Isifunda saseMato Grosso, esimaphakathi nentshonalanga yeBrazil, singacatshangwa ukuthi siyipharadesi, okungenani uma usuka kude. Ihlathi lemvula eliluhlaza lase-Amazon, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amaphaphu omhlaba," linqamula izwe, njengoba kwenza i-savanna yaseBrazil enotshani noma i-cerrado. Ama-parrots, ama-jaguar nama-pumas ayingxenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezilwane eziningi ezitholakala e-savanna, ezibhekwa njengezinye zezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu emhlabeni, kanye nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala njengempisi enomhlwenga, i-anteater kanye ne-otter enkulu ehlala emfuleni.
Nokho, isimo sezwe siyashintshwa ngokushesha njengoba amasimu amakhulu kabhontshisi wesoya namapulazi ezinkomo athatha indawo yotshani namahlathi. I-Soy ibusa i-Mato Grosso futhi akuyona isoya iningi lomhlaba elihlotshaniswa nokudla okunomsoco, ukudla kwemifino, noma.
Ngemuva kokwethuka kwesifo i-Mad Cow, abakhiqizi besoya baye bazuza ekwenyukeni kwesidingo emazweni acebile ngenyama yezinkomo eziphakelwa ukudla kwesoya, esikhundleni sokudla okusekelwe ezilwaneni. Lokhu kungokwakamuva ochungechungeni lwezici ezivumele inkampani ebizwa ngokuthi i-Andrรฉ Maggi Group ukuthi ihole, kanye nohulumeni waseBrazil, ukunwetshwa kwesoya eMato Grosso nasezifundeni eziseduze kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, kube nemiphumela ephazamisayo.
"I-Soy - okwamanje - iyona ehamba phambili ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi, ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile," kusho umhlaziyi wezemvelo u-Jan Maarten Dros. "Ngokuqondile ngoba i-cerrado iguqulwa isuka ezitshalweni zemvelo ibe amasimu e-soy. Kodwa ngokungaqondile, ngoba kulesi sifunda amapulazi ezinkomo amaningi athathelwa indawo abalimi be-soy abathenga noma abaqashisa umhlaba kubalimi bezinkomo." Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokocwaningo luka-Drosโ 2003 WWF mayelana nemithelela yokutshalwa kukabhontshisi wesoya eBrazil, ukuthi โabalimi bezinkomo bavame ukuthuthukela endaweni entsha yamahlathi, okubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okwengeziwe.โ
Umbusi wesifunda saseMatos Grosso nguBlairo Maggi, umnikazi weqembu leMaggi, owaziwa nangokuthi i-rei da soja - iNkosi yaseSoya. Eqinisweni, iMaggi Group ingumkhiqizi wesoya ozimele omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Le nkampani yenze imali eyizigidi ezingama- $ 600 ngokuthengisa kulo nyaka, ngokuyinhloko ilawula ukukhiqizwa, ukuhweba kanye nokucutshungulwa kwamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 zesoya, iningi lawo lihloselwe imfuyo eYurophu nase-Asia. IMaggi iphinde yaba ukhiye ekusunguleni ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha ephinde ivule i-Amazon ekuthuthukisweni nasekugawulweni kwamahlathi.
Ngo-2003, unyaka wokuqala kaMaggi njengombusi, izinga lokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Mato Grosso liphindwe kabili. Ngonyaka odlule lapho i-New York Times iveza ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwe-Amazon kunyuke ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezinhlanu, uBlairo Maggi waphendula: โKimina, ukwanda kokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngamaphesenti angu-40 akusho lutho, futhi angizizwa icala elincane ngalokhu esikwenzayo lapha. Sikhuluma ngendawo enkulu kune-Europe engakaze ithintwe, ngakho-ke akukho nhlobo okufanele sikhathazeke ngayo."
Ngaphandle kwe-ecosystem entekenteke esebenza kuyo, kanye nempikiswano mayelana nezinqubo zayo, isikhondlakhondla sebhizinisi lezolimo laseBrazil sibe nenkinga encane yokubhaliswa ngamabhange azimele eYurophu nase-Japan, kanye nezikhungo zikahulumeni ezifana ne-International Finance Corporation(IFC), i-private- ingxenye yeBhange Lomhlaba. Ngo-2002 ingxenye yokukhiqiza isoya yeMaggi Group, i-Amaggi Exportaรญยงรญยฃo e Importaรญยงรญยฃo Limitada, yathola izikweletu ezimbili ezilandelanayo zase-US $30 million ku-IFC - eyodwa ngo-2002 neyesibili eyanikezwa ngoSepthemba ka-2004.
IBhange Lomhlaba lihlola imali ebolekiwe ku-Amaggi
Nokho, iMaggi Group ihlangabezane nembibizane emgwaqeni. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kuma-NGOs eBrazil naphesheya, umongameli weBhange Lomhlaba uJames Wolfensohn ucele ukuba kucwaningwe yiHhovisi le-IFC Lokwelulekwa Komxazululi Wezikhalazo Zokuhambisana Nemalimboleko ka-2004 eya ku-Amaggi, esho encwadini eya kuma-NGOs aseBrazil ukuthi "ucwaningo luzohlinzeka ngokuzimela. ukubuyekezwa kodaba futhi imiphumela izovezwa esidlangalaleni."
Ezimeni zazo zombili izikweletu, i-IFC yabela amaphrojekthi isilinganiso seSigaba B sezenhlalo nezemvelo, okusho ukuthi "inani elilinganiselwe lemithelela ethile yemvelo kanye/noma yomphakathi ingase ibe umphumela ongagwenywa noma uncishiswe," ngokusho kuka-Rachel Kyte, umqondisi. woMnyango Wezemvelo Nokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi we-IFC, nakuba lokhu kuhlukaniswa manje kungase kubuyekezwe.
"Ukube izingxabano zomphakathi bezizocatshangelwa ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule," kusho uRoberto Smeraldi, umqondisi we-Friends of the Earth Amazonia, ephendula, "lokhu kucwaninga bekungeke kudingeke". Ama-NGO ase-Brazilian kanye nawamazwe angaphandle aphikisane ngokuthi imali ebolekiwe bekufanele iqinisekise ukuhlukaniswa kweSigaba A, esichazwa ngokuthi "cishe sibe nemithelela emibi kakhulu ebucayi ebucayi, ehlukahlukene, noma engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili." Ukwehlukaniswa okunjalo kuzobonisa amandla ephrojekthi okulimaza kakhulu i-ecosystem entekenteke ye-cerrado.
Imali ebolekiwe ye-IFC ihlinzeka i-Amaggi ngemali enkulu yokwandisa amandla ayo okugcina imikhiqizo yesoya ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlinzeka ngemalimboleko yangaphambi kwezimali kubalimi besoya abaphakathi nendawo abangama-900 eMato Grosso naseRondรญ'nia izifundazwe i-Amaggi ethenga kuzo iningi lesoya elithengisayo. . Laba balimi abaqashile bavame ukuba nemali elinganiselwe ngakho-ke kufanele baphendukele ku-Amaggi ukuze bathole uxhaso, njengoba uhulumeni wase-Brazilian uhlinzeka ngemali mboleko ngenzalo ephezulu kakhulu. Ngokubuyisela emuva, abalimi basayina izinkontileka zokudayisela i-Amaggi umkhiqizo wabo ngokwemibandela eshiwo yinkampani yebhizinisi lezolimo.
Inkinga ngaleli lungiselelo, kusho isazi sokuma komhlaba u-Wendy Jepson, omsebenzi wakhe ugxile ekukhiqizweni kwesoya ezifundazweni zaseMato Grosso naseRondรญ'nia, ukuthi imali mboleko yangaphambili ehlinzekwa yi-Amaggi ayinayo imibandela enemininingwane mayelana nemvelo, kuyilapho ikhiya abalimi ezivumelwaneni. no Amaggi. "Imali ebolekwa i-IFC ayinangqondo ngoba ibonakala ingekho imibandela yezemvelo yokuthi laba bakhiqizi balima kanjani ngempela. Isiza ukukhuliswa komkhiqizo hhayi ukubhekana neqiniso lokuthi laba balimi abanakho ukukhetha ukuthi bakhiqiza kanjani."
U-Steve Schwarzmann we-Washington DC-based Environmental Defence wamukela ngokuqapha ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku eBhange Lomhlaba, ngenkathi ehleka usulu isigaba B se-IFC semali mboleko. "Ukusho ukuthi ukuxhasa ngezimali ukunwetshwa kokukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi e-Amazon ngo-2004 kuwuhlobo lwephrojekthi umthelela wayo ume esangweni lepulazi, akukholakali."
Ukubhanga "ngegolide eliluhlaza"
Okubaluleke kakhulu kunemiphumela eqondile yemali mboleko ye-IFC, ngokusho komhlaziyi waseDashi u-Dros, udumo inhlangano ebolekisayo yamazwe ngamazwe olunikeze i-Amaggi, nayo eye yaheha izikweletu ezinkulu kakhulu ezivela emabhange azimele. IRabobank, okuyibhange elikhulu lezolimo eNetherlands, ihole inhlanganisela yamabhange ayi-11, okuhlanganisa i-ING Bank (Netherlands), HSBC (UK), BNP Paribas (France), Crรฉdit Suisse First Boston (Switzerland), UFJ Bank (Japan), WestLB (Germany), Fortis Bank (Netherlands/Belgium), HSB Nord Bank (Sweden), Banco Bradesco kanye neBanco Itaรบ (Brazil), ukuboleka i-Amaggi u-$230 million.
Lesi yisikweletu sesibili esikhulu uRabobank asihlelele i-Amaggi. Imalimboleko yokuqala ka-$100 million, ngo-2002, yayihlanganisa i-ABN Bank kanye ne-Fortis Bank, i-Banque Cantonale, i-BBVA, i-WestLB, ne-Standard Chartered, kanye namabhange amathathu aseBrazil.
NgoSepthemba walo nyaka, u-Rabobank wethula umkhankaso wokukhangisa eziveza โnjengebhange elenza isibopho somphakathi sisebenze.โ I-Rabobank isayine i-IFC's Equator Principles, isethi yokuzithandela yezinkombandlela zokuphatha izindaba zomphakathi nezemvelo, futhi inamazinga ayo asemthethweni okuvikela amahlathi.
U-Dros, obhale izifundo eziningi ngesoya eBrazil naseNingizimu Melika we-World Wildlife Fund kanye ne-AIDEnvironment, ukholelwa ukuthi i-imrimatur ye-IFC inikeze amabhange azimele indlela yokweqa izinqubomgomo zawo zemvelo. "Ukucabanga kukaRabobank bekuwukuthi uma i-IFC igunyaza lo msebenzi futhi bewubeka esigabeni B kuphela, iphrojekthi enobungozi obuncane, singatshala ngokuphepha u-$230 wezigidi, okuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunaleyo etshalwa yi-IFC, kule nkampani."
Imenenja yezindaba zomphakathi yakwa-Rabobank u-Hans Ludo van Mierlo uphikisa ukuthi ibhange linomlando omuhle kakhulu wokuboleka imali ngendlela egcina imvelo. "Asiboni sizathu sokukhathazeka ngesicelo sikamengameli weBhange Lomhlaba uJames Wolfensohn sokuthi kucwaningwe imali ebolekwe i-IFC ku-Amaggi," kusho uvan Mierlo. "Ingxoxo yamanje phakathi kwama-NGO imayelana nezinqubo ze-IFC, okuholele ekuhlukanisweni kweSigaba B. Lokhu kuyingxoxo yangaphakathi kakhulu mayelana nezinqubo ze-IFC futhi akusho ukuthi u-Amaggi wenza okuthile okungalungile."
IMaggi Group iphinde yathola imali ebolekiwe engu-$24 million ngoMashi 2001 yinhlangano yamabhange angaphandle ehlelwe yiDeutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft (DEG), izikweletu ezimbili eziholwa yi-Standard Chartered Bank ngoJulayi 2001 kanye noJulayi 2002 ngamadola ayizigidi ezingama-70 kanye namaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-50 ngokulandelana, imalimboleko eyizigidi ezingama-$80 ehlelwe yi-WestLB ngoJuni 2003 kanye nemalimboleko eyizigidi ezingama-$34 zamadola evela ku-Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econรญยดmico e Social (BNDES), ibhange lokuthuthukisa lase-Brazil, ngoJuni walo nyaka.
U-Schwarzmann we-Environmental Defense uphawula indida ye-IFC eboleka imali ku-Maggi Group, uma kubhekwa ikhono lenhlangano lokudonsa imali mboleko enkulu yangasese. "Isizathu esizwakalayo [sokuboleka kwe-IFC] ukuthatha izinsiza zomphakathi ukusekela amabhizinisi azimele emazweni asathuthuka angeke akwazi ukufinyelela ezimakethe zezimali zomhlaba wonke," kusho uSchwarzmann. "Okwenziwe yi-IFC ngemali ebolekiwe Amaggi akukho okunye."
Ukuvula ipharadesi
Ingxabano emayelana ne-IFC kanye nemalimboleko yamabhange azimele kuMaggi Group igqamise amandla enkampani yebhizinisi lezolimo okulimala kwemvelo njengomkhiqizi wesoya nomthengisi. Kepha okube nomphumela ofanayo kube indima kaMaggi ekwakheni kabusha isifunda sase-Amazon, ngenxa yamandla amakhulu ezepolitiki nezomnotho omndeni wakwaMaggi.
UMbusi uMaggi, enamakhulu avela kuhulumeni wesifunda saseBrazil kanye neMato Grosso, kanye nezinkampani ezizimele kubandakanya nezakhe, wakhe imigwaqo, amachweba futhi wanweba nemigudu yamanzi enqamula ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, ngokusho kwabagxeki, okuye kwavula isifunda soya. amapulazi, amapulazi ezinkomo kanye namakoloni amancane.
UMaggi uqale ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo enqamula enhliziyweni ye-Amazon, okuhlanganisa nomgwaqo onguthelawayeka i-BR-163 ogandaywa manje usuka eCuiabรก, inhloko-dolobha yaseMato Grosso, uye echwebeni loMfula i-Amazon ojulile e-Santarรฉm. Ukufakwa kwe-asphalting kwe-BR-163 kuyingxenye yohlelo oluphakathi kukahulumeni nezizimele phakathi kukahulumeni wase-Brazil, i-Maggi kanye nezikhondlakhondla zebhizinisi lezolimo zase-US i-Cargill, Bunge, i-ADM nabanye abafuna indlela eshibhile yokuthekelisa isoya. Ngokusho kwe-Amazonian Institute for Environmental Research, noma i-IPAM, lo mgwaqo ongamakhilomitha angu-1600 uzosika indawo engamahektha ayizigidi eziyishumi esifundeni, uvule indawo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nekoloni.
UBlairo Maggi ukuchithile ukugxekwa kwalabo ababona ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo phakathi kwesikhundla sakhe njengombusi wesifunda saseMato Grosso kanye nomkhiqizi omkhulu wesoya waseBrazil. "Inkundla yami yokhetho ibisekelwe esidingweni sokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka komnotho eMato Grosso," uMaggi etshela iSoybean Digest ngonyaka odlule. "Njengombusi, umgomo wami oyinhloko uwuku ... ukukhiqiza kwezolimo kathathu e-Mato Grosso phakathi neminyaka eyi-10, kanye nokuthuthukisa imboni yezolimo ukuze kwenezele inzuzo kulowo mkhiqizo."
Akunasiphelo?
Uma kubhekwa amandla ezithakazelo zebhizinisi lezolimo njengeMaggi Group, imashi ebheke ekuqothulweni kwesoya nokuqothulwa kwezinkomo kungase kubonakale kungenakuvinjwa. Kodwa ukunwetshwa kwesoya okuqhutshwa ukuthekelisa kungase kwehle ngenxa yezizathu zokufunwa, okwamanje.
Ngemva kokufinyelela ukuphakama kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ngo-April, intengo yesoya yehle emakethe yomhlaba yafinyelela kuhhafu yenani layo eliphakeme, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokurekhoda ukukhiqizwa kwesoya e-US kanye nokuncipha kwesidingo esivela eChina. Intengo yesoya iqale ukwehla kule ntwasahlobo ngemuva kokuthi i-China yenqabile ukwamukela imikhumbi yesoya evela eBrazil ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu ezibulala-zinambuzane kubhontshisi. I-Maggi Group ilinganisela ukuthi kungathatha iminyaka eminingana ukuze intengo iphinde ikhuphuke.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isidingo sesoya kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule kuphela. Uma nje abathengi beqhubeka nokufuna inyama emfuyweni efuywe ngesoya kanye namabhange omhlaba eqhubeka nokuxhasa ngezimali ukukhula kwayo, iMaggi Group izohlala ebhizinisini. Ngaleso sikhathi, imvelo ebalulekile yamahlathi emvula kaMato Grosso kanye ne-cerrado isesengozini.
USasha Lilley ungumbhali we-CorpWatch futhi ungumdidiyeli we- Against the Grain ku-Pacifica Radio.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela