Ci-atastrophism: I-Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth iqoqo lezindatshana ezishicilelwe yi-PM Press ehlola ipolitiki yokucabanga kwe-apocalyptic kuwo wonke umkhakha wezepolitiki. Endabeni yakhe ethi, 'Inhlekelele Yesokunxele', uSasha Lilley ugxile ekunamatheleni okukhethekile kwesobunxele ezinhlekeleleni. Muva nje ukhulume noSamuel Grove ngokuthi kungani kufanele kugwenywe ipolitiki yembubhiso ezayo.
Iyini inhlekelele esele?
Inhlekelele yesokunxele, egudla ingxenye enkulu yesokunxele, iwumbono obangelwa ukuphelelwa ithemba kwezombusazwe. Kuthatha izinhlobo ezimbili, nakuba zingase zikhule. Enye isekelwe embonweni wokuthi ubunxiwankulu buzokweqa imingcele yangaphakathi noma yangaphandleโngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yenkinga yezomnotho โengapheliโ noma uwoyela ophakemeโbese kwehla ngaphandle komzabalazo ohlangene.. Enye isekelwe embonweni wokuthi izinto ziba zimbi kakhulu, kuzoba ngcono kumathemba aqinile. Ngakho-ke, izikhathi zobunzima bomnotho noma ingcindezelo yombuso zamukelwa ngokunikeza izimo lapho abantu abavamile bezolahlekelwa imibono yabo ekhohlisayo ngohlelo bese beya kwesokunxele. Eziningi ngakwesobunxele ziyazulazula phakathi kwalezi zinguqulo ezimbili zenhlekelele. Bobabili bacabanga ukuthi emlotheni kuzozalwa izwe elishaโizwe thina maqhawe esingakwazanga ukulidala ngokwethu. Nakuba ngokuvamile isebenza njengokuhlakanipha okuvamile okungahloliwe, โumqondo ovamileโ wezinhlobo ezithile, inhlekelele ayizuzisi ama-anticapitalist.
Ngakho-ke kunezinhlangothi ezimbili zokushiya inhlekelele. Esokuqala siphathelene nezimo zenhloso yenguquko, okwesibili, izimo zokuguquguquka kokuzithoba. Ake siqale ngeyokuqala. Awungabazi ukuthi ubunxiwankulu bukhiqiza izinhlekelele? Kunalokho, njengoba usho, ukuthi lezi zinhlekelele ngokwazo zanele ukubhidliza isimiso. Iyiphi indlela engcono yokuchaza ubudlelwano bonxiwankulu kanye nenhlekeleleโikakhulukazi lapho ungekho umzabalazo obumbene?
Indawo enhle yokuqala iwukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlekelele nezinhlekelele. I-capitalism, ngokobunjalo bayo, iyinhlekelele. Nokho nakuba ijwayele ukuba nezinhlekelele, idinga nezinhlekelele. Okusho ukuthi, izinkinga zisiza uhlelo ukuthi luzivuselele. Bheka nje ukuthi isigaba sonxiwankulu sisebenzise kanjani isimo esinzima somnotho ukuhlanganisa umkhiqizo ukuze bathole inzuzo ekhulayo, besebenzisa uvalo lwabasebenzi lokuthi bangase balahlekelwe yimisebenzi. Ngakho-ke ukucabanga ukuthi inhlekelele yezomnotho iyodwa nje, ilethe ukuwa konxiwankulu akulungile. Ngokufanayo, ukushiswa kwezinqolobane zikaphethiloli ezifinyeleleka kalulaโokuyinhlekelele ngempela esintwini, okubhebhezela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonkeโakudali umkhawulo ongenakunqotshwa lapho ubunxiwankulu obungenakukwazi ukuphila khona, njengoba abanye abashisekeli bamafutha basikisela. Kunalokho, ukuncipha kwezinqolobane zamanje kuye kwaqhuba ukufunwa kwemithombo emisha kaphethiloli, kwavula izindlela ezintsha zokuqongelela kanye nokwenza inzuzo. Kuze kube sezingeni lokuthi i-United States ibikezelwa ukuthi izodlula iSaudi Arabia eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyisishiyagalombili njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili kaphethiloli emhlabeni.
Iphuzu mayelana nethiyori kaMarxist, futhi ikakhulukazi ukugxeka kukaMarx ezomnotho ezikhululekile, laliwukukhombisa ukuthi lokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuthobela umthetho wemvelo onqunyiwe empeleni kwakuwumphumela wesenzo somuntu? Noma kunjalo uthatha inkolelo-mbono eminingi kaMarxist ukuze uzinikele ekunqotshweni yinhlekelele.
Yiqiniso. Njengakuqala, umuntu udinga ukuhlukanisa phakathi kukaMarx kanye nabaningi bakhe abangama-20th abazuza ifa ekhulwini, abaguqule izimpikiswano zabo zaba imfundiso yemishini. Ukuthambekela okuhlukahlukene kwezombangazwe ngaphansi koqwembe lukaMarxist kwakukholelwa ukuthi imithetho yensimbi yomlando yayiyoqeda ubunxiwankulu, nokuthi ukunqoba kwakunqunywe kusengaphambili. Nakuba uMarx azitika ngezinkulumo eziqhakambisa yena, wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi abantu baqopha umlando ngomzabalazo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imibono yakhe yavela mayelana nezinkinga njengembangela yesiyaluyalu emphakathini. UMarx no-Engels babingelele ngenkinga yezomnotho ka-1857-58 becabanga ukuthi izosusa ngokuzenzakalelayo igagasi loguquko. Lokho akwenzekanga futhi kamuva balahla amathemba anjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba uMarx ebheka izinkinga njengesici esiyinhloko sobunxiwankulu, akazange afanise izinkinga nokuwa kwalolu hlelo.
Uma uMarx eqaphela ukuthi ubunxiwankulu babungeke buphele ngenxa yezinkinga, abaningi abalandela esikhundleni sakhe abazange. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwe-20th ekhulwini leminyaka, ama-radicals aseYurophu ahileleka ezimpikiswaneni ngokuwohloka okuzayo okungenakugwenywa kobunxiwankulu. Ukuwohloka kwakuhlale kubonakala emkhathizwe, kube nemiphumela emibi yezombangazwe: ukunethezeka ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye ne-adventurism ngakolunye. Isibonelo salokhu sakamuva sanikezwa izidlamlilo zase-Estonia, lapho kwaqala khona ukuvukela umbuso ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yokucabangela ukuthi ubunxiwankulu babusengozini yokufa: โNgo-5.15 ekuseni ngo-December 1, 1924, amaKhomanisi angamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nesikhombisa aqala impi. ukuvukela umbuso,โ kubhala u-C.L.R. James, โkwathi ngehora lesi-9 banqotshwa ngokuphelele, benza umonakalo omkhuluโฆโ
Ingabe lokhu kuseyinto ehlukumeza kwesokunxele?
Umqondo wokuthi ubunxiwankulu buzowa ngaphansi kwesisindo sabo bunokuthambekela okuncane kakhulu namuhla, ezikhathini zethu eziphawuleka kakhulu zokulwa ne-utopian, kodwa uvela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngike ngabalula uwoyela ophakeme: iqembu i-Deep Green Resistance lithi ngo-2015 i-industrial capitalism izoqala ukuvela ngenxa yokuncipha kwemithombo kawoyela futhi izobe isilungele ukwehliswa iqembu elincane lamasosha azibophezele. Siphinde sabona, ekuqaleni kwenkinga yezimali, abanye bejabulile kwesokunxele ukuthi ubunxiwankulu buyahlakazeka nokuthi isikhathi sethu sase sifikile ekugcineni. Ngokusobala, lokho akuzange kuhambe kahle futhi injabulo enjalo iye yancipha. Kodwa ibambelele emcabangweni wabashisekeli bemigqa eyahlukene, kusukela ku-anarchist kuya kuMarxist, njengo-Immanuel Wallerstein odonsela embonweni wamagagasi kaKondratiev ukuphikisa ukuthi ubunxiwankulu bulokhu buntengantenga kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 futhi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kuya kwamashumi amathathu ngeke ube nathi isikhathi eside, esikhundleni salokho kungcono noma okubi kakhulu.
Kufanele ngigcizelele ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi kunengqondo ngokuphelele ukuthi ama-radicals afise ukuphela konxiwankulu. Ngokomlando, kuwuhlelo olusha futhi akukho lutho lwaphakade ngakho. Kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi lesi siphetho sizofika ngomshini, ngaphandle komzabalazo osabalele.
Olunye uhlobo lwenhlekeleleโumbono wokuthi ukwanda kokungathembeki kwezomnotho noma ukucindezelwa kombuso kuyisa abantu kwesokunxeleโkuvame kakhulu phakathi kwama-radicals namuhla. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, imibono yabavukeli iye yaduma kakhulu, yakhuthazwa ngendlela eyodwa incwadi ethengiswa kakhulu. Ukuvukela Okuzayo. I-Inrectionism ibungaza ukwanda kwezingxabano kanye nengcindezelo ehambisanayo njengokuhlinzeka umgqugquzeli wokuvukela umbuso. Inguqulo engajabulisi kakhulu yalo mbono ibe nokukhanga okusabalele kwesokunxele ngomcabango wokuthi ukunganaki kungavusa ukunyakaza okunamandla okuvuselelwe. Kusekelwe embonweni olula wokwenza ipolitikiโukuthi abantu bakhohliswa ngohlelo abaphila ngaphansi kwalo futhi badinga ukushaqeka ukuze babone izinto njengoba zinjalo ngempela. Kodwa lo mbono, okhuthaza kakhulu, awuqondi kahle ukuthi yini eshukumisela abantu esenzweni. Ivuthiwe ku-vanguardism.
Ngokomlando, mhlawumbe isibonelo esishaqisayo sokubi kakhulu, esingcono singatholakala kubaholi beQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJalimane ngeminyaka yawo-1930 ababekholelwa ukuthi uma amaNazi eqala ukubusa, ayezovula indlela eya ekuvukeleni umbuso. Iqembu lasamukela ngokusemthethweni isiqubulo esithi, โNgemva kukaHitlerโithuba lethuโ, futhi lakhuthaza amalungu alo ukuba avotele amaNazi okhethweni lwesifunda sasePrussia. Akudingekile neze ukuthi kugcine kubi kubo.
Noma kunjalo uMarx wabambelela embonweni wokuthi kunokungqubuzana okuthile konxiwankulu okuyinto engasenakusimama ekugcineni. Isibonelo, iplanethi ayikwazi ukusekela ukukhula komnotho okuhlanganisiwe unomphela.
Ngempela. UMarx akazange, vele, enze leyo mpikiswano ethile, kodwa isemthethweni kakhulu. Kodwa uma ubunxiwankulu bebungabhubhisa ngokuphelele isisekelo sokukhula okuhlanganisiwe, umuntu ucabanga ukuthi lelo phuzu aliseduze, njengoba kuyingozi njengokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukucekelwa phansi kwezixhobo zamakhorali, ukushabalala okukhulu, kanye nobuthi emizimbeni yethu. . Lokho kungenxa yekhono elethusayo nokho elimangalisayo lobunxiwankulu ukweqa โimikhawulo yemveloโ yezinhlobo ezehlukene. Ngenxa yokushoda, i-capitalism ivama ukuvula izindlela ezintsha zokwenza inzuzo nokuqongelela, ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinye ezingabonakali, futhi ngokuvamile ngokuhlanganisa izinkambu ezintsha zempilo efomini lempahlaโkusuka emzimbeni kuye phansi olwandleโngokuvala lokho obekungaphandle kwemakethe. . Futhi ubungxiwankulu, obusekelwe ekubhujisweni kokudala, buvamise ukusebenzisa izikhathi zokucekela phansi ngenjongo efanayo: cabanga nje ngokuhweba ngamakhredithi okungcola, ukuxazulula ukuchitheka okunobuthi, noma ngisho nokwandisa izindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo ngenxa yezifo ezihlobene nenhliziyo namaphaphu. Ukuthi lokhu kuzokwazi ukuqhubeka unomphela kunzima ukukucabanga, kodwa uma ubunxiwankulu bebungakwazi ukukhula ngesilinganiso sokukhula esiyinhlanganisela esingu-3%, akucaci ukuthi buzovele buwohloke, kunokuxhuga ngezindlela ezingalingani isikhathi eside. , ezinye izifunda zinenkontileka kanti ezinye azikho. Kunoma ikuphi, kuyindlela efiphele kakhulu yokufinyelela emhlabeni wobungxowankulu.
Uma izinkinga zingahlali ziveza umzabalazo osabalele, ingabe kulungile ukusho ukuthi umzabalazo osabalele nokho udinga uhlobo oluthile lobunzima ukuze uqhubeke? Isibonelo, isikhathi esithuthuka kakhulu emlandweni wezabasebenzi wase-US kwaba ngeminyaka yawo-1930s phakathi Nokucindezeleka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.
Ngokusobala uthuthuva emphakathini akubonakali ngaphandle emoyeni. Futhi angiphakamisi ukuthi izingxabano zomphakathi azikwazi ukuvela ngezikhathi zobunzima bomnotho-ngokusobala zingenzeka. Kodwa ngokuvamile izinkinga ezinjalo kuphela avele ukuba yimbangela yemizabalazo. Ziningi izinxushunxushu, ezomnotho noma ezombangazwe, okungenzeka, futhi mhlawumbe kufanele, zivuse izinxushunxushu futhi zingabangeliโinqwaba yamaphoyisa okubulala angaqalisi izibhelu, izinhlelo eziqinile ezingabangeli ukuvukela umbuso, nokunyeโobese kukhohlakala.
Ukukhomba izithako ezivusa umbhikisho kuhlala kuwubuqili ngoba izinto eziningi zivame ukuba semsebenzini. Ngokuphambene nokuhlakanipha okutholwe kwesokunxele, nokho, imizabalazo eminingi ayiveli ezimweni zomnotho eziya ziba zimbi, kodwa kunalokho izikhathi zokukhula. Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, njengoba usho, kuvame ukuphakanyiswa njengesibonelo esiyinhloko senkinga yezomnotho enikeza indawo evundile yezinhlangano eziqinile zomphakathi. Kepha kufanele kuqashelwe, nalapho, ukuthi mhlawumbe iziqephu ezazinamandla kakhulu kulowo mzabalazoโimisebenzi yefekthri eyingqayizivele kanye neziteleka zango-1936-37โazenzeki ngesikhathi sokuwohloka komnotho okuwohlokayo, kodwa ukusimama, lapho izinga lokuqashwa seliphelile. inyuke ngamaphesenti angamashumi amathathu ukusuka ekujuleni kokucindezeleka. Futhi lokho kuyasitshela: ngokuvamile izinhlangano zomphakathi zithola amandla amaningi lapho okulindelwe abantu kuphakama futhi benomuzwa wamandla abo eqoqo, hhayi ubuthakathaka. Ukunyakaza kwama-Sixties e-US, ngokufanayo, kwavela esikhathini sokukhula komnotho kanye namaholo aphezulu kakhulu. Kwakuyisizinda sempi enkulu yezikhundla namafayela, eyawa ngemuva kwenhlekelele enkulu yezomnotho ekuqaleni kwawo-1970.
Omunye wemiphumela embalwa eyamukelekayo yenhlekelele yezomnotho ka-2008 kwaba ukubola eyabangela imibono yokunganqotshwa konxiwankulu. Isibonelo u-Naomi Klein uphakamise ukuthi Inkinga Yodonga LwaseSt. yayingeye-'neoliberalism' ukuthi ukuwa kodonga lwase-Berlin kwakuyini 'ubukhomanisi'. Uma kungekho okunye, izingqinamba zingase zibeke izingxoxo zokuguquguquka kanye namalungiselelo ongxowankulu babuyela etafuleni. Uma kubhekwa lokhu ingabe inhlekelele iyinto embi ngempela?
Inkinga yanyakazisa, okungenani kusenesikhathi, umqondo wokuthi ubunxiwankulu abunabungozi. Kodwa njengoba usondelana, lokhu kwaba njalo nakakhulu ku-neoliberalism (evame ukufana ne-capitalism phakathi kwabanye abashisekeli, kodwa ngokusobala kuyindlela eyodwa nje). Idlanzana labantu abavelele kwesokunxele bamemezele, uma kungekona ukuwa kohlelo lonxiwankulu, okungenani ukufa okwakubizwa nge-free market capitalism. Kodwa lokho kwabonakala kunethemba elikhuluโkwakungafani neze nokuwa koDonga LwaseBerlin. I-Neoliberalism kungenzeka ukuthi iye yachithwa kwezinye izindawo, kodwa isewuhlelo losuku eGlobal North.
Noma yiziphi izingxoxo ezivuselelwe zoguquko lwenguquko kanye nempilo edlula ubunxiwankulu zizoba zinhle, nakuba ngingaqiniseki ngezinga lokho okwenzeke ngayo nganoma iyiphi indlela enkulu phakathi nenhlekelele yamanje. Njengoba bengilokhu ngigcizelela, akukho okuzenzakalelayo mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinkinga, ipolitiki, kanye nesenzo esiqinile. Ngesikhathi sezinkinga abantu bangase bahambe baye kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla, noma bahlale lapho bekhona, bezama ukuzidlula ngabodwana. Ukwesaba-futhi leli yiphuzu elenziwe nguJames Davis ku Inhlekeleleโivame ukutshekela kwesokudla, hhayi kwesokunxele. Uma abantu besaba, maningi amathuba okuthi bamukele izixazululo ezigunyazayo kanye nokujeziswa kwabokufika nabanye.
Njengoba u-Eddie Yuen esho, kudingeka sikhumbule ukuthi, njengoba siphila ezikhathini ezinzima, abantu abaningi bahlushwa ukukhathala okuyinhlekelele. Okunye ukuxokozela ngeke kubenze banqume ukuthi ukuvukela umbuso kuyimpendulo. Abadingi ukukholiseka ukuthi kukhona okungalungile, noma ukuthi uhlelo esiphila ngaphansi kwalo alubasebenzeli. Bamane nje abanalo ukholo lokuthi kukhona okungenziwa ukukushintsha. Futhi umbono wenhlekelele awenzi lutho ekuxazululeni leyo nkinga eyisisekelo. Eqinisweni, kuvimbela ukubambana nakho. Izama ukweqa umsebenzi ovame ukuba nzima wokufinyelela abanye abangahambisani nawe futhi ubasize bazihlele.
Ingabe impi ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlekeleleโkungaba ngenxa yemiphumela yayo yoguquko noma ephikisayo?
Yebo, impi yayingabhekwa njengehlukile. Ngokomlando, izimpi ziye zabonakala zibangela ukuvukela umbuso. Amagagasi amakhulu okuguquguquka kwekhulu lama-20th ikhulu leminyaka lalandela iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala NeyesiBili, njengoba kwenzeka nokuhlukana kwemibuso yamakoloni. Labo ababecelwe ukuba banikele, noma babulale futhi basengozini yokubulawa, mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba bafune ukubuyela esimweni esidala.
Kodwa izimpi ziphinde zinikeze umbuso amandla aphoqayo nakakhulu egameni lokuphepha kwezwe, njengoba sazi. Ziphawuleka ngokucindezelwa okukhulu kanye ne-jingoism, lapho ama-radicals evamisile engakwazi ukuzenza azwakale ngaphezu kwengxoxo yokucwaswa kwabokufika noma yobuzwe, futhi izimpi zivame ukudedela amandla akude kwesokudla. Futhi izifundo ze-20th ekhulwini, kusukela ku-WW1 kuya eMpini yaseVietnam, azizange zilahleke ezigabeni ezibusayo. Bayaqaphela ukuthi abantu ababuthiwe, ngisho nabavela emazweni ama-imperialism, bangaba ne-radicalized. Ngakho-ke manje bathambekele ekuthembeleni emandleni ama-proxy nama-drones, njengoba sibonile e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.
Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uye ezwe kuthiwa ukuvukela umbuso sekuyinto yesikhathi esidlule ngoba impi isishintshile. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi isimo esibaluleke kakhulu soguquko okwenzeka eYurophu enkumbulweni yakamuva-izenzakalo zikaMeyi 1968 eFrance-azange zigqugquzelwe yimpi, kodwa zenzeka emphakathini ophumelele ngokunengqondo ngesikhathi sokuthula, uma singabiza. lokho.
Uma kungekho okusha mayelana 'nenhlekelele' yiziphi izimo zamanje ezenza lo mbono ukhange? Uma uthi 'inhlekelele' inikezwa esikhundleni sokusebenza kanzima kwenhlangano nomzabalazo, 'inhlekelele' iwuphawu olungakanani lobunzima bokuzibandakanya emzabalazweni?
Lowo ngumbuzo obalulekile. Inhlekelele ibonakala idlange kakhulu ngezikhathi zokunqotshwa kwezombusazwe kwesobunxele. Ukuboleka i-E.P. Isisho sikaThompson, siwukudumazeka kokuphelelwa ithemba, uma sichaza ukuphelelwa ithemba ngokwepolitiki, esikhundleni sezengqondo. Ngakho-ke i-chestnut endala mayelana nayo kulula ukuveza ukuphela komhlaba kunokuphela konxiwankulu-into eye yaphawula iminyaka engamashumi amane edlule, ngokunqotshwa kwesobunxele kanye nokuvela kwe-neoliberalism ne-mantra yayo yokuba ukuphela okungenzeka. indlela.
Ngalesi sikhathi izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zaba nesiphithiphithi, kanti isigaba sabasebenzi sifakwe kwi-neoliberal capitalism ngokuhlangana kwezezimali. E-United States, kube nezikhathi zokugqugquzelwa okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva-imibhikisho emikhulu yokulwa nempi ka-2003, isiteleka sabasebenzi bokufika sango-2006 (okuyisimangaliso esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-US) - kodwa ukudala ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, okuqhubekayo kube nzima kakhulu. . Ngisho no-Occupy wavutha ngendlela emangalisayo wabe esencipha. Izindlela zakudala zokuhlelaโikakhulukazi imodeli yeqembu lami-ayenqatshiwe, kodwa izindlela okuthiwa zivundlile zeminyaka yamuva nazo zikhungethwe yizinkinga. Ukuphelelwa yithemba kwezombangazwe kanye nesimo esibucayi sokuhleleka kunikeza ithemba lokuthi ukuxokozela kwangaphandle kuzothatha indawo yomsebenzi onzima wokufinyelela nokuhlela abanye. Ngaphezu kwalokhu ukuphuthuma kwangempela abantu abaningi abakuzwayo ngesidingo sokumisa umonakalo wonxiwankuluโukufudumala kwembulunga yonke okusobala kakhuluโfuthi inhlekelele iqondakala ngokuphawulekayo. Inhlekelele ngeke iphele ngokukhomba imiphumela yayo emibi. Noma kunjalo, njengoba ama-radicals ezama ukuvuselela iphrojekthi esabalele yokulwa nongxowankulu, imibono ibalulekile. Njengoba inhlekelele iheha, kuwumbono okufanele wenqatshwe.
Njengoba usho nokho, uma โinhlekeleleโ ingesona isixazululo sokungabi nathemba nokuyekethisa ngakwesobunxele, khona-ke ukuvele ulahle โinhlekeleleโ akusona isixazululo. Kuyangithinta kulokhu okushoyo ukuthi njengoba nje imibono ibalulekileโnomlando ubalulekile. Kukhona into eyimbali ngempela mayelana nenhlekelele, hhayi nje ngomqondo wokuthi ayinaki ukunqoba izinkinga, kodwa futhi ekuphakamiseni ikhefu elikhulu kukho konke osekwenzekile ngaphambili, inhlekelele inohlobo lokungaboni ngamabomu emizabalazweni yangaphambili kwesokunxele. ; imizabalazo elethe ukunqoba kwangempela.
Ngokuvamile kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinhlekelele aziqapheli izimpi ezedlule, nakuba kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kukhona abanye, ikakhulukazi abahlukahlukene be-determinist, abangase bafike esicongweni semizabalazo yangaphambilini. Kodwa ingxenye enkulu, imizabalazo yangaphambiliโfuthi yini eyenza abanye baphumelele kanti abanye bangaba nayoโingaphansi kokufanele. Inhlekelele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imayelana nezinqamuleli kanye nebhizinisi elingcolile lokulwa nokulahlekelwa izikhathi ezithile kanye nokuwina ezinye kungavinjelwa eceleni.
Ubonakala ukhomba umbono oye wakhanga imikhakha yesokunxele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yokuguqulwa okubanzi komphakathi noma uguquko njengokuhlanzwa okukhulu, umzuzwana lapho siqala kabusha ikhalenda. Mayelana nokwehlukana okukhulu ngokwedlule, ngizwelana nomfutho. Kodwa ayikho into efana nokwakha kusukela ekuqaleni, ukwakha umphakathi omusha ongenziwanga ngezinye zezinto zakudala. Ezingxoxweni zangaphambili uhlangothi olulodwa lwathi uguquko oluguquguqukayo aluphathelene nokuqothula okwedluleโumqondo omubi woguqukoโkodwa kunalokho lwakha phezu kwezinto ezinhle zomhlaba ezivele zikhona kule mizabalazo esiyilwayo. Omunye, omubi, umuzwa wokushintsha kwezenhlalo awugcini nje enhlekeleleni, kodwa umuntu angawubona embonweni oyinhlekelele wokuqhekeka kokuhlanza. Akumangalisi ukuthi inhlekelele ivame ukugcizelela ubuthakathaka bethu njengeqoqo, kunamandla ethu ngokuhlanganyela. Futhi lokho ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele kugwenywe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinto ezimbi kangakanani ngezinye izikhathi zivela, ngoba empeleni azinembile.
USamuel Grove ungumcwaningi ozimele kanye nentatheli.
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