ama-GHG emkhathini ongaphezulu kunenani lomcebo okhona namuhla. Indlela ekhiqiza kakhulu yokulinganisa ukwabiwa kwengcebo kungaba ukugxila ekutheni ubani othola ingcebo entsha, kunokuzama ukwaba kabusha ingcebo ekhona.
Ukubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu kudinga kangakanani izinguquko ezinqala endleleni yokuphila kanye nokusetshenziswa komuntu ojwayelekile osebenzayo eGlobal North?
Esikudlayo kuzofanele kushintshe. Sihlala kuphi futhi kanjani futhi sisebenza futhi sizithutha kuzofanele sishintshe. Izinga lokuphila elisezingeni eliphakathi ngeke lisaqukatha ikhaya elivuza amandla endaweni eyikota yehektare elinegaraji lezimoto ezimbili ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zamamayela okuhamba ngonyaka. Sizophila ngobumbene. Sizokwabelana ngezikhala ezinkudlwana, ezivulekile eziphakeme kunalezi esinazo namuhla. Sizosebenzisa izimpahla eziningi zomphakathi nezimbalwa. Amandla okusebenza kwemvelo kubhasikidi wethu osetshenziswayo wangasese azoba ngaphansi kakhulu. Futhi njengoba abantu befinyelela ohlotsheni olusha lwezinga lokuphila elisezingeni eliphakathi bazokwengeza ukwanda okwengeziwe ekukhiqizeni kwabo kwezabasebenzi njengokungcebeleka nokuncane njengokusetshenziswa. Kodwa asikho isizathu sokuthi inhlalakahle yezomnotho ayinakwenyuka ezizukulwaneni ezizayo eGlobal North kuyilapho ivikela ngokwanele imvelo—ngisho nanjengoba izakhamuzi zaseGlobal North zamukela isabelo sazo esifanelekile somthwalo wemfanelo wokuthwala izindleko zoshintsho olukhulu, lomhlaba, nobuchwepheshe phakathi nesikhathi. ingxenye yekhulu elandelayo. I-De-carbonization izodinga ukuthi siphile ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa sonke singaphila kangcono kakhulu-futhi lowo ngumlayezo umnyakazo wemvelo odinga ukugcizelela.
Ngicabanga ngamagesi amakhulu abamba ukushisa ngokwemboni I-united states (futhi emhlabeni jikelele): izitshalo zikagesi, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni, uhlelo lwezokuthutha, kanye nezolimo. Kubonakala sengathi ezimbili zokuqala (izitshalo zamandla nezimboni) zingaguqulwa ngokuphelele ukuze zisebenze ngamandla ahlanzekile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kabi inani likagesi wenani elikhiqizwayo. Okwesithathu, ukuguqukela kwezokuthutha ngobuningi kuzosho ushintsho lwendlela yokuphila kubantu abaningi abasebenzayo nabasezingeni eliphakathi abajwayele ukushayela, nakuba kungenjalo ngempela ushintsho olubi. Kodwa ukunciphisa ukukhishwa okuvela emthonjeni wokugcina—ezolimo zezentengiselwano—kuzobonakala kudinga ukuqondiswa kabusha okuqinile kokudla kwabantu abaningi okunenyama. Ngisho nasengxenyeni enkulu yeGlobal South, abantu abaningi besigaba sabasebenzi badla inyama nsuku zonke.
Ngokwe-EPA GHG ekhishwa yizimboni e-US ngo-2011 yayiyi: amandla kagesi angama-33%, ezokuthutha ama-28%, izimboni ama-20%, ezokwakha 11%, kanye nezolimo 8%. Uguquko kugesi seluqalile njengoba i-king coal isifile kanti nezindleko zomoya nelanga zehla. Inselele enkulu yezobuchwepheshe emkhakheni kagesi ukwakha kabusha igridi eguquguqukayo nehlakaniphile. Iningi lethu lalicabanga ukuthi ukuze kuncishiswe intuthu ezimotweni zokuthutha kuzofanele kushintshwe izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi kanye nezinguquko ezinhlelweni zasemadolobheni ukuze abantu bangabe besahamba bezulazula ngoba babekwazi ukuhlala, ukusebenza, ukuya esikoleni, ukuthenga ezindaweni eziningi. ezindaweni zabo. Manje kubonakala sengathi izimoto zikagesi zizobusa imigwaqo kwelinye ishumi leminyaka—kungcono noma kukubi. Empeleni, sisendleleni yokuhambisa amandla amaningi okuthuthwa sikuyise emkhakheni kagesi ovuselelwa kabusha. Okokugcina, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuguqula ingxenye enkulu yezimboni ukuze kuncishiswe umoya okhishwayo kuzoba lula kunokunciphisa intuthu ekhishwayo kwezolimo, njengoba uphakamisa. Kodwa noma ngabe akekho noyedwa kithina odla inyama osephenduke inyama yemifino singathola u-92% wendlela eya ekhaya. Kafushane, ukudla imifino kungase kube into enhle. Kodwa uma kunjalo ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yezizathu zempilo kanye nezizathu zamalungelo ezilwane, hhayi ngoba singavimbela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokungadli inyama.
Lena akuyona impikiswano emelene nezinguquko ezinkulu ohlelweni lwethu lwezolimo ukuze lusimeme futhi lube nempilo. Njengengxenye yocwaningo lweminyaka eminingi “lweMikhankaso Yesikhathi Esizayo Yomnotho,” i-Economics for Equity and the Environment yagunyaza izifundo eziyisibonelo ezimbili mayelana nezolimo ezihlukile e-US—esisodwa e-Hardwick, VT, enye e-Pioneer Valley eWestern MA. Labo abanentshisekelo ekuhloleni okusekelwe kudatha yezinzuzo zezinye izindlela zezolimo, izihluthulelo zempumelelo, kanye nezithiyo enye i-ag okufanele inqobe e-US bangathola izifundo ku- www.futureecon.com.
Ngabe ukukhula komnotho okusimeme ngaphansi kohlelo lwesocialist kungase kubukeke kanjani?
Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngokuthi i-eco-socialism izobukeka kanjani ngendlela ebambekayo, ake ngigcizelele iphuzu elilodwa elibonakala liphunyukile kulabo abangakwesobunxele abathi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungagwenywa kuphela ngokufaka esikhundleni sobunxiwankulu bomhlaba kufakwe i-eco-socialism yomhlaba, ngakho-ke zonke izinyathelo eziphakathi nendawo zingagwenywa. okushodayo kokuthi "ushintsho lwesistimu" "kuyizixazululo ezingamanga." Ukube wonke amazwe omhlaba ane-eco-socialist economies kusazomele axoxisane ngesivumelwano sesimo sezulu samazwe ngamazwe. Futhi kusazobukeka njengesivumelwano engisishilo esisidingayo emhlabeni wanamuhla (4). Ohulumeni bamazwe e-eco-socialist kusazodingeka ukuthi:
- Setha isilinganiso somhlaba jikelele mayelana nekhabhoni ehambisana nalokho ososayensi abasitshela ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi ukuthi likhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-1.5 degrees Celsius.
- Sabalalisa amalungelo asele okukhipha umoya ngendlela efanele phakathi kwamazwe, okungukuthi ngokomthwalo wemfanelo ohlukile namandla.
- Vumela amazwe ukuthi ahwebe ngamakhredithi ekhabhoni.
Umehluko kuphela emhlabeni wonke kungaba ukuthi ohulumeni bamazwe e-eco-socialist bangase bazimisele kakhulu ukuxoxisana, ukusayina, futhi baphile ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano esinjalo.
Ngaphakathi, umnotho kazwelonke we-eco-socialist kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlanganyele ezinhlelweni zentuthuko ezithatha isikhathi eside, ukuhlela utshalomali lweminyaka emi-5, kanye nokuhlelwa kokubamba iqhaza kwaminyaka yonke ngendlela abanye bethu abayiphakamisile kumodeli yethu yomnotho obamba iqhaza. (5). Lena ukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izithiyo zemvelo ziyaqashelwa, umonakalo ovela ezikhiqizweni zibalwa lapho kuthathwa izinqumo, kanye nokwenyuka kokusebenza kahle kokusebenza kuhambisana nokukhula komkhiqizo wabasebenzi.
Iningi labantu abazazisayo bezenhlalakahle eGlobal North babonakala benqaba izimakethe zekhabhoni ngokungananazi, njengomkhonyovu oklanywe abangcolisi ukuze kuvinjwe ushintsho lwangempela. Ukunyakaza komphakathi eGlobal South—in i-Latin America ngokwesibonelo-kubonakala sengathi ihlukene phakathi kule ndaba. Abamelene nabo bavame ukucaphuna i-European Union's Emissions Trading System njengobufakazi bokuthi izimakethe zekhabhoni azikunqamuli ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa. Kusho ukuthini ukwehluleka kohlelo lwe-EU, futhi ingabe zikhona izibonelo eziphambene zezinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu zokuhweba nokuhweba?
Inani lokugxekwa okungenalwazi kwezimakethe zekhabhoni, ukuhweba ngekhabhoni, ukususwa kwekhabhoni, njll. okukhifuzwe kwesokunxele kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule kungagcwalisa ulwandle. Zimbili izinto ezidala lokhu kuthukuthela: Okokuqala, akekho othanda umqondo wokubeka inani emvelweni kanye nokuthengisa imvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwenqatshwa kwezimakethe zekhabhoni nganoma yiluphi uhlobo kuyingxenye yokunengwa okufanele ngokudayiswa kwempilo. Okwesibili, abaningi—nakuba kungenjalo bonke abangakwesokunxele—bayaqonda ukuthi izimakethe ziyingxenye yenkinga. Inkinga akubona nje ubunikazi bangasese bezindlela zokukhiqiza. Ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi yethu yezomnotho ehlobene ngokusebenzisa izimakethe nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezomnotho wokuncintisana nokuhaha esizithola sibhajwe kukho, futhi sidinga ukuzikhipha (6). Ngakho-ke abantu bayacabanga, uma izimakethe ziyingxenye yenkinga, imakethe yekhabhoni ingaba kanjani ingxenye yesixazululo?
Kodwa ngaphandle kokungazi okukhulu mayelana nokuthi izimakethe zekhabhoni zisebenza kanjani futhi zingasebenza kanjani, nakhu abaningi abashiywe behluleka ukukuqonda: Siphila ohlelweni lwemakethe. Futhi kuze kube yilapho singakwenzi, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuguqula okwenzekayo ukungenelela noma ukulawula izimakethe ngendlela eyodwa noma enye. Ingabe osonhlalakahle bayayigxeka imikhankaso yokunyusa amaholo amancane ngezizathu zokuthi noma yini engase iqedwe ngokuphelele ubugqila beholo “iyisixazululo samanga”? Cha. Siyaqaphela ukuthi kuze kube yilapho sesikwazi ukuqeda ubugqila obukhokhelwayo, inani eliphakeme lezigqila eziholayo lingcono kuneliphansi. Okufanayo kuthinta ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Kuze kube yilapho singena esikhundleni sohlelo lwezimakethe sidinga ukungenelela ohlelweni lwezimakethe ukuze sinciphise ukukhishwa kwe-GHG. Njengamanje labo abakuthola kuyinzuzo yabo ukusebenzisa kabi imvelo ngokudedela ama-GHG emkhathini benza kanjalo ngaphandle kokukhokha isenti—yingakho ama-megaton amaningi kakhulu ekhishiwe, futhi ekhishwa. Ohlelweni lwemakethe enye indlela yokunciphisa intuthu ekhishwayo iwukuphoqa abathutha igesi ukuba bakhokhele umonakalo abawubangelayo ngokubakhokhisa intela ngeyunithi ngayinye yezisi ezikhishwayo. Enye indlela ukuvala ukukhishwa okuphelele futhi ufune ukuthi abathumeli bathenge izimvume zanoma yini abayikhiphayo. Kuzo zombili izimo sithengisa ngamalungelo okuhlukumeza imvelo. Uxolo ngalokho, kodwa kuze kube yilapho sishintsha uhlelo lwemakethe akukho okunye ngaphandle kokuvumela amabhizinisi ahlukumeze imvelo mahhala. Kunoma ikuphi, imiphumela iyafana kukho kokubili intela kanye nenqubomgomo ye-cap-and-trade, nakuba intela ingadali imakethe entsha kuyilapho kwenziwa uhlelo lwe-cap-and-trade. Inketho yami yokuqala yethuluzi lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngokuvamile intela yekhabhoni, ngokwengxenye ngoba ayidali imakethe entsha. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwezombusazwe nezimo zendawo ngokuvamile kwenza elinye ithuluzi lenqubomgomo noma inhlanganisela yamathuluzi isebenze kahle, futhi izishoshovu ze-CJM zivame ukuphikisa lapho zigxeka ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yini, ngaphandle kwenqubomgomo ethile eziyithandayo ngaphandle kokuyiqonda ngempela, a priori izizathu.
Nokho, isimo sihlukile uma sicabangela inqubomgomo yamazwe ngamazwe. Futhi lena into yesibili izishoshovu ze-CJM ezihlulekayo ukuyiqonda. Abaningi babo bazimisele ukusekela intela ye-carbon kodwa bagxeka imakethe ye-carbon international. Bacabanga ukuthi ukukhokhisa abangcolisi intela kuhle, kodwa izimakethe zimbi. Kodwa nansi indida. Ayikho indlela intela ye-carbon yamazwe ngamazwe engaba nobulungisa emazweni anomthwalo wemfanelo omncane namandla. Intela ye-carbon yamazwe ngamazwe izodinga amazwe angaphansi kwesibopho nanekhono ukuze akhokhe inani elifanayo ukuze avimbele ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengamazwe anomthwalo wemfanelo kanye namandla (7). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ama-caps ekukhishweni kazwelonke abekwe ngendlela efanele, futhi uma izikweletu ezikhishwayo zingathengwa futhi zidayiswe emakethe ye-carbon yamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe anomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu futhi anekhono azophoqeleka ukuba akhokhele isabelo sawo esifanele sokuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo omncane. futhi amazwe anekhono ayezokhokha kuphela lokho okufanele akhokhe. Ngamafuphi, izishoshovu ze-CJM kufanele ziphikise iziphakamiso zentela yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ngoba ngeke ilunge, futhi kufanele isekele iziphakamiso zenqubomgomo yomhlaba wonke yokuhweba nokuthengisa lapho amalungelo kazwelonke akhishwayo ebekwa ngokomthwalo wemfanelo ohlukile namandla. Kunalokho, kaningi baye benza okuphambene nalokho.
I-EU Emission Trading System ibidumaza. Isizathu silula. Kwakhishwa izimvume eziningi kakhulu, okulingana nokubeka intela yokungcoliswa kwemvelo ephansi kakhulu futhi kunomphumela omncane kakhulu. I-Clean Development Mechanism eyayiyingxenye ye-Kyoto Protocol yayiklanywe kabi, nakuba yayingeyona neze ukwehluleka abagxeki be-CJM abakwenza kwaba yikho, futhi ayizange yehluleke ngenxa yezizathu ababeziphikisa. (8). I-AB [Assembly Bill] 32 eCalifornia ibe yimpumelelo impela, futhi manje iQuebec ne-Ontario sebejoyine uhlelo lokuhweba lwaseCalifornia. I-RGGI [i-Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative] eNyakatho-mpumalanga nayo isebenze kahle. Ngamafuphi, uma ziklanywe kahle, lezi zinhlelo ziyasebenza. Uma ziklanywe kabi azikwenzi. Kodwa okungeke kusebenze ngempela ukwenqaba ukusekela ukungenelela okuklanywe kahle, ukukugxeka “njengezixazululo zamanga,” nokulinda ukuba i-capitalism yomhlaba wonke ithathelwe indawo yi-eco-socialism yomhlaba wonke.
Ubhale ngokubaluleka kokunciphisa amahora okusebenza nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphumula njengengxenye yokubhekana nenkinga yemvelo. Kungani lokho kubaluleke kangaka?
Ngicabanga ukuthi ukulwa nokuguqula imikhuba yabantu emayelana nokungcebeleka uma kuqhathaniswa nokudla kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzama ukukholisa abantu ukuthi badle imifino, okungenani ngokombono wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa umuntu obhale ngolwazi oluningi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwabathengi nguJuliet Schor, hhayi mina. Ngicabanga ukuthi ubeka impikiswano enhle kakhulu, futhi abaningi manje bayamlalela. Impikiswano empeleni iwukuthi: Uma abantu sebefinyelele izinga elithile lokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe ngokushesha kufinyelela izinzuzo ezinciphayo mayelana nokukhiqiza injabulo eyengeziwe, noma inhlalakahle. Buyanda ubufakazi bokuthi kunjalo. Lena akuyona ingxabano emelene nokuqhubeka nokulwela ukukhulisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi. Esikhundleni salokho kuyimpikiswano yokuthatha ukwenyuka kokukhiqizwa kwezabasebenzi njengokuzilibazisa okukhulu esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo. Yebo uma ukwanda kokukhiqiza kwezabasebenzi kubangela ukuba amahora ambalwa asetshenziwe esikhundleni sezimpahla eziningi ezikhiqizwayo, imvelo nayo iba ngcono ngoba ukusebenza kwezemvelo ngeke kunyuke. Ngamafuphi, ukuzilibazisa okwandayo kungaba impumelelo kubantu kanye nemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, ngiyashesha ukwengeza ukuthi sidinga ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwalabo abasampofu kwezomnotho ezithuthukile, kanye neningi labo emazweni aneminotho engathuthukile abangakahlomuli ekuthuthukisweni komnotho. Lapho izidingo eziyisisekelo zingafezeki ukuzilibazisa okwengeziwe akunakuthatha indawo.
Esikhathini lapho ososayensi besimo sezulu beletha izixwayiso ezesabekayo cishe nsuku zonke, ingabe uyazibona izibonelo ezithembisayo zokuhlela okudumile mayelana nesimo sezulu?
Yebo, izixwayiso zinzima ngempela nsuku zonke. Futhi sidinga ukukukhumbula lokhu. Nokho, nginethemba elikhulu kunaseminyakeni embalwa edlule mayelana nempendulo yethu. Okokuqala nokubalulekile, ngikholwa ukuthi siyayinqoba impi yemibono, futhi abaphikayo baya bebodwa. Okwesibili, izindleko zomoya nelanga zehla ngokushesha kakhulu kunalokho ebengikulindele. Okwesithathu, ukuthi ingakanani izinqubomgomo ezinhle ezisetshenziswa ohulumeni bezwe ezingafezwa kuboniswa ezindaweni ezifana neJalimane neChina.
Ngisho nalapha e-US kube nenqubekelaphambili enkulu kwezinye izifunda—eCalifornia, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho-mpumalanga. Amaqhawe ami abahleli kanye nama-NGO afunde ukuthi angahlanganisa kanjani imifelandawonye eqhubekayo ukuze enze inqubekelaphambili yangempela emhlabeni wokuphisana nokuthatha wepolitiki yasekhaya neyezwe. Ezinye izishoshovu zendawo ze-CJM namaqembu adlale indima ekhiqizayo kuleyo mizamo. Kodwa-ke, ngiyazisola ukusho ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi inhlangano ezimemezela yona yobulungisa besimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele ibe yinhlekelele enkulu kuze kube manje. Lokhu kuyishwa ngempela ngoba i-CJM ingadlala indima ewusizo kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngethemba ukuthi i-CJM izofunda emaphutheni ayo, futhi ifunde ukuthi abanye bakwazi kanjani ukufeza okuningi.
amanothi:
1. Ukuze uthole ingxoxo yezindlela eziningi i-GDP ehluleka ngayo ukukala ukuphila kahle kwezomnotho, nokuhlolwa kwemizamo eyahlukene yokuthuthukisa ikhono lethu lokukala ukuthi ikhula kangakanani inhlalakahle yezomnotho, bheka uRobin Hahnel, I-Green Economics: Ibhekana Nenhlekelele Yemvelo (Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2011), Isahluko 3, kanye “Nesidingo Sokukhula: Beyond Assuming Conclusions,” Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Radical Political Economics I-45, cha. 1 (2013): 24-41.
2. Bheka uRobin Hahnel. "Ukusimama Kwemvelo Kuhlaka lwe-Sraffa," Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Radical Political Economics (okuzayo), ukuze kuboniswe ngokuqinile ukuthi inqobo nje uma izinga lokukhula lokukhiqiza lingasheshi ukudlula izinga lokukhula kokusebenza kahle kokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle ngeke kwenyuke ngisho noma amahora asetshenziwe ehlala engashintshi futhi akukho shintsho ekubunjweni okukhiphayo esikhundleni sezimpahla ezisebenzisa kakhulu ukungena ezimpahleni eziningi ezisebenzisa amandla amaningi.
3. Bheka uRobin Hahnel, "Left Clouds Over Climate Change Policy," Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Radical Political Economics 44, no. 2 (2012): 141-159, kanye http://newpol.org/content/
4. Bheka uRobin Hahnel, “Ukufuna Kakhulu Ubunye Kwesokunxele Kunqubomgomo Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu,” I-Capitalism, Imvelo, I-Socialism I-23, cha. 4 (2012): 83-99.
5. Ukuze uthole incazelo yokuthi umnotho wangemva kobunxiwankulu ungasebenza kanjani bheka uRobin Hahnel, Kubantu, Ngabantu: Icala Lomnotho Obambe iqhaza (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2012). Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okuqinile kokuthi ukungcola kungaphathwa kanjani emnothweni onjalo bheka uRobin Hahnel, “Okufunwayo: Ukonakala Kokungcola Okuvezwa Inqubo,” Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Radical Political Economics (okuzayo).
6. Bheka u-Robin Hahnel, “Ngokumelene Nomnotho Wemakethe: Iseluleko Kubangani BaseVenezuela,” Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga I-59, cha. 8 (2008).
7. Kuphela uma ngabe i-ejensi yamazwe ngamazwe iqoqe intela ye-carbon yamazwe ngamazwe futhi yayisabalalisa kabusha emazweni asekelwe phezu komthwalo wemfanelo ohlukile namandla lapho intela ye-carbon yamazwe ngamazwe ingaba nobulungisa. Kodwa alikho izwe elizovumela i-ejensi yamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi iqoqe intela kubahlali bayo namabhizinisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zibuze ukuthi ungacabanga yini uhulumeni wase-US ethumela ingxenye enkulu yentela yekhabhoni ayiqoqile kubantu baseMelika iya eChina, ngokwesibonelo. Ngoba yilokhu obekuzomele kwenzeke ukuze intela yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ilunge.
8. Bheka i-Hahnel, “Left Clouds Over Climate Change Policy.”
URobin Hahnel unguSolwazi Emeritus eNyuvesi yaseMelika eWashington DC, Inxusa Lokucwaninga eNyuvesi yasePortland State, uProfessor Ovakashele eLewis naseClark College, kanye noCo-Director we-Economics for Equity and Environment. Ungumbhali futhi, phakathi kwezinye izincwadi, I-Green Economics: Ibhekana Nenhlekelele Yemvelo (2011), Kubantu, Ngabantu: Icala Lomnotho Obambe iqhaza (2012), Ama-ABC Omnotho Wezepolitiki (2014), kanye Okunye Okungenziwa Kwi-Capitalism: Iziphakamiso Zomnotho Wentando Yeningi (no-Erik Olin Wright, 2016).
Kevin Young unguMsizi Woprofesa Wezomlando eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts Amherst.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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Ngibhekana nokungezwani okukhulu kwengqondo ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko maqondana nokuxoshwa kombhali kokushintsha ukudla kwethu kube yi-veganism yokuziphatha efanelekile njengokungabalulekile enkingeni yesimo sezulu.
Ngokuqinisekile, uma kuyiqiniso ukuthi indawo efanayo yomhlaba okhiqizayo okhiqizela abantu ukudla kwezitshalo kumelwe iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-12 ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elilinganayo lokudla lokudla kwezilwane, khona-ke mayelana nokusebenza kahle kungaba nenzuzo enkulu? Ngokukhula kwenani labantu kanye nokukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle (ukunciphisa indawo ekhiqizayo) singabhekana kanjani nodoti omkhulu ohilelekile ekukhuleni kwethu kwenyama yokudla?
Ividiyo ethi Cowspiracy (ebukeka ku-Netflix) ixoxa indaba ehluke kakhulu kulokhu kuhlaziya okuhle kakhulu.