I-Bolivia iqale ukungqubuzana ngezinhlelo zikahulumeni eziyimpikiswano zokwakha umgwaqo omkhulu onqamula e-Isiboro-Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory (TIPNIS), indawo yomdabu kanye nemvelo evikelekile ngaphansi komthetho wase-Bolivia. Uhulumeni ugcizelela ukuthi umgwaqo onguthelawayeka uyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho wesifunda kanye nokwenza lula ukuthunyelwa kwegesi, uwoyela, nezinye izinto umnotho waseBolivia oncike kuzo. Kodwa ngokoMthethosisekelo wezwe ka-2009, noma iyiphi iphrojekthi yezomnotho noma yentuthuko ezonqamula indawo yomdabu kufanele ithole imvume yemiphakathi ethintekile. Esikhathini esingangenyanga edlule, amaqembu abomdabu avela endaweni ye-TIPNIS abemasha emakhulwini amakhilomitha esuka eminyangweni yaseCochabamba naseBeni eBolivia eya ngasentshonalanga eya enhloko-dolobha yaseLa Paz ephikisana nomsebenzi wokwakha futhi ecela ukuthi uhulumeni ahambisane ne-16- iphuzu uhlu lwezidingo. Ngemuva kwemizamo eminingi ehlulekile yokuxoxisana phakathi kukahulumeni nabamashi, ukungqubuzana kuqhume ngeSonto eledlule, Septhemba 25.th, lapho amaphoyisa aseBolivia angaba ngu-500 edubula ngesisi esikhalisa izinyembezi futhi evalela abantu abaningi ababemasha, benamanxeba amaningana. Yize kungakacaci kahle ukuthi yiziphi izikhulu eziyalele isenzo samaphoyisa (indawo yakamuva imibhalo yangaphakathi kuthinta uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, u-Nilda Copa), ingcindezelo yangeSonto kanye nendlela uhulumeni abhekane ngayo nemiphakathi yomdabu ye-TIPNIS kucekele phansi kakhulu isithunzi sikaMongameli u-Evo Morales njengomlweli wamalungelo abomdabu nawemvelo, nokuqhubeka nokuhlukanisa isisekelo. yezinhlangano zomdabu kanye nezinye zezenhlalo ezifake uMorales emandleni. Ilungu lekhabhinethi elilodwa selivele lesulile ngenxa yokubhikisha, kanti ezinye izikhulu eziningi okubalwa noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi zisulile ngoba zisola kakhulu ngengcindezelo. Yize imikhakha eminingi yenhlangano yezenhlalo igcina ukwesekwa okuqinile kukho kokubili i-Morales kanye nesiphakamiso somgwaqo omkhulu, lolu daba seluhlukanise nezingxenye ezibalulekile zezimpande ezisele.
Uhlaka oluyisisekelo lokungqubuzana kwe-TIPNIS lumbozwe emibikweni eminingi yezindaba eku-inthanethi etholakala ngesiNgisi, ngakho-ke ngeke ngibuyekeze yonke imininingwane nokulandelana kwezikhathi lapha (abafundi abanentshisekelo bangabheka eka-Emily Achtenberg. blog e-NACLA noma kwa-Dario Kenner blog ukuze uthole izibuyekezo ezijwayelekile). Umgomo wami, esikhundleni salokho, uwukunikeza imibono ethile mayelana nemithelela yokungqubuzana kwe-TIPNIS kwezombusazwe zaseBolivia, imodeli yokuthuthukiswa komnotho elandelwa u-Evo Morales, kanye nalabo abamelene nombuso wamazwe angaphandle kwaseBolivia abafisa ukuma ebunyeni nabacindezelwe baseBolivia.
Ngiphinde ngifune ukuveza ukukhanya ngobunkimbinkimbi besimo samanje, ngigwema imibono ephelele engicabanga ukuthi abanye ababukele bayithathile. Nakuba kungenakuphikwa ukuthi uhulumeni unecala lokwephula amalungelo abomdabu kulokhu futhi kufanele agxekwe, isimo asilula njengoba abanye besho. Izimbangela zamanje zokungqubuzana ukungezwani kukahulumeni-futhi ngezinye izikhathi ubuwula-kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ukunganaki amalungelo edlanzana labantu kuzoletha ukuphindisela okuncane kwezombusazwe (abamashi ngokwabo bangase babe necala elithile ngokwehluleka kwezingxoxo, kodwa ngibona sengathi icala elikhulu likuhulumeni). Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwezimbangela zamanje kunezingqinamba ezijulile zesakhiwo kanye nokungqubuzana okugcizelela ubunzima obuningi benguquko yezenhlalo emnothweni ongathuthukisiwe kakhulu, osekelwe embonini efana neBolivia.
Isimo sezepolitiki saseBolivia
Ukusabela kwelungelo laseBolivia, futhi mhlawumbe kukahulumeni wase-US ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe, kube yinjabulo enkulu ekuhlukaneni kwesizinda sikaMorales kanye nenkinga yokwethembeka uhulumeni waseBolivia abhekane nayo. Labo abangakaze babonise ukukhathalela okukhulu ngamalungelo omdabu noma ezemvelo manje bazama ngokubhuqa ukusebenzisa isizathu se-TIPNIS ukuze bazizuzele ngokwabo kwezombusazwe. Esontweni eledlule, amaphephandaba kanye nemisakazo eminingi ephiko lwesokudla lapha eLa Paz baye bangena ngemibiko engaqinisekisiwe yokushona kwababhikishi ezandleni zamaphoyisa, bebika lezo zinsolo njengeziyiqiniso futhi bekhuluma ngababhikishi "abanyamalala" kanye "nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi." ” ngolimi ngokungangabazeki kwahloselwe ukukhumbuza umbuso wobushiqela wezempi waseLatin America. (Kusukela kulo mbhalo, akukaqinisekiswa ukuthi kushone abantu, futhi ummeli wamalungelo abantu wezwe, owagxeka ngokushesha ukucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa, wathi ukuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ingane yabulawa ukuhogela isisi esikhalisa unyembezi, njengoba kwakunjalo kabanzi kubikwe njengeqiniso ezinsukwini ezilandela ukungqubuzana; Khonamanjalo, abaholi bale mashi babike ngokufa kwabantu abaningi ngokunganaki ngenxa yesenzo samaphoyisa, mhlawumbe becabanga ukuthi sizobasiza. Ezinye izimpawu nemidwebo eLa Paz zibize uMorales ngokuthi “umbulali.”)
Abagxeki abaphiko lwesokudla e-US naseBolivia abafuni ukukuvuma, nokho, ukuthi ukungqubuzana kwamanje phakathi kukaMorales nemikhakha eminingi yenhlangano yezenhlalo akukhombisi ukuphoxeka ngemibono kaMorales kwesokunxele yokusatshalaliswa kabusha kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, amalungelo abomdabu, imvelo, kanye nokuphikisana. -umbuso wama-imperialism, kodwa kunalokho ukunganeliseki ngokubonakala kokwehluleka ukusekela leyo mibono, njengoba izimpawu zababhikishi kanye nezitatimende zomphakathi zenza kucace [bona izithombe]. Iningi elinamandla labantu baseBolivia lihlala liyizwele kakhulu imibono enjalo, okusho ukuthi lizomelana ngokuqinile nokubuyela esimweni sekhasimende sase-US esine-neoliberal. Ukugxeka kwabo uMorales akukhombisi ukwesekwa kwamabutho aphiko lwesokudla noma avunywe yi-US—okuphambene nje.
Ingcindezelo yamaphoyisa ngeSonto ikhuthaze ubumbano olukhulu ezweni lonke, ngamakhulu abantu (mhlawumbe abangaphezu kwenkulungwane) abamasha cishe nsuku zonke kuleli sonto eledlule lapha eLa Paz. I-CONAMAQ, inhlangano yomdabu enkulu ezinze ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisentshonalanga, inakho ngokungangabazeki kusekelwe ababhikishi be-TIPNIS. Umfelandawonye omkhulu wabasebenzi, i-COB, ucele isiteleka sosuku olulodwa ngoLwesithathu olwedlule. Iziqubulo zababhikishi zikhombisa ukucasuka ngokwehluleka kukaMorales ukulandela inkulumo yakhe, ebiza umengameli “njengembuka” futhi evalelisa “enqubweni yoguquko.” Basola uhulumeni ngokuba yithuluzi “le-sub-imperialism” yase-Brazil ngokuvumela ukucindezelwa kukahulumeni wase-Brazil kanye nenkampani yase-Brazil i-OAS, enenkontileka yokuxhasa ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu. Ingoma eyodwa edumile ngoMsombuluko odlule ihambe kanje:
Evo decíkusho u-Evo
Yilokho okwenzekayoa Ukuthi konke kuzoshintsha
Mentira, mentira Amanga, amanga
La misma porquería Yinkunzi efanayo
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ababhikishi baye bagcizelela ukuthi "enye indlela [yentuthuko] ingenzeka" (Otro desarrollo es posible), ukuthi uhulumeni akudingeki ephule amalungelo abantu bomdabu futhi acekele phansi imvelo ukuze akhiqize ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okunengqondo nokwabiwa kabusha komphakathi.
Imibhikisho ehlobene ne-TIPNIS ingeyakamuva nje ekukhuleni kokugxeka kukaMorales kusuka kwesokunxele, okukhombisa ukudumazeka okudumile ngokubonwa nguhulumeni. ukwehluleka ukuletha uguquko olukhulu eyaluthembisa ngesikhathi ikhethwa okokuqala ngoZibandlela wezi-2005. Lokhu kugxeka kwaqala ekuqaleni kwethemu yokuqala kaMorales, isibonelo lapho uMeyi 2006 “ukwenziwa kuzwelonke” kwemboni yegesi kanye nowoyela kwamane kwanyusa izintela ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe kunokuba zizenze zikazwelonke. I umfelandawonye wabavukuzi iyaqhubeka nokufuna ukuthi izimayini zezwe zifakwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Abaphathi baphinde babangela isiphithiphithi phakathi kwabathengi ngoDisemba odlule lapho befuna ukuqeda uxhaso lukaphethiloli kahulumeni—lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "gasolinazo"-futhi waphoqeleka ukuthi ahlehle umbhikisho odumile. Kamuva nje, isilinganiso sokugunyazwa kuka-Morales sehle saba ngendlela efanele 37 amaphesenti (yehle amaphuzu angu-7 ngenyanga edlule, mhlawumbe kakhulu ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwe-TIPNIS). Ukwehlukana phakathi kwenkulumo engokoqobo nengokoqobo kukhiqize “igebe lentshiseko” phakathi kwemikhakha eminingi emazingeni aphansi, efana ngandlela thize nokudumala okwandile noBarack Obama e-United States (yize ngokuqinisekile, uMorales akayena u-Obama—uhulumeni wakhe. ine yenze izinguquko eziphusile, ezifana nokwenyusa izintela embonini yama-hydrocarbons ukuze kuxhaswe izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle kanye nokuphasiswa koMthethosisekelo omusha, wentando yeningi; umehluko owodwa oyinhloko ukuthi eBolivia kukhona inqwaba yezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlelekile kanye nesiko lezombusazwe elithuthukayo elaqhubezela uMorales emandleni futhi elibambe izinyawo zakhe emlilweni kusukela).
Kodwa naphezu kwemibhikisho esabalele kuleli sonto elidlule, izingxenye ezibalulekile zabantu baseBolivia ababenganakwa (izisebenzi, abalimi, abomdabu, abesifazane, njll.) bayaqhubeka nokweseka iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa komgwaqo, abanye baze bahlele nokuvinjwa kwemigwaqo ukuvimbela imashi ye-TIPNIS ukuthi ifinyelele eLa Paz kungenjalo ukuhlukumeza abamashayo. Inhlangano enkulu yabalimi kuleli, iCSUTCB, isaqhubeka nokweseka lo mgwaqo, yize isikhiphe ngamandla ukulahlwa lokucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa kwemashi. Izisebenzi zikawoyela, inhlangano yabesifazane abavelele, kanye nabalimi abathile namaqembu omdabu esifundeni saseLa Paz bazwakalise ukuzwakala. kusekelwe Uhulumeni. Umfelandawonye wabavukuzi, osenamandla amakhulu naphezu kokuba buthaka kakhulu kunaseminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, uzwakalise ubumbano nababhikishi be-TIPNIS kodwa noma kunjalo. izisekelo umgwaqo. Ngokusho komunye ukulandelana, izinhlangano ezingaba ngu-350 zaseBolivia seziphumele obala ngokweseka lo mgwaqo.
Kunezizathu eziningana okungenzeka ukuthi kungani. Abanye abalimi kanye neminye imikhakha bangase bahlomule emgwaqeni ngokuthi ukumaketha imikhiqizo yabo kuzoba lula. Okwesibili, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, kukhona ukusakazeka izinsolo ukuthi uhulumeni we-Morales ufuna ukuvula i-TIPNIS ukuze "ikoloni" ngabalimi base-highland Indian kanye i-cocaleros (abalimi be-coca) abalangazelela umhlaba; amaqembu agqagqene “amakholoni” kanye nama-cocaleros, ngokungafani namaNdiya asezindaweni eziphansi kancane eBolivia, angamatshe ayinhloko esisekelo sokusekela esingokwesiko sikaMorales. Okwesithathu, ezinye izinhlangano ezifana ne abasebenzi basezimayini kanye nabasebenzi bakawoyela bathanda ukumba igesi nowoyela esifundeni, mhlawumbe ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwanda kwamathuba omsebenzi kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi balindele ukuthi imali etholwayo yentela eyengeziwe izosetshenziselwa ukuxhasa izimali zomphakathi. Lapha ukuzibophezela kwemibono “enqubweni yoguquko” kahulumeni, kanye nombono wokuthi ukukhishwa kwezinsiza kuyadingeka kuleyo nqubo, kudlala indima. Lesi sizathu sesicindezela kakhulu, kuhulumeni kanye nasezimbonini zomphakathi ezincike kuwo, kusukela ngo-2010. umbiko yembula ukuthi imithombo yegesi yaseBolivia ingase ibe ngaphansi kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Lezi zizathu ezimbili zokugcina—isifiso somhlaba wabalimi abancane kanye negesi/uwoyela—zingasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani uhulumeni enqabe ngenkani kangaka ukuqondisa kabusha umgwaqo onguthelawayeka. azungeze indawo ye-TIPNIS—okungabonakala kuyisixazululo esinengqondo nesilula. Ababhikishi, abavumelana nesidingo somgwaqo ndawana thize, sebesihlongoze kaningi lesi sixazululo, kodwa kuze kube manje uhulumeni uye wenqaba ukusicabangela.
Impendulo kahulumeni waseBolivia
UMorales ukugxekile ukusetshenziswa kwendluzu ngokweqile kubabhikishi, futhi usekugxekile esidlangalaleni waxolisa ngengcindezelo, nakuba ephika ukuthi wakhipha umyalelo wokuthi amaphoyisa ahlasele ababhikishi. Kepha ingcindezelo kanye nokuxolisa okusemthethweni eceleni, indlela kahulumeni yokubhekana nababhikishi ibe budedengu futhi kwesinye isikhathi iphambene. Uhulumeni usole kaningi ababhikishi ngokuthi bangamathuluzi e-US imperialism, ama-NGO, kanye nelungelo laseBolivia, futhi usola abezindaba ngomkhankaso wabo wokunyundela. Lezi zinsolo zinesisekelo esiyingxenye yeqiniso: ilungelo, mhlawumbe i-US, futhi mhlawumbe neBrazil, kukhona bezama ukuphatha isimo ukuze bazuze bona. Imithombo yezindaba eminingi yaseBolivia ine ibingathembeki ekubikeni kwayo. Futhi ukunyakaza kwe-TIPNIS akuyona i-monolithic-abanye ababhikishi bomdabu babe enikezwe la mandla aphiko lwesokudla, futhi amanye angase abe nezinhloso ezicashile. Kodwa uhulumeni akazenzisi ngokusebenzisa la maqiniso ukuzama ukudicilela phansi lonke umbutho.
Isixazululo sakamuva uhulumeni asihlongoze siyinkinga kakhulu. Ngemuva kwengcindezelo yangeSonto, uMorales unxuse ukuthi lolu daba lunqunywe ngenhlolovo edumile phakathi kwabantu baseCochabamba naseBeni, iminyango yomibili ezonqanyulwa umgwaqo. Abahlaziyi babikezela ukuthi inhlolovo enjalo izowuvumela umgwaqo. Kodwa njengoba ababhikishi be-TIPNIS benzile wabonisa ekwenqabeni kwabo lesi siphakamiso, uMthethosisekelo ugcizelela ilungelo lamaqembu amancane endabuko lokunquma isiphetho semihlaba nemiphakathi yawo; umthetho weningi akufanele uvunyelwe ukwephula amalungelo ayisisekelo abantu abambalwa.
Kungani uhulumeni we-Morales engamane aphinde ahlele umgwaqo omkhulu ozungeze i-TIPNIS? Abanye baye bacaphuna ithonya lezithakazelo zaseBrazil (bheka ngenhla), abafuna umgwaqo omkhulu ukuze bathuthe izimpahla eziya ePacific. Izinkampani ezithile zase-Brazilian zingase zizuze ekukhishweni kwezinsiza ku-TIPNIS. Kodwa angicabangi ukuthi izingcindezi zaseBrazil zichaza ngokugcwele ukuthi kungani uhulumeni ephikelela ekwakheni umgwaqo onqamula endaweni ye-TIPNIS ngokumelene nendawo ezungezile. Ukuqagela kwami ukuthi umbono kahulumeni, njengengqondo yamaqembu aphansi asekela lo msebenzi, mhlawumbe uhamba kanje:
- IBolivia iyizwe elimpofu kakhulu eNingizimu Melika, futhi incike kakhulu kuwoyela, igesi, kanye nokumbiwa kwezimbiwa ukuze kukhule umnotho kanye nemali engenayo edingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwabiwa kabusha komphakathi. Uma kubhekwa leli qiniso, kanye nethemba lokuthi izinqolobane zegesi cishe ziphansi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini, ukuvula i-TIPNIS embonini yokukhipha (uwoyela negesi, ukugawulwa kwemithi, njll.) kubonakala kufanele. (Abanye ababukele bangasho ukuthi ukwabiwa kabusha komphakathi akuyona inhloso eyinhloko, nakuba uhulumeni ethathe izinyathelo ezincane mayelana nalokhu.)
- "Ukuvula" i-TIPNIS izophinde inikeze umhlaba wabalimi base-Indian highland kanye ne-cocaleros, ngaleyo ndlela kuvuze imikhakha ebalulekile esekela i-Morales. Uhulumeni akashongo ngokuqondile noma yisiphi salezi zizathu ezimbili zokugcina, kodwa kusolwa ukuthi yizona zizathu ezinkulu.
- Uhulumeni angakwazi ukuhlukanisa abantu bomdabu basezindaweni eziphansi njengabahlali be-TIPNIS, abahlanganisa ingxenye encane yabantu baseBolivia futhi abangakaze basekele i-Morales kakhulu njengoba kwenza amaqembu omdabu asezintabeni.
Isici esinzima, nokho, kube ukuqiniswa kwemikhakha yesokunxele engamele ukuthintwa ngokuqondile iphrojekthi yomgwaqo omkhulu, abacasulwe ngokusemthethweni ngokungahlonishwa kwemiphakathi ye-TIPNIS namahlathi. Ingxabano ye-TIPNIS manje isiwudaba lukazwelonke olubaluleke kakhulu ngokomfanekiso, okuthukuthelisa kakhulu uhulumeni.
Esikhathini esifushane, umbuzo obalulekile kuhulumeni ungomunye wezibalo zezepolitiki: Ingabe kukhona lapho ukungazinzi okudalwe imibhikisho, kanye nokushayeka kokwethembeka kukaMorales ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kuzodlula izikhuthazo zezepolitiki nezomnotho phambili ngomgwaqo omkhulu? Futhi uma kungenjalo, uma uhulumeni ngenkani enqaba ukugoba, ingabe ukungaguquki kwakhe kuyomlimaza ngendlela engenakulungiseka? Kuze kube manje (kusukela ngoSepthemba 30th), akukho okukhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni uzimisele ukuphinda aqondise umgwaqo endaweni ye-TIPNIS, njengoba abamashi befuna. Ukukhula kwezithakazelo zase-Brazil, ukwesekwa okuqinile nokulindelwe kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zesisekelo sika-Morales, kanye nezinzuzo zezezimali ezingaba khona esimweni sokwakha umgwaqo omkhulu nokuvula i-TIPNIS yokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza konke kuhlasela enye indlela. Kungaba ngamawala ukuzama ukubikezela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani emasontweni ezayo; ukungqubuzana kwamanje kungase kubonise noma kungabonakali "inguquko" kubaphathi be-Morales, njengoba abanye bebikezele (ukuthi lokho "kuguquka" kuzosho ukuthini ngokwemibandela ephathekayo nakho akucacile). Ukuphela kwento engashiwo ngesiqiniseko njengamanje ukuthi ukuba semthethweni kukahulumeni kuhlaselwe kakhulu.
Ingabe imodeli ilahlekile? Ingabe “kungenzeka enye intuthuko”?
Njengoba ukuhlukana kwezinhlangano ezidumile zaseBolivia kuphakamisa, ukungqubuzana kwamanje akulula njengokuthi "inzuzo yebhizinisi uma kuqhathaniswa namalungelo abomdabu," izinkampani kanye nohulumeni ophansi we-neoliberal baphikisana namaNdiya amsulwa nangenacala. Okokuqala, uhulumeni waseMorales akayena uhulumeni ojwayelekile we-neoliberal (yize futhi ayizange ilandele a kakhulu hlukana nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neoliberal; izinga loguquko, kanye nenani lokuqondisa elitholakala kubaphathi be-Morales, kuyindaba eningi mpikiswano phakathi kwabanxele ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezwe). Futhi kungaba iphutha futhi kubalulekile ukucabanga ukuthi bonke abantu bomdabu, kuhlanganise nalabo abamelene nothelawayeka we-TIPNIS, ngokwemvelo “bamsulwa” futhi bazibophezele kumalungelo abantu noma ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, njengoFederico Fuentes. uveza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba ukungqubuzana kwamanje kuye kwaxabanisa amaqembu acindezelwe wodwa, wona enza futhi kubonisa ukwephulwa okuyisisekelo kwamalungelo omdabu, futhi uhulumeni unephutha ukusebenzisa izimbangela zentuthuko yezwe kanye nokwabiwa kabusha komphakathi ukuze athethelele ukunganaki amalungelo asemthethweni emiphakathi yomdabu endaweni ye-TIPNIS. Yilezi zinto ezingokoqobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenza isimo sikhathazeke kakhulu, futhi sidumaze thina esizwelana nemibono eshiwo yokuphatha kukaMorales.
Ukungqubuzana kwe-TIPNIS kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekile mayelana namathuba okuguqulwa kwenguquko kwezomnotho ezingathuthukisiwe, ezisekelwe embonini: Ingabe “enye intuthuko engenzeka,” lapho iBolivia isebenzisa khona izinqolobane zayo zamaminerali kanye ne-hydrocarbon ukukhuthaza ukwabiwa kabusha komphakathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, kanye nokuhlukahluka ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlonipha amalungelo abomdabu futhi kunqandwe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokungcoliswa komhlaba? Noma ingabe ukungqubuzana okukhona manje kusho ukuthi imizamo yokuletha uguquko olukhulu kwezenhlalo kulindeleke ukuthi yehluleke emazweni angathuthukile kakhulu njengeBolivia, akhungethwe ukungqubuzana kwesakhiwo okungenakunqandeka kanye nokuthambekela kwalokhu kungqubuzana ukuhlanganisa imikhakha ethile edumile ngokumelene nabanye kanye nemvelo? Lo mbuzo awunayo impendulo elula, futhi omunye angase aphikise ngokufanelekile ukuthi abaphathi be-Morales abakaze bazame "ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle"; mhlawumbe, njengoba uJeffery Webber ephakamisile, ukuguqukela kwinhlalakahle yabantu ehlinzekela bonke abantu kuyilapho kuhlonishwa amalungelo abantu kanye nemvelo bekungeke kube nzima ukwedlula ukuguqukela emnothweni wonxiwankulu othuthukile. Mhlawumbe uhulumeni ungaba ngcono uma eshintsha izinqubomgomo zakhe zezomnotho nezenhlalakahle (isb, ngokusebenzisa ukufakwa kweqiniso kwama-hydrocarbons nezimbiwa phansi, uhlelo oluqinile lokushintshwa komhlaba, njll.), njengoba kwenza iNguquko yaseCuba ngo-1959-61, kanye nokunikeza amandla imikhakha edumile ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukungagwemeki kwe-right-wing kanye ne-corporate backlash. Kodwa ukuthola uhlobo oluthile lwesinqumo oludlulela ngale kwe-patchwork futhi lugweme ukunyathela amalungelo abantu abambalwa kungase kubonakale kubalulekile kulabo abafuna imodeli yoguquko lwezenhlalakahle oluzinzile ngempela esikhathini eside. Umlayezo wababhikishi abaningi, ngokusekelwe kulokho engikuqaphelile, kubonakala sengathi yebo, ukuvuna nokuthekelisa izinsiza zaseBolivia kuyadingeka esikhathini esifushane ukuze kwabiwe kabusha umphakathi kanye nokukhula uma kubhekwa umnotho waseBolivia ongathuthuki kahle kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kufanele kube nemingcele kuleyo ajenda, ngisho noma kufanele sidele okuthile egameni lokuhlonipha amalungelo abomdabu kanye imvelo. Nokho, lapho umugqa udonswa khona, nokuthi hlobo luni lwenye indlela (uma ikhona) eyenziwayo, umbuzo onganqunywa kuphela imizabalazo yezombusazwe phakathi kwabantu baseBolivia.
Imicabango yokulwa ne-imperialism kanye nobumbano esimweni esiyinkimbinkimbi
Kithina esiyizakhamizi zase-United States noma eminye imibuso yama-impiriyali, into yokuqala okufanele siyenze kuqala kube ukuvimba ohulumeni bethu, izinhlangano namabhange ethu ekufuneni ukulawula ikusasa laseBolivia, njengoJeffery Webber. kugcizelela. Ukungenelela kwama-imperialist kuyaqhubeka, njengoba kwakamuva Izambulo zeWikileaks igcizelele, nakuba ingasenamandla njengoba ibinjalo ngokomlando. Indlela kahulumeni wase-US eya eBolivia, kanye naseLatin America ngokujwayelekile, isalokhu ingaguquguquki ngaphansi kuka-Obama, inhloso enkulu kuwukulwa nalokho iWashington ekubiza ngokuthi “i-radical populism”—okufushane kulokho esinye isikhulu soMnyango WezoMbuso (uLaurence Duggan) esahlonza ngawo-1940. njengombono “wokuthi abahlomuli bokuqala ekuthuthukisweni kwengcebo yezwe kufanele kube abantu balelo zwe.” Okuyisisekelo izinhloso yenqubomgomo yase-US ishintshile kancane kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940, nakuba amaqhinga eguqukile. E-Bolivia, njengohulumeni wangaphakathi wase-US amadokhumenti ukwenza kucace, isu lakamuva lase-US bekuwukuxhasa ngezimali amaqembu aphikisayo ezombusazwe kanye nokuzama ukuhlukanisa izinhlangano ezidumile zezwe, ukukhuthaza amaqembu aphikisayo "azosebenza njengenhlangano ephikisana ne-MAS eqinile."
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, abaphathi be-Morales ngezinye izikhathi baye baveza ukungenelela kwama-impiriyali njengendlela yokulahla ukuphikiswa okusemthethweni kwezinqubomgomo zabo, njengasendabeni yokungqubuzana kwe-TIPNIS. Lokhu okuguquguqukayo kugqamisa umphumela omubi ovamile novame ukunganakwa we-imperialism yase-US emazweni afana ne-Bolivia, Cuba, ne-Venezuela: Ukungenelela kwe-US, ngaphezu kweminye imithelela eyingozi ehlukahlukene, kuvame ukudelela. okusemthethweni ukungezwani phakathi kwala mazwe—okuningi kwawo okuvela ku- kwesokunxele kohulumeni abaphethe, njengasendabeni yokungqubuzana kwe-TIPNIS (yize futhi, amabutho aphiko lwesokudla nawo abambelele odabeni ukuze azuze kwezombusazwe).
Ngokuphambene nalokho abanye abangakwesobunxele abaphikisana nakho, ukuphikisana ne-US imperialism akusho ukuthi kufanele sigcine ubumbano oluqinile nohulumeni abazikhomba njengabanenqubekela phambili noma abamelene nama impiriyali. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, inkulumo emelene nama-impiriyali yohulumeni abanjalo ingasiphuphuthekisa ukuba singayiboni incindezelo enonya abayenza kubantu babo (u-Ahmadinejad noGaddafi bafika ezingqondweni zabo). Kwezinye izimo, njengeBolivia noma iVenezuela noma iCuba, ohulumeni banazo ngempela izimfanelo, kanye namaphutha (anokuhlukahluka okubanzi nokuhluka phakathi kwabo). Njengokuqala kwethu, kufanele sizame ukuvikela labo hulumeni kanye nabantu babo enzondweni yama-imperial evela e-United States nakwamanye amandla, okubandakanya ukuphikisa ukuhlaselwa kwamaphiko angakwesokudla kosopolitiki kanye nabezindaba emazweni ethu. Kodwa umsebenzi wokulwa nelungelo akufanele usivimbele ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda okuncane ngezimo zasekhaya kulawo mazwe, okuqaphela kokubili ukufaneleka okuhlobene namaphutha (futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ubugebengu) balabo hulumeni. Uma u-Evo Morales noma u-Hugo Chávez engazifezi izinjongo abazishoyo, akufanele senze sengathi ngenye indlela. Ekugcineni ubumbano lwethu kufanele lube nabavukeli basemazingeni aphansi, abamelene nombuso, nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu, hhayi nohulumeni noma amaqembu.
Esinye isixwayiso engithola sibalulekile ukuthi ngigcizelele ukuthi ubumbano olumelene nama impiriyali kufanele luhambisane nokunaka njalo emiphumeleni engahlosiwe engaba khona yezenzo zethu. Kulula kubantu abathuthukayo abanezinhloso ezinhle ukuthi basho noma benze izinto ezilimaza abantu esifisa ukubasiza bengaqondile. Izifundiswa nezishoshovu ngokufanayo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zawela kulolu gibe. Mayelana neBolivia namacala afanayo, sidinga ukuqiniseka ukuthi uma sigxeka ohulumeni abancike kwesobunxele asigcini sesinika amandla abaphikisi bama-impiriyali balabo hulumeni. Inxele eBolivia ngokwayo yenza kanjalo izikhathi eziningana ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, isibonelo ngo-1946 no-1964 lapho izingxenye ezinkulu zesokunxele zidunyazwa ukuntula inqubekelaphambili okunganele kohulumeni benguquko ababephethe kangangokuthi basiza ngenkuthalo ukubagumbuqela. umnyango oya kohulumeni ababesabela kakhulu futhi becindezela. Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi ilungelo lanamuhla laseBolivia linamandla ngokwanele ukusebenzisa ithuba lenhlekelele ekhona njengoba lenza ngo-1946 noma ngo-1964, futhi anginakho ukuzethemba kokubikezela okuzokwenzeka, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi imiphumela engahlosiwe engenzeka okungenani kudingeka kukhunjulwe.
Kwezinye izigxeko ezingakwesokunxele zikaMorales, lapha eBolivia nakwamanye amazwe, ngizwa ukuqaphela okuncane kakhulu ngalezi zinselele kanye nemiphumela engahlosiwe engaba khona, njengalapho abantu bephikisana ngokuthi "u-Evo uyefana noGoni," ekugcineni ebhekise kuGonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. , umongameli we-neoliberal owaketulwa ngo-2003 ngemuva kokuyala ukuthi kubulawe inqwaba yababhikishi. Ezinye izinhlangano ezizimele zakwamanye amazwe, ngisho nalezo ezithuthukayo, zehlulekile ukuvuma ukuthi isimo sinzima. Iqembu elincane leTrotskyist Revolutionary Workers Party (POR) eBolivia ligxeke uhulumeni ngezenzo “zobufascist” futhi lafuna ukuwa kwalo.
Ezingxoxweni eziningi ezingakwesokunxele zikahulumeni ngaphakathi kweBolivia, nokho, kunokwengeziwe nobunkimbinkimbi. Ngokwazi kwami, ayikho inyunyana enkulu noma inhlangano enkulu ngakwesobunxele ecele ukuthi uMorales ehle esikhundleni. Iningi labantu abanokugxeka okuqinile kukahulumeni nokho bamvikele uMorales emzamweni wokuketula umbuso ngoSepthemba 2008 futhi basiza ukumqoka kabusha ngoDisemba 2009 ngamaphesenti angama-64 amavoti. Bayaqonda ukuthi uMorales ungcono kunabanduleli bakhe be-neoliberal, futhi ungcono kunabaphikisi be-neoliberal, kodwa ukuthi abantu baseBolivia basafanelwe okungcono kunalokhu abakuthola njengamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulaka lwabo oluningi lusuka ekuboneni kwabo ukuthi izenzo nokungenzi lutho kukaMorales empeleni kunika amandla ilungelo ngokuhlukanisa imikhakha ethandwayo kanye nokwehluleka ukulandela izinqubomgomo zangempela eziguquguqukayo zokusabalalisa kabusha okukhulu, ukusabalalisa, kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo abomdabu kanye nemvelo. NgoSepthemba 26 wakheth incwadi yokwesula, UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela u-Cecilia Chacón ucaphune lokhu kukhathazeka, ethi "izinyathelo ezithathwe [ngokumelene nabamashi be-TIPNIS], kude nokuhlukanisa ilungelo, ziqinisa amandla ayo okusebenza kanye nokuxhaphaza uMashi ngenhloso yokuhlasela inqubo yoshintsho abantu baseBolivia abaye babhekana nayo. wadela okuningi.” NgoSepthemba 28th U-Pablo Solón, owayeyinxusa laseBolivia ku-UN kanye nomxhumanisi weNgqungquthela Yomhlaba Yabantu Yabantu baseBolivia yangowezi-2010 mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye namalungelo kaMama Womhlaba, Incwadi wokubhikisha kuMorales ezwakalisa umuzwa ofanayo: “Ukuvimba ilungelo, elifuna ukusizakala ngombhikisho ukuze sibuyele esikhathini esidlule, kufanele siqaphe kakhulu kunangaphambili ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu, amalungelo abantu bomdabu, kanye namalungelo kaMama Womhlaba.”
Ngezici eziningi isimo e-Ecuador siyefana. Ukunyakaza kwabantu bomdabu base-Ecuador ngokufanayo kuye kwagxeka kakhulu uMongameli u-Rafael Correa, ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu, kodwa futhi kubonise izinga eliphezulu lobuchwephesha bezombusazwe. Ephendula isiteleka samaphoyisa sangoSepthemba 2010 lapho ilungelo lase-Ecuadorian lizama ukuphendukela eCorrea, uDelfín Tenesaca wenhlangano yomdabu i-ECUARUNARI ugcizelele isidingo sokuphikisa ukuketulwa umbuso, kodwa waphinde wasola uCorrea ngokusiza ukudala izimo lapho umzamo wokuketula umbuso ngaphansi kwawo. kwenzeka:
Inkinga yezombangazwe e-Ecuador ngalo mzuzu ebangelwa ukungaziphathi kahle kwamaphoyisa iguqulwe ngamaphoyisa kanye nemikhakha ethile yezempi yaba umzamo wokuketula umbuso, ngemuva okungangabazeki ukuthi uphiko lwesokudla lwe-Ecuador kanye namandla e-imperialism. Asingabazi ukuthi le nkinga yezombangazwe iwukusabela kwamaphiko angakwesokudla ngokumelene noMthethosisekelo ka-2008, owamukelwa ngevoti eliqinisekisiwe lama-64% abantu base-Ecuadorians, ngakho-ke iwusongo olucacile lwentando yeningi, iPlurinationalism, kanye neSumak Kawsay (ephila kahle)… Siyini isimo semikhakha yezenhlalakahle ehleliwe? Iningi lezinhlangano ezidumile ezimelana nobushiqela kanye neoliberalism ye-pro-imperialist oligarchy e-Ecuador, futhi naphezu kokungaboni ngaso linye kwethu nohulumeni kazwelonke ozame abanye babaholi bethu njengamaphekula, lesi akusona isizathu sokuma nezitha zethu zomlando. . Ngemuva kombhikisho wamaphoyisa kanye nezicelo zawo zamaholo yisimangalo sokungabi nalwazi ngoMthethosisekelo lapho siqaphela iziphakamiso zethu eziningi kanye nemizabalazo yethu yomlando.Uguquko Lwezakhamuzi lukaRafael Correa lwakha ubudlelwano obubanzi namaqembu alwela ilungelo kwezokumbiwa phansi, uwoyela, ibhizinisi lezolimo, njll. , futhi yahlasela futhi yashushisa izinhlangano ezithandwayo ezingakwesokunxele (ikakhulukazi i-Indigenous movement) eshiya leyo mikhakha yokusabela ikhululekile ukwenza ngale ndlela. (ihunyushwe nguMarc Becker)
Kuleli sonto eledlule umongameli wenye inhlangano enkulu yabomdabu base-Ecuadorian, i-CONAIE, uthumele i- Incwadi ku-Evo Morales owanxusa izingxoxo nokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu bomdabu, futhi exwayisa ngokuthi ukwehluleka kulokhu kuzoqinisa kakhulu ilungelo kanye ne-imperialism. Akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugxeka ohulumeni abafana nokaMorales kuyilapho ugwema izenzo ezingase zinike amandla abaphikisi babo abakwesokudla, kodwa izitatimende ezifana nalezi ezingenhla zinikeza okuthile komhlahlandlela.
Ngaleso sikhathi, izehlakalo zakamuva e-Ecuador naseBolivia zinikeza isikhumbuzo esithusayo salokho okungenzeka lapho ohulumeni abachema kwesokunxele behluleka ukuhlanganisa ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezimpande ngoshintsho lwenqubomgomo olunamandla nolunenjongo. Njengoba uWilliam Robinson wabhala muva nje, ohulumeni baseLatin America “I-Pink Tide ngeke bakwazi ukunqanda lokhu [kwesophiko lwesokudla ne-US] ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngobuningi. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa lokho kusekelwa iwukuqhubekisela phambili iphrojekthi enenguquko ebaluleke kakhulu. ” Abaphathi be-Morales bangase babhekane nenkinga ekhona manje, kodwa kufanele baqale ukulalela kakhulu ukunyakaza komphakathi kwesokunxele uma bezimisele ngokugqugquzela izinguquko zangempela nezihlala njalo.
Izithombe zangoMsombuluko, Septhemba 26th, irali yobumbano e-La Paz. ISITHOMBE 1: Ababhikishi, ikakhulukazi abafundi, baklolodela amaphoyisa eduze komgwaqo (ngaphandle kwesithombe) kuyilapho bephakamisa izimpawu ezithi “Hlonipha amalungelo abantu,” “Sonke singama-TIPNIS,” nokuthi “Olunye [uhlobo] lwentuthuko kungenzeka.” ISITHOMBE 2: Olunye uphawu lubiza u-Evo Morales ngokuthi “imbuka,” kanti olunye luthi “Valelisa ‘enqubweni yoshintsho,’” ngokubhekisela esiqubulweni sikahulumeni esivamile.
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