AMADOLOBHA OKUQALA AMA-CHARTER WOMHLABA E-HONDURAS:
Ukusuka ku-neo-liberalism kuya ku-neo-colonialism
Ibhalwe ngu-Annie Bird ([i-imeyili ivikelwe])
I-Honduran National Congress okwamanje ibuyekeza umthetho ukuze uchaze ngokwendawo "amaDolobha Asharter" amane okuqala emhlabeni, iziza ezintathu ezigudle ugu lwaseCaribbean endaweni yase-Afro-indigenous Garifuna, Trujillo, Valle de Cuyamel kanye neSico-Paulaya Valley, okuyiSico-Paulaya Valley. ihlanganisa indawo yendabuko yamaMiskitu. Okukodwa kuhlongozwa eGulf of Fonseca okungafaka phakathi umphakathi waseSacate Grande.
Uhlelo lwe-Charter Cities lunikezela izingxenye ezilingana nedolobha laseHonduras ezinkampanini noma kohulumeni bangaphandle ukuthi babuse ngokuzimele, unomphela. Abatshalizimali bangazenzela eyabo imithetho, bazakhele amaphoyisa, baphathe izinsiza futhi balawule umnotho wabo.
NgoSeptemba 4, uMichael Strong, omele i-MKG Group, usayine imemorandamu yokuqonda eHonduran Congress ukuze kusungulwe iDolobha lokuqala le-Charter City, inkontileka izungezwe ukudideka nokuyimfihlo. U-Strong akazange anikeze ulwazi mayelana ne-MKG Group, engenayo isizindalwazi noma olunye ulwazi olutholakala kalula lomphakathi.
U-MICHAEL STRONG, U-PARTI FRIEDMAN NO-PETER THIEL BAHLANGANA U-PAUL ROMER
Kumabhulogi nasezithangamini zamazwe ngamazwe onyakeni odlule, iqeqebana lama-Libertarian emakethe yamahhala liyibeke kwacaca inhloso yabo yokuhambisa umbono wabo wemibono epulani eshiwo ngusomnotho weNyuvesi yaseNew York u-Paul Romer.
U-Strong usungule i-Free Cities Institute [FCI] ukukhuthaza amadolobha aqashayo, okwathi ngoJulayi 2011 yaxhasa ngokuhlanganyela ne-Francisco Marroquin University yase-Guatemala [UFM] inkundla e-Honduran Island of Roatan. Yize iwebhusayithi ye-FCI ngokusobala yehlisiwe, ikhasi le-UFM emcimbini liqukethe izindatshana zikaPatri Friedman, umzukulu kaMilton Friedman. UFriedman noPeter Thiel, umsunguli webhiliyoni we-PayPal, basungula i-Seasteading Institute ngo-2008 kanti uMichael Strong useBhodini Labaqondisi.
I-Seasteading Institute izinikele ekukhuthazeni imiphakathi yasolwandle, ngaphandle kwezifunda. UFriedman ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule wesula esikhundleni sokuba yi-CEO ye-Seasteading ukuze ahole i-Future Cities Development Corporation, ezinikele ekuthuthukiseni iDolobha Lobusha eHonduras.
UKUSINDA ABAMPOFU KUBO
U-Paul Romer uchaza ukuthi icebo lakhe limayelana nokuqala phansi, ngesilayidi esihlanzekile esinemithetho emihle. U-diehard neoliberal we-Wall Street Journal uMary O'Grady waphawula "Yimuphi ummeli wezimakethe zamahhala ongakaze, ngesinye isikhathi, acabange ngokubalekela esiqhingini esiwugwadule ukuze aqale izwe lapho inkululeko yezomnotho ingaba umthetho wezwe? "
Inkinga awekho ama-slate ahlanzekile. I-Honduras ayinazo izindawo ezingakathintwa ezilindele izakhamuzi ukuthi zifake isimangalo. I-Trujillo, isiza okuvame ukukhulunywa ngaso ngeDolobha Lokushatha lokuqala, sekunesikhathi eside ingeyabantu bomdabu baseGarifuna kanye nabalimi be-campesino, futhi inomlando omude wokuzama ukuqhwaga, kusukela e-Republic of Poyas kuya e-United Fruit Company.
Umqambi wase-US uWilliam Walker, ngemva kokuxoshwa eNicaragua, wazama ukuthatha icebo lakhe elalibhuntshisiwe lokwakha umbuso wase-US oyisigqila eRoatan, kodwa wabanjwa wabulawa eTrujillo ngo-1860.
U-Romer uthi kuyadingeka 'ukuqala phansi,' ukuze kudaleke amathuba ezomnotho kubantu abampofu bomhlaba. Uthi ubumpofu bungaqedwa ukube abantu abampofu kanye nezizwe bengakwazi ukudedela izinhlelo zemithetho emibi kanye nemikhuba yenhlalo ebabophela ebumpofu.
Ngokusobala ingcebo nobumpofu kumayelana nokubusa, ubani oshaya imithetho, ubani ovuna yena, ubani okufanele athobele imithetho futhi ubani ongaphoqelekile ukuba enze kanjalo, ubani ozuzayo, ongahlomuli.
UKUVULA INGCEBO EMHLABENI, UKUGEQWA KUHLOMILE KANYE NO-MIGUEL FACUSSE
Imiphakathi yase-Trujillo yaseGarifuna kanye ne-campesino, eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, iye yaba izisulu zodlame oludalulwe ngenxa yesethi yemithetho egqugquzelwe elinye lamaqoqo ka-Michael Strong, kanye nombhali ohlanganyele wencwadi ekhuthaza 'i-capitalism yosomabhizinisi,' u-Hernando. de Soto.
Enkabeni yesifunda ngokusobala manje esihlongozwe njengekhaya lekusasa leDolobha Elisemthethweni, ngo-Agasti 27 umphakathi waseGarifuna e-Vallecito wawulindele izikhulu zikahulumeni, ezingazange zize, ukuzokala ingxenye encane yomhlaba wazo, lapho ziphethe itayitela eligcwele elisemthethweni. Iningi lezindawo zabo zithathwe ngosomabhizinisi nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi, bayachaza, ngobudlova nokukhwabanisa. Ukulinganisa bekuyoba isinyathelo sokuqala sokubuyisela umhlaba.
Umphakathi wase-Vallecito ubuzungezwe amaviyo ahlomile adubula izikhali ubusuku bonke. Iqembu lamasosha abehlome eyizingovolo lingene phakathi kombuthano wesigubhu samaGarifuna, lenza kwaziwa ukuthi likhona futhi lahamba, usongo lokufa olwalubonakala ngokucacile. Amaqembu ahlomile aqhubekile nokuzungeza umphakathi.
Isigameko besijwayelekile kulesi sifunda kusukela ngo-1992 uMthetho Wokwenza Isimanjemanje Komhlaba wakhulula amasosha ngokumelene nemiphakathi yezolimo. Umthetho washintsha uMthetho Wenguquko Yezolimo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960, owawuvimbela ukudayiswa kabusha komhlaba otholwe ngohlelo lokuguqulwa kwezolimo. Osomabhizinisi nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa, abanobudlelwane obujulile nethimba lezobunhloli elidume kabi ngokubulala ipolitiki ngeminyaka yawo-1980, basebenzisa amaqembu ahlomile nezinye izinhlobo zempoqo ukuze baphoqe imiphakathi yaseGarifuna kanye ne-campesino ukuthi idayise umhlaba wayo, ngokungemthetho, futhi basebenzisa amandla abo ezombusazwe ukuze balondoloze. ukulawulwa komhlaba naphezu kokudluliswa kwetayitela ngokungemthetho.
'Ukuvula ingcebo' egcinwe emhlabeni ngokukhuthazwa kwezimakethe zomhlaba kwaba uthishanhloko "we-Washington Consensus" eyamenyezelwa nguHernando de Soto. I-Washington Consensus iphinde yabandakanya ukugudluzwa kokufinyelela ezimalini zisuka emphakathini ziye ezinkampanini ezizimele. Umzuzi oyedwa omkhulu eHonduras walolu shintsho ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ngokusobala kwakungusomabhizinisi wase-Afrika kawoyela wesundu u-Miguel Facusse, ongazange nje asebenzise ukukhwabanisa nodlame ukuze alawule umhlaba esifundeni sase-Aguan iTrujillo ayingxenye yaso, kodwa wasebenzisa ukuxhumana kwezombusazwe ukuze akhiqize. ingcebo eyengeziwe ngokufinyelela emalimboleko ezinkampanini zikahulumeni ezihlanganisa i-WB (iBhange Lomhlaba) kanye ne-IDB (I-Interamerican Development Bank).
UKWENZA IMITHETHO KANYE NEZIMBILI ZEMPILO EZIMBILI
Imithetho ebhaliwe nengabhalwanga yaseHonduras iye yamiswa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla njalo, kokubili ubudlova nezinye izinhlobo zokuphoqelela, yimikhakha ecebile eHonduras, kanye namazwe acebile nezinkampani zomhlaba.
Isibonelo sakamuva ukuketulwa kwezempi kwango-June 2009 okwabeka inkundla yezepolitiki yokuchitshiyelwa koMthethosisekelo ehlinzeka ngohlaka lwamaDolobha Omqulu. Ukuqhwagwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba waseGarifuna eVallecito kungenye inkulumo.
Isiphakamiso se-Charter Cities saxhunyaniswa noshintsho lukahulumeni eMadagascar ngo-2009, lokhu okuwumphumela wemibhikisho emikhulu. UPaul Romer waqala ukuya eMadagascar ngoJulayi 2008, eyophakamisa i-Charter City, kodwa isivumelwano sashiywa emoyeni. Ngayo leyo nyanga, i-Daewoo yaseNingizimu Korea yamemezela ukuthi yenza isivumelwano sokutshala amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-1.3 endaweni yokulima mahhala, eminyakeni engu-99. Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba 2008, uDaewoo wamemezela ukuthi isivumelwano asiqinisekile njengoba inkontileka yayingakasayinwa. Ngasekupheleni kukaZibandlela wezi-2008, u-Paul Romer waya eMadagascar futhi wahlangana noMongameli uMarc Ravalomanana, owamemezela ngokushesha inhloso yokwakhiwa kwamaDolobha amaCharter eMadagascar.
Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2009, izakhamizi zaseMadagascar - zicasulwe yilezi ziphakamiso - zangena emigwaqweni, amasosha athatha izintambo futhi uMongameli uRavalomanana wasishiya lesi sifunda. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zombili lezi ziphakamiso zase zichithiwe. Nakuba kungaxhunywanga ngokusobala isivumelwano se-Daewoo ne-Charter Cities, isikhathi siholela esiphethweni sokuthi zazihlobene.
INHLALA-kahle YENKAMPANI EMADOLOBHENI ASOSHA
I-Daewoo iyingxenye ye-POSCO yamazwe ngamazwe yaseNingizimu Korea. Ekuqaleni yayiyinhlangano yensimbi, namuhla iyinhlangano ehlukahlukene engabanikazi bezinkampani ezibandakanyeka kukho konke kusukela emishinini nasekukhiqizeni izimoto kuya ekukhiqizweni kwephethiloli ephilayo, izimayini, izindwangu, njll. NgoMeyi 2011, i-POSCO yasayina isivumelwano nohulumeni waseHonduran ukwenza umsebenzi wokuqala. izifundo zokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yamaModel Cities.
NgoNdasa wezi-2011, uMongameli waseHonduran u-Porfirio Lobo waya emcimbini wokubeka isitini sokuqala esikhumulweni semikhumbi esihamba ngomkhumbi e-Trujillo, lapho wamemezela ukuthi i-IDB izoxhasa ngezimali izifundo zokwakhiwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza kanye nechweba leDolobha Elisha.
Idokhu lomkhumbi ohamba ngomkhumbi liwumsebenzi weLife Vision Properties, isikhwama sokutshala imali saseCanada (enenhlangano yamagobolondo eCayman Island) ekhuthazwa "i-Porn King" yaseCanada uRandy Jorgenson kanye nomfowabo kaPorfirio Lobo, uRamon Lobo. Idokodo lomkhumbi kanye nephrojekthi yezokuvakasha enkulu ehambisana nawo iqothula umphakathi waseGarifuna e-Rio Negro, osucekelwe phansi, futhi imindeni yahlaliswa kabusha "emphakathini oyisibonelo" ngaphandle komphakathi ongomakhelwane waseGarifuna eCristales.
Ukwephulwa okucacile komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nendawo yomdabu kanye nesibopho sokuthola imvume yezinhlelo zentuthuko ezenziwa ngomhlaba wendabuko, amalungu omphakathi aphikisana nokuxoshwa aye asongelwa, ikakhulukazi izintatheli zaseGarifuna zomsakazo womphakathi. NgoZibandlela wezi-2011, imindeni yase-Rio Negro yethula isikhalazo ngo-Randy Jorgenson ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwase-Honduran.
IDEMOKRASI NE-LIBERTARIANISM AKUHAMBISANI, KUVOTA NGEZINYAWO ZAKHO
Ukusondela kokuketula umbuso kanye nokwephulwa kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe ku-Charter Cities initiative cishe akuyixaki i-Libertarian cabal ebakhuthazayo. Bezicacile, banokungaboni ngaso linye nentando yeningi, kanti nezinhlelo zokubusa kwamadolobha ayisibonelo zikhombisa lokhu.
Itimu ephindayo ezingxoxweni no-Romer umqondo 'wokuvota ngezinyawo zakho,' njengoba kuchazwe ku-athikili ye-Atlantic Magazine kaJulayi 2010. "Esikhundleni sokuthola ivoti ebhokisini lokuvota, uRomer uthi, izakhamuzi zedolobha elisemthethweni kuzofanele zivote ngezinyawo zazo. Abaholi bazo bazoziphendulela - kodwa kuphela kubavoti abacebile ezweni ababaqokile."
Isihloko siyaqhubeka, "Isivivinyo sangempela sesimo sengqondo sikaRomer ngentando yeningi akukhona ukuthi siyavumelana yini nemibono yaseNtshonalanga, kodwa ukuthi siyabakhanga yini abantu abampofu izinhlangano zosizo zaseNtshonalanga ezithi ziyabasiza. Futhi kulokhu, impendulo icacile. Eqinisweni, ungasho ukugomela kukaRomer - ukuthi ukuvota ngezinyawo zakho kungaba enye indlela ejabulisayo yokuvota - kakade kunabalandeli abayizigidi ezingu-214, ngoba leso yisibalo sabantu abakhethe ukushiya amazwe abo futhi bayohlala njengabafuduki ezindaweni. lapho bengenalo ivoti lezepolitiki."
Ngamanye amazwi, ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu kwezombangazwe Emadolobheni Amamodeli bekuzokhawulelwa ekunqumeni ukuthi bazohlala lapho noma cha, inketho i-Atlantic Magazine echaza ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingama-214 "bakhethe" ekunqumeni ukuhlala ngaphandle kwevoti ngaphandle kwesizwe sakubo.
Le mpikiswano, ukuthi amakhulu ezigidi zabantu bokufika abangazuzi ngamalungelo okuba yisakhamuzi lapho behlala khona, ngandlela-thile inketho "abayikhethayo" ngokukhululekile ayinaki inqwaba yezakhi zokuphoqelela, ukucindezelwa, impi, ubumpofu, ukubandlululwa, njll. ezinqumweni eziningi ezinjalo.
U-Patri Friedman wabhala, engosini ye-blog ye-Cato Institute yangomhla zi-6 ku-Ephreli, 2009, "Intando yeningi iwuhlelo lwamanje lwezombangazwe lwemboni, kodwa ngeshwa aliwufanelekeli umbuso wenkululeko." Isandulela esifanelekile senkolelo emenyezelwe yomzukulu wakhe ekungasebenzini kwentando yeningi kanye nemibono yeLibertarian, uMilton Friedman wayesondelene nomashiqela waseChile - kanye nesithandwa sabadayisi bamahhala - uGeneral Augusto Pinochet.
UPeter Thiel wabhala, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo-Ephreli 13, 2009, nakubhulogi ye-Libertarian Cato Institute, "Okubaluleke kakhulu, angisakholelwa ukuthi inkululeko nentando yeningi kuyahambisana." Kamuva wahoxisa isitatimende; empeleni, isitatimende esinamawala esivela kwelinye lamadoda acebe kakhulu futhi anamandla emhlabeni.
ISIMO 'SOBUHLAKANI'
UBillionaire Peter Thiel wayengumsunguli we-PayPal kanye nomxhasi wezimali owenza i-Facebook yaba khona, igcine u-10% wobunikazi bayo. Wabe eseqhubeka nokwakha i-Palantir ngo-2004 ngemali yokuqala ehlangene evela enkampanini ye-CIA ephethwe yi-In-Q-Tel.
I-Palantir, eqanjwe ngetshe elibona konke ku-"Lord of the Rings," inkampani yezobuchwepheshe - ngokusho kwe-athikili ye-Businessweek yangoNovemba 22, 2011 - "ihlanganisa ndawonye ividiyo egadayo ngaphandle kwesitolo sezidakamizwa ngokuthengiselana kwamakhadi esikweletu, iselula. -amarekhodi ocingo, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi okuhamba ngendiza, kanye nolwazi lokusesha iWebhu," ukukhiqiza amadosi kubantu abanentshisekelo, futhi isetshenziswa yi-CIA, i-FBI, noMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya phakathi kwezinye eziningi zikahulumeni nezizimele. amaklayenti.
Njengokungathi umqondo wobuchwepheshe bokugcina 'bomfowethu omkhulu' obulawulwa yindoda echaza ukuthi intando yeningi ayihambisani nemibono yakhe ayiphazamisi ngokwanele, uThiel usekomitini eliqondisayo leMihlangano ye-Bilderberg, imihlangano yaminyaka yonke okwathi kusukela ngo-1954 yaba nayo. ihlanganise ndawonye osomabhizinisi abaphambili, osopolitiki, izifundiswa, nezintatheli ezivela emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, eCanada nase-US ukuze kube nezingxoxo ezingarekhodiwe mayelana nokuqondiswa komhlaba.
I-HONDURANS PHONSELA INSELELA INKONTENTA YEZINDLU ZEZIMBONELO
Njengoba imiphakathi yaseGarifuna, indawo yayo ehlelelwe ukuhlala iDolobha Ledolobha lokuqala emhlabeni, iphikisa lo msebenzi, enhlokodolobha yaseHonduras, iTegucigalpa, kube nokusabela okunamandla. U-Xiomara Castro, ikhandidethi likamongameli waseHonduran weqembu elisha le-LIBRE, ohola umjaho kwezinye izinhlolovo, ukhiphe isitatimende: "Umthetho obekiwe awuhambisani nomqondo wobukhosi, ukuzimela ngamathuba alinganayo okutshalwa kwezimali kwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Labo abaqala amaphrojekthi ngaphansi komgomo wokuzimela. lolu hlelo olungqubuzana nomthetho 'lwamadolobha ayimodeli' lubeka engcupheni yokulahlekelwa utshalomali lwawo... Simema uMongameli we-National Congress kanye ne-National Party, ngokusekelwe ku-Article 5 yoMthethosisekelo elawula i-Plebiscite kanye neReferendum, ukuba balethe uMthetho "Wamadolobha Amamodeli "kureferendamu futhi makube ngabantu abanqumayo."
Kusukela inkontileka yangoSepthemba 4 yasayinwa nguMichael Strong uchungechunge lwezikhalazo zethulwe eNkantolo eNkulu iphikisa ukuthi le nkontileka ayihambisani nomthethosisekelo. Ngomhla ziyi-12 kuMandulo abameli bethula izikhalazo zokuvukela umbuso ngokumelene nabamele ukhongolose abavotele Ukuchitshiyelwa koMthethosisekelo kanye noMthetho owasungula amaDolobha Amalungelo.
Ngomhla ziyi-15 kuNhlolanja wezi-2011, iNguquko Yomthethosisekelo eyasungula uhlaka lwe-Charter Cities e-Honduras, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Special Development Regions [RED], yashicilelwa yaba umthetho, kwathi ngo-August 23, 2011 kwakhishwa imithetho ephinde yachaza ukusungulwa nokuphathwa kwe-REDs. yashicilelwa.
Ngokusho kukaJari Dixon Herrera, u-Oscar Humberto Cruz nabanye abameli abane abamele iHonduran Jurists Association, imithetho yeCharter Cities iyaphambana nomthethosisekelo. Babeka inselelo yezomthetho kulokho ngo-Okthoba 18, 2011 bethi ukuchitshiyelwa nomthetho kuphambene nomthethosisekelo. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumela abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ukuthi bajabulele ukuzimela kwendawo kanye nokuphatha kusho ukuhlukaniswa kwengxenye yendawo kazwelonke, futhi kwephula ubukhosi besizwe njengoba abantu baseHonduras bebengeke besakwazi ukusebenzisa igunya endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi I-RED. Baphinde baphikisa ngokuthi lolu hlelo luphula amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamizi zaseHonduran aqashelwa umthethosisekelo waseHonduran kanye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa ilungelo lokulingana, ukungabi nalutho kwamanye amazwe, ukusakazwa kwamahhala, ukufundiswa komphakathi kobudlelwane bezabasebenzi kanye nelungelo lokungaphoqelekile ukushintsha indawo yokuhlala.
NgoJanuwari 12, 2012 ihhovisi likaMmeli Jikelele waseHonduran lanikeza umbono walo eNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuthi ukuguqulwa nemithetho kuphula umthethosisekelo futhi kufanele kwehliswe.
IKHOMISHINI YOKUTHOLA
Amalungu amahlanu e-'Pro Tempore Transparency Commission' athweswe icala yibamba likaMongameli waseHonduran u-Porfirio Lobo ngokwengamela ukwakhiwa kwe-Charter Cities yokuqala ngoDisemba 6, 2012. Nokho, engxoxweni ne-Guardian, uRomer uthe abazange baziswe kusenesikhathi ukuthi uSepthemba 4 inkontileka izosayinwa. Eveza ukuthi ukhathazekile ngenselelo yomthethosisekelo, uRomer wachaza ukuthi yena nabanye okhomishana bahlehlile kuKhomishana. Encwadini eyabhalwa ngoSepthemba 7, oKhomishana batshela uLobo ukuthi "babemkhulula esibophweni" sokugunyaza ikhomishana ngokusemthethweni ngokushicilela isimemezelo sikamongameli sangoDisemba 6, 2011 esasungula iKhomishana.
IKhomishana iholwa nguPaul Romer, uProfesa Wezomnotho e-NYU, futhi ihlanganisa u-Harry Strachan, uNancy Birdsall, uGeorge Akerlof no-Ong Boon Hwee. Bathe basaseseka ngokugcwele lesi siphakamiso futhi bazimisele ngokubuyela kuKhomishana ngokushesha uma โizithiyo ekusungulweni ngokugcwele kohlaka lwesikhungo seREDโ sezixazululiwe.
UGeorge Akerlof udale umkhakha 'wezomnotho wobunikazi', ehlola ukuthi isayense yenhlalo yabantu iyithinta kanjani ezomnotho, ephikisa ngokuthi izinkambiso zomphakathi ezixhumene nokuthi ungubani zinomthelela ekuziphatheni kwakhe emnothweni, umbono owabelwa uRomer, empeleni oveza ubumpofu njengenkinga yamasiko. Isihluthulelo sokuchuma ukuqeda amasiko noma izinkambiso ezidala ubumpofu.
U-Nancy Birdsall ubeyiPhini Likamongameli Eliphethe we-IDB ngenkathi i-IDB iphromotha kabuhlungu i-Plan Puebla Panama. Uphinde abenguMdidiyeli Omkhulu eCarnegie Endowment for International Peace futhi njengamanje ungumongameli weCentre for Global Development. Ukhuthaza izinguquko kwezomnotho ngaphakathi kohlaka 'lwe-Washington Consensus' iqoqo lezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neoliberal.
U-Ong Boon Hwee, uBrigadier General weButho Lezempi lase-Singapore owayeyisipesheli ekulawuleni izinkinga, njengamanje uqondisa amafemu amabili ahlukene okubonisana: I-Beyond Horizon Consulting (BHC), echaza imisebenzi yayo njengokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, ukucabanga kwamasu nokuphathwa koshintsho, kanye neTemasek Management Services (TMS). ). Uphinde abe ngumnikazi we-Stratton Management Company (SMC) elawula ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakhe ngokuhlanganyela emikhakheni eyahlukene, ikakhulukazi amandla avuselelekayo, futhi uyi-CEO yangaphambili ye-Singapore Power (SP).
Nakuba u-Romer, Birdsall kanye no-Akerloff behlinzeka iKhomishana ngohlaka lwethiyori, u-Birdsall no-Hwee ngokungangabazeki bahlinzeka ngokuxhumana okubalulekile nabaxhasi bezezimali. Ukufakwa kukaHwee kuKhomishana kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile embonweni we-Honduras RED. Uke waba yisikhulu esiphezulu sezempi e-Singpore, esichazwa kabanzi njengezwe lamaphoyisa elinegunya.
UHarry Strachan ubonakala eyisihluthulelo ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, uye waxhumanisa ama-oligarchs aseMelika Ephakathi, enza imifelandawonye yezezimali nezepolitiki, ephusha ukuphathwa kwengcebo yaseMelika Ephakathi kusuka ezinkampanini ezigxile emndenini ukuba kube yizimali zokutshala izimali okwabelwana ngazo, futhi akhe amanethiwekhi ethonya lezombangazwe lamasu.
Uzakwethu enkampanini eyeluleka ngezezimali yaseBoston i-Bain & Company, u-Harry Strachan waqala inkampani ehamba phambili yokuphatha izimali e-Central America, ehlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwesifunda nokutholwayo. WayenguRector wesikole esihamba phambili se-Central American Business INCAE. Ngenkathi eqala ukuthuthela eCosta Rica ngo-1992 wanikela isikhathi sakhe esiningi ekukhuthazeni i-Central America Free Trade Initiative [CAFTA] eyahlanganisa abacebile base-Central America ngokusebenzisa inkundla asize ukuyithola, i-Caribbean Central America exhaswe yi-US-AID. I-Alliance (C-CAA) ebihlanganisa izinkundla lapho u-Strachan wethula khona ezingxoxweni nowayengumongameli waseHonduran uRicardo Maduro. Ngemuva kokuthi i-CAFTA iqinisekisiwe kulo lonke elase-Central America, ngo-2007 wasungula i-Central America Leadership Initiative, inkundla yokuxhumana.
UHARRY STRACHAN -MITT ROMNEY'S SALVADORAN DEATH SQUAD
Ngo-1984, kwakunguStrachan owaxhuma u-Mitt Romney oqokelwe isikhundla sikaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi nabatshalizimali base-El Salvador ngesikhathi esifanayo baxhasa ngezimali iqembu le-ARENA ngamaqembu alo okufa ahlobene. Ngokusho kwe-Huffington Post, iqembu laseSalvador linikeze ama-40% abalulekile emali yokuqala ukuze kuqhutshwe i-Bain & Company, i-Bain Capital, eyethulwe ngo-1985 nguMitt Romney. AmaSalvador bebelokhu bengabaxhasi abaqotho benhloko-dolobha yaseBain kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
U-Romney uchaza ukuthi amakhasimende akhe aseSalvador awazange agcine nje ngokusiza ingcebo yakhe enkulu kodwa wafunda nakubo: โLaba bangane abazange nje bangisize; bangifundisile. U-Romney uchaza njengabangane abatshalizimali bakhe bokuqala, okuhlanganisa imindeni yaseSalaverria, i-Poma, i-de Sola kanye ne-Dueรฑas "ngaleso sikhathi eyayixhasa ngezimali, ngokuqondile noma ngamaqembu ezombusazwe, amaqembu okufa e-El Salvador."
I-CENTRAL AMERICA MATCHMAKER โ UKUHLANGANISWA KWEZOKUPHAKATHI, IMISHADO, AMA-OLIGARCH KANYE NOSOPOLITIKI.
Ngo-1992, uStrachan wathuthela endaweni azalelwa kuyo, eCosta Rica, lapho akhulela khona emkhayeni wezithunywa zevangeli zaseHabe. E-Costa Rica, u-Strachan wasungula i-Mesoamerica Investments, iwebhusayithi ye-INCAE eyichaza ngokuthi "inkampani ehamba phambili yokuhlanganisa nokuthola izinto ngokubonisana ngamasu namagatsha azimele," kuyilapho iwebhusayithi yefemu igcizelela ubudlelwano bayo obuqhubekayo ne-Bain Capital ne-Bain & Company.
Ingcebo yaseMelika Ephakathi kanye namandla ezombusazwe kuhlanganiswa ngemindeni yobukhosi, imindeni yama-oligarch enamandla elawula imikhakha ehlukene yezomnotho emazweni ahlukene - njengoba uStrachan ebachaza, amabhizinisi omndeni. Umkhuba kule minyaka eyishumi edlule kube wukwehlukahlukana, kudlulele ngale kwemifelandawonye yezezimali ngemishado, kuya ekwakhiweni kwezimali zokutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu zesifunda kanye nezinkampani eziphethwe imindeni eminingi ngokuhlanganyela.
Umndeni wakwaPoma, inzalamizi yakhe u-Ricardo Poma uchazwa u-Harry Strachan njengomunye wabangane bakhe abakhulu, ungomunye wemindeni ecebe kakhulu e-Central America futhi ungumtshali-zimali e-Bain Capital. Bobabili uPoma noStrachan basondelene nowayengumongameli waseHonduran uRicardo Maduro. Inkampani kaMaduros i-Inversiones la Paz iphethe i-Poma's Grupo Roble kanye ne-Grupo Poma's Honduran subsidiarias.
Umbono we-Charter City kubikwa ukuthi wethulwa kumholi wamanje waseHonduran u-Porfirio Lobo ngo-Xavier Arguello Carazo, unobhala ozimele kaMongameli waseHonduras ngesikhathi sikaRicardo Maduro. UMaduro useKomidini Lokweluleka LikaMongameli LeDolobha Likamongameli.
MIGUEL FACUSSE
Ebalazweni le-oligarchic fiefdoms elimboze iMelika Ephakathi, izindawo ezihlongozwayo njengekhaya ledolobha elizayo leModel City / Charter City zilawulwa yizikhulu zikawoyela wesundu, ikakhulukazi uHonduran Miguel Facusse owazuza ukulawula le ndawo ngodlame nokukhwabanisa, ethatha ingcebo uMbuso nezakhamuzi zawo, nokusebenzisa izimali zomphakathi ezivela emabhange okuthuthukisa amazwe ngamazwe kanye namabhange kazwelonke.
Nakuba i-Facusse ingakaze ihlotshaniswe namaDolobha Omqulu nganoma iyiphi indlela yomphakathi, akwenzeki ukubalekela iqiniso lokuthi inegunya lokulawula ingxenye enkulu yendawo ezungeze amaDolobha ahlongoziwe. Ukubamba kwakhe ingxenye enkulu yaleyo ndawo kuphonselwa inselelo umphakathi wase-campesino nowaseGarifuna ongakaze akwamukele ukudluliselwa kwezindawo zawo ngaphansi kolawulo lwakhe, kanye nokulawulwa kweqoqo labanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu ababonakala besebenzisana ne-Facusse, behlanganyela amabutho ezokuphepha.
Nakuba indawo eqondile yeDolobha Lokuqokwa Kolwazi lokuqala ingacacile, cishe akukho ndawo eHonduras lapho izingxabano zomhlaba zalolu hlobo zingekho, ifa lokwenziwa kwesimanje kwe-Washington Consensus yomhlaba. Kubukeka sengathi abadayisi bamahhala kanye namaLibertarians bangase baqale iDolobha eliyi-Charter yokuqala emhlabeni, elinokuphatha ngonya, okugqugquzelwa ukuketulwa kwamasosha, okudidiyelwe kusetshenziswa ipolitiki nozakwethu kwezamabhizinisi, kusetshenziswa izimali zomphakathi ezivela kwa-IDB ngezinhlelo zengqalasizinda, futhi eyakhelwe endaweni. ezebiwe emiphakathini yendabuko, abalimi abancane kanye nesifundazwe saseHonduras.
Isiphakamiso samaDolobha Esiyisibonelo (Somqulu) asilona neze isethi entsha yemithetho esobala, silandela isiko lokubeka imithetho ngoxhaxha lwamandla alawulwa izizwe ezicebile - neo-colonialism.
U-Annie Bird, umqondisi we-Rights Action
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