Umthombo: FAIR
IHBO Max waqala ukusakaza idokhumentari ngoSepthemba 15: A La Calle (“Kuya Emgwaqeni”). Iveza abaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo abesekwa yi-US eVenezuela njengamaqhawe entando yeningi alwa nobushiqela ononya-a ukuguqulwa okuphelele weqiniso. A Daily Beast isihloko (9/13/21) ekhangisa ifilimu inesihloko esithi “Ukuthwebula Ukwehla KweVenezuela Esihogweni Somphakathi,” esiveza kafushane ukushuba kwefilimu, futhi siphakamisa ukuthi kungani ithole enkulu inkundla yezinkampani like IHBO Max, okuxhaswe ngakho AT & T's I-WarnerMedia.
Ukusuka trailer yedwa, kusobala ukuthi A La Calle uveza umholi weqembu eliphikisayo laseVenezuela uLeopoldo López njengomuntu ohloniphekile wentando yeningi. Kuyaxaka lokho.
Ifa lemizamo yokuketula umbuso enodlame
ULópez, owayeyisikhulu embonini kawoyela, wayekhona omunye wabenzi bobubi yokuketula umbuso okwasekelwa yi-US ngo-2002 okwaketula kafushane umongameli owayekhethwe ngokwentando yeningi ngaleso sikhathi, u-Hugo Chávez. Ubushiqela obungaphansi kwesikhulu sebhizinisi UPedro Carmona yabulala ababhikishi abangu-60 phakathi nezinsuku ezimbili ibusa. (Okunye 19 abantu, ingxenye yawo amaChavista, abulawa ezingxabanweni ezinobudlova ngaphambi nje kokuketulwa umbuso.) ULópez—kanye nomunye wezombangazwe ovelele, uHenrique Capriles—bahola ekuthunjweni kukangqongqoshe kahulumeni waseChávez ngesikhathi kusabusa uCarmona. U-López uvele kumabonakude wendawo, ngokuziqhenya Bethi ukuthi utshele “uMongameli uCarmona” mayelana nokuthumba.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uLópez wasekela i-a umzamo omkhulu wesibili wokuketula umbuso, ukucekelwa phansi kwemboni kawoyela okuholwa abaphikisi okwahlinzeka cishe ngayo yonke imali engenayo yaseVenezuela. Imizamo yokuketula u-Chávez yenza izinga lobumpofu lafika ngaphezu kwe-60% ekuqaleni kuka-2003.
U-López weseka imibhikisho enodlame futhi ngo-2013 ngemuva kokuthi ikhandidethi ameseka, uCapriles, wenqaba ukwamukela ukulahlekelwa kwakhe kuMongameli uNicolás Maduro okhethweni lokuqala lukamongameli ngemuva kokushona kukaHugo Chávez. Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, uLópez kugxeka uCapriles ngokuhoxisa imibhikisho, ethi bekumele iqhubeke kuze kukhishwe uMaduro. Ngesikhathi uCapriles eqeda imibhikisho, base beshiye abantu abayisishiyagalolunye beshonile, bonke abalandeli bakaMaduro.
ULópez waqala imibhikisho ekuqaleni kuka-2014 eyaholela ekutheni Ukufa kwe-43: Ingxenye yabo akhombise ngokuqinile umthwalo wemfanelo wabasekeli bakhe. Kungemva kokuhola lowo mzamo wesine osekelwa yi-US wokuketula uhulumeni okhethiwe waseVenezuela lapho uLópez agcina khona. waya ejele.
Hhayi ukuthethelela kodwa ukunganaki ubugebengu
Ngiyibuke yonke idokhumentari, ngilangazelela ukubona ukuthi ifilimu izoyiqeda kanjani yonke imizamo yokuketula umbuso u-López abehileleke kuyo, nokuthi izobuphika kanjani udlame olwenziwa abalandeli bakhe namadlelandawonye kule minyaka engu-20 edlule.
Ngazibuza nokuthi le filimu izobathethelela kanjani unswinyo lwezomnotho lwase-US olubulalayo eVenezuela—izenzo zempi eziye zaba khona. okuhlobene nokufa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu baseVenezuela ekupheleni kuka-2018 kuphela. Ngo-2021, unswinyo lwaseMelika, obeluqiniswe ngokungapheli kusukela ngo-2019, lwehlise imali kahulumeni waseVenezuela ngo-99%, ngokusho kumphenyi okhethekile we-UN Alena Douhan.
Ngangilindele ukubona izimpikiswano ezimbi zithethelela bonke lobu bugebengu. Kunalokho, idokhumentari yawahlela ukuba angabe esabakho nhlobo. Akukho kulezi zinto okwashiwo nakanye: akukho lutho mayelana nemizamo yokuketula umbuso eyayisekelwa yi-US ngaphambi kuka-2014, akukho lutho mayelana nempi yezomnotho ecekela phansi i-US eye yabangela iVenezuela kusukela ngo-2017.
Usomnotho waseVenezuela URicardo Hausmann futhi Tamara Taraciuk (isekela lomqondisi waseMelika weHuman Rights Watch) lifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile ngokulungiswa kwezitatimende abazenzile.
Isifundo somlando ohlanekezelwe
Kule filimu, uHausmann wathi uChávez waqala ukubusa ngoba u-1998, unyaka uChávez akhethwa ngawo okokuqala, “kwakuwunyaka onzima kwezomnotho.” Eqinisweni, iVenezuela yaba nezinhlekelele ezimbalwa amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi uChávez aqokwe okokuqala. UHausmann kufanele azi, ngoba ngo-1992, yena waba umfundisi kuhulumeni kaCarlos Andres Pérez, owayeqhubekile I-Caracazo Massacre ngo-1989: Amakhulu, mhlawumbe izinkulungwane, zabantu abampofu badutshulwa phakathi nezinsuku ezinhlanu zemibhikisho ephikisana nohlelo olubekwe yi-IMF.
Ku-athikili yakamuva (FAIR.org, 8/26/21), mina noJustin Podur sabuyekeza umlando wezomnotho waseVenezuela, obonisa ukuthi yayilokhu ikhungethwe ubumpofu nokungalingani okushaqisayo, naphezu kokuba iVenezuela ingumdayisi omkhulu kawoyela kusukela ngawo-1930. Impela, “Ukwehlela KweVenezuela Esihogweni Sobunxiwankulu” akusona isihloko ongasithola emithonjeni yezindaba yebhizinisi kusukela esikhathini sangaphambi kwe-Chávez.
Ngemva kokuchaza ngokukhohlisa ukuthi kungani uChavez ekhethwa kuqala, uHausmann waqhubekela phambili emangeni amakhulu. Wathi: “UHugo Chávez, eminyakeni emihlanu yokuqala, washintsha izinto eziningi, kodwa isimo somnotho asizange sibe ngcono.”
Lokho kungamanga aluhlaza kakhulu okweqiwa. UHausmann ukushaye indiva ukusho ukuthi phakathi naleyo minyaka emihlanu yokuqala, uChávez wahlaselwa yimizamo emibili emikhulu yokuketula umbuso eyayisekelwa yi-US eyacekela phansi umnotho. Ngokusinda kuleyo mizamo yokuketula umbuso, uChávez, ngo-2003, wagcina ekwazile ukulawula inkampani kawoyela kahulumeni, i-PDVSA, umthombo oyinhloko wemali yezwe.
UHausmann wabe esekhohlisa ababukeli futhi ngokuthi, “Ngo-2004, intengo kawoyela yenyuka. Kusenjalo uHugo Chavez uyabona ukuthi unemali eningi.”
Intengo kawoyela empeleni ibilokhu ikhuphuka kusukela 1998, unyaka ngaphambi kokuba uChávez aqale ukuthatha izintambo. Ngenhlanhla kubantu abaningi baseVenezuela, amanani kawoyela alokhu enyuka iminyaka eminingana ngemva kokuba uChávez egcine ehlulile ukulawula i-PDVSA kubahlaseli. Ngakho-ke umnotho ukwazile ukusimama ngokushesha emizamweni yokuketula umbuso futhi waqala inkathi enzima kakhulu ukunciphisa ubumpofu.
Asikho isibonelo 'sakamuva'?
Cishe imizuzu engama-40 kuqale idokhumentari, uTamara Taraciuk weHuman Rights Watch uthi imibhikisho enodlame yango-2017 (ifilimu ekhombisa uLeopoldo López eyikhuthaza esejele lakhe) “ayinaso isibonelo emlandweni wakamuva waseVenezuela.” Igama elithi "okwakamuva" liphakamisa kakhulu kulesi sitatimende esingenangqondo.
Ingabe umzamo wokuketula umbuso ka-April, 2002 (owabulala abantu abangu-79, abalandeli abakhulu bakaHugo Chávez, futhi waketula uhulumeni kafushane) wawungewona “okwakamuva,” obulalayo noma wawubalulekile ngokwepolitiki ngokwanele ukunikeza “isibonelo” semibhikisho yango-2017, eyashiya i-126. abantu bafile? Futhi, kunjalo akubonakali uma iningi lezisulu ngo-2017 bekungababhikishi abaphikisayo. Abanye bababhikishi benza unya olunyantisayo, njengokushisa bephila Orlando Figuera, umsekeli kahulumeni wase-Afro waseVenezuela oneminyaka engu-21.
Kuthiwani ngeCaracazo Massacre yango-1989, eyenziwa uhulumeni osekela i-US? Ingabe kubalwa “njengomlando wakamuva waseVenezuela”? Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, inani labashonile e-Caracazo ladlula, mhlawumbe ngomyalelo wobukhulu, inani lokufa elihlangene nhlangothi zonke phakathi nemibhikisho esekelwa yi-US ngokumelene nohulumeni base-Chavista baseVenezuela ngo-2002, 2013, 2014 kanye no-2017. (Ngenhlanhla, i-Caracazo Massacre nayo yaba awukho umthelela ebudlelwaneni obunobungane base-US/Venezuela, noma ekusakazweni kwabezindaba okuthophayo kwase-US kukahulumeni waseVenezuela ngaleso sikhathi—FAIR.org, 8/26/21.)
Cishe ihora nemizuzu engu-28 kuqale ifilimu, uTaraciuk uthi noma yimuphi “uhulumeni ohloniphekile” esimweni esibi sezomnotho saseVenezuela “uzocela usizo,” kodwa uMaduro “uvale umnyango wosizo lwamazwe ngamazwe, olutholakalayo.” Lokhu bekungamanga avame ukukhulunywa ngoFebhuwari 2019, lapho uhulumeni kaTrump, esanda kwamukela uJuan Guaidó njengomongameli wesikhashana waseVenezuela, efuna ukuthi amasosha aseVenezuela aphikisane noMaduro futhi avumele imali elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama- $ 20 "yosizo" obekufanele ingene luvela eColombia (FAIR.org, 2/12/19).
Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, leli nani “losizo” laliyiphutha elikhulu uma liqhathaniswa ne umthelela wezijeziso zezomnotho lokho uTrump ayekubeke kusukela ngo-August 2017. UTaraciuk akalokothi abuze “ukuziphatha okuhle” kukaTrump ngokukhetha ngamabomu ukuklinya umnotho owawusuvele usenkingeni. Lokho kukodwa kwenza ukuphawula kwakhe kube inhlamba, kodwa futhi, ngokuphambene nalokho akushoyo, uMaduro wayecele usizo lwamazwe ngamazwe iVenezuela eyayiluthola ngaphambi kosizo oluholwa yi-US lwango-2019 (FAIR.org, 2/12/19).
Uzibophezele ku-propaganda eyehlisiwe
I-documentary izibophezele kakhulu ku-propaganda ehlanjululwe kusukela ngo-2019 kangangokuthi iphinde inikeze isithombe sokuthi iloli losizo emngceleni waseColombia lashiswa amabutho athembekile kuMaduro. “Amaloli amathathu noma amane angena endaweni yaseVenezuela, kodwa elilodwa lawo lashiswa,” kusho uLópez ekhamera. I I-Grayzone (2/24/19) futhi ngemva kwesikhashana New York Times (3/10/19) wawaphika lawo manga ngaleso sikhathi, ephawula lokho ividiyo kukhombisa ukuthi iloli lishiswe umbhikishi ophikisayo.
Ngemuva kuka-2019, abezindaba baseNtshonalanga baqhubekela phambili ekuqhubekiseni amanga okuthi uMaduro wenqaba usizo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi ngoba uTrump, manje noBiden, badabukisa ngokusobala ngempi yabo yezomnotho eVenezuela (FAIR.org, 3/25/20, 7/21/21).
Cishe imizuzu engama-70 ku-documentary, uTaraciuk ugomela ngokuqinile ukuthi amavoti abengayimfihlo ngesikhathi sokhetho lukamongameli lwangoMeyi 2018 lapho uMaduro wawina ngamalengiso, ethi abavoti "kufanele badlule ichashazi elibomvu ukubhalisa ivoti labo.” I amachashazi abomvu (“amaphuzu abomvu”) ayizikhiqizo zikahulumeni uhlale emile eduze nezikhungo zokuvota ukuze uphume ekuvoteni. Ngisho nomlobi ophikisana noMaduro owahlasela lezi zitokisi njenge "blackmail" uvumile ukuthi uhulumeni akakwazi ukuthi abantu bavote kanjani.
Kuwubuzenzisi obukhulu futhi ukusola ukuthi uMaduro uphoqe abavoti, ngenkathi eshaya indiva usongo olusobala i-US ethumele abavoti baseVenezuela kusukela ngo-2017: ukuthi impi yezomnotho ekhubazekile ngokumelene neVenezuela izoqhubeka futhi ishube kuze kube yilapho uMaduro eketulwa.
Kunoma yikuphi, ukubalwa kwamavoti kaMaduro ngo-2018 kwakuhambisana nezinga lokusekela a Pew Research poll (okungeyona ingubo ye-pro-Maduro) uphakamise ukuthi abe nezinyanga ezimbalwa kamuva. Ithole ukuthi ama-33% abantu baseVenezuela "bathemba uhulumeni kazwelonke ukuthi uzokwenzela iVenezuela." Lelo futhi izinga lokusekelwa phakathi kwabavoti abafanelekile abavame ukuwina ukhetho e-Canada, e-US nase-UK (Izindaba Zemithombo Yezindaba, 1/28/19).
Ingxenye yomhlambi wezindaba zaseNtshonalanga
Kuyo yonke ifilimu, iziqeshana eziningi ezivela ezitolo ezinkulu zezindaba ziqinisa ukungathembeki kwefilimu. Fox News umlobeli uBryan Llenas uthi, “IVenezuela iyawohloka ngaphansi kwesisindo sombuso wengcindezelo kaMaduro.” A BBC intatheli igqolozele uMaduro ngokudelela umbuso njengoba yena, ngokufanelekile, echitha isimangalo sokuthi ukuqokwa kwakhe kabusha ngo-2018 kwakungekho emthethweni.
Sekuyisikhathi eside abezindaba baseNtshonalanga benza uhlobo olufushane, oluphindaphindwa ngokungapheli, oludinga ukungazethembi ngokuphelele kosopolitiki abasekelwa yi-US njengoLeopoldo López eVenezuela. Noma yimiphi imiphumela engokomthetho yokuvukela umbuso okusekelwa yi-US kuvezwa njengengcindezelo (FAIR.org, 4/23/18).
US abezindaba zokuzijabulisa baphinde bafaka isandla emkhankasweni wokunyundela uhulumeni kaMaduro (FAIR.org, 9/18/19). Ngonyaka odlule Ethan Hawke wenza a inhlolokhono yokukhuluma no-López (umngane wakudala u-Hawke ahlangana naye ngenkathi efunda esikoleni esiphakeme esizimele eNew York). Kulula kakhulu ukubona ukuthi kungani IHBO Max ngingazizwa ngikhululekile ukusakaza idokhumentari njengenhlekisa njengokuthi A La Calle.
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