Indawo yokuhlatshwa nokulungisa inyama yenkomo iTyson Fresh Meats ePasco, eWashington ingumbhoshongo wezimboni waseBabel. Izisebenzi ezingamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu ezivela eMexico, eBosnia, eVietnam, nakwamanye amazwe akude, zisebenza indololwane ngendololwane emigqeni yokuqaqa isitshalo, zinquma amakhanda, imilenze nezinselo, futhi zihlinza izidumbu zezinkomo ezinkulu. Izidumbu zibe sezithwalwa ngoketango ziye kubasebenzi abengeziwe, abasebenzisa izingwegwe zensimbi nemibese ukuze bahlukanise izilwane zibe izingcezu ezincane kakhulu, ezihlelelwe isitolo esikhulu esiseduze nawe.
Ngo-2003, ingalo yesokunxele ka-Luis Madrigal oneminyaka engu-24 yalimala kulayini. "[U]sike ingalo yakhe nge-hock-cutter," kusho uPasco Tyson olungisa inyama nomholi wenyunyana uMaria Martinez, ekhuluma ngomshini onezinsimbi ezimbili ezigobile oklanyelwe ukusika idolo lenkomo. "Inkampani ikhiphe onogada bezingalo kumshini wokusika insimbi futhi umshini wawungasebenzi kahle ngenxa yokukhiqiza, uyanezela uMartinez. "Into abayikhathalelayo ukukhiqiza, hhayi ukuphepha kwabasebenzi."
Ukupakisha inyama, ngokobunjalo bakho, kuyingozi kakhulu. "Izingulube, izinqola nezinkomo ziyizilwane ezinzima kakhulu futhi [ukusika] kwenziwa ingxenye enkulu ngesandla, okufaka ingcindezi ezingalweni, amahlombe kanye nemihlane yabasebenzi," kusho uchwepheshe wezabasebenzi waseCornell University uLance Compa. "Ubeka lezi zidingo zomzimba phezu kwezimo: igazi, amafutha, ukushisa, nephunga elibi, bese kuba yingozi ebangelwa izisebenzi ezithinta ukudla kwesilwane okugaywe ingxenye."
Futhi nokho kwenye yezimboni eziyingozi kakhulu e-United States, irekhodi lesitshalo sikaTyson Fresh Meat sikaPasco liyagqama. Ngokwe-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) yoMnyango Wezabasebenzi wase-US, izinga lokulimala nokugula kulesi sikhungo lingaphezu kwesilinganiso esiphindwe kabili nesigamu kunesilinganiso sikazwelonke sezitshalo ezipakisha inyama futhi ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwezindawo zokupakisha inyama ezinenkulungwane. noma abasebenzi abaningi.
Isitshalo sePasco siphinde sigqame ngendlela yesibili: ukubulawa nokusika phansi kwalesi sitshalo, kanye nemigqa yaso yokuhlakazwa kanye nezindawo zokudlela, kube inkundla yempi yomzamo omkhulu wokuxosha inyunyana, iTeamsters Local 556, ebimele ukupakishwa kwenyama. abasebenzi lapho iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25. NgoFebhuwari, abasebenzi basembonini bavotela ukugunyaza inyunyana ngaphansi kwefu lezinsolo zamaqhinga angcolile, ukwephulwa kwemithetho yezabasebenzi kanye nokugqekeza izinyunyana.
Abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zici ezimbili - ukuntuleka kokuphepha kanye nemizamo eqinile yokuhlakaza inyunyana - ziyingxenye yenkinga efanayo. Ezinyangeni ezizayo, ezinye izinyunyana ezimele abasebenzi abapakisha inyama zizobe zibheke emzabalazweni waseTyson's Pasco plant njengendawo yokulwela amalungelo abasebenzi komunye wemisebenzi ekhohlisayo yaseMelika.
Ngenkathi uNobhala-Mgcinimafa weTeamsters Local 556 uMaria Martinez eqala umsebenzi embonini yasePasco, yayingaphansi kobunikazi be-Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) futhi yayiyisitolo sezinyunyana iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. I-Tyson Foods, Inc. yathenga i-IBP ngo-2001, okwenza inkampani ibe umkhiqizi omkhulu wenyama yenkomo emhlabeni. UMartinez uthi lapho uTyson engena, inkampani yanciphisa abasebenzi, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu okulimala. "Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-IBP noTyson. Uyabona noTyson, ukuzama ukuqeda inyunyana kwakuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kubo."
I-Tyson Foods, Inc., inkampani engumzali ye-Tyson Fresh Meats, ingumdondoshiya phakathi kweziqhwaga. UTyson ubusa imboni yokupakisha inyama njengomcubunguli omkhulu emhlabeni wonke kanye nomkhangisi wezinkukhu, inyama yenkomo, nengulube. Inkampani ezinze e-Springdale, e-Arkansas inkulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunembangi yayo elandelayo, inabasebenzi abangu-114,000 futhi idayisile ngonyaka odlule nge-$ 26.4 billion. Yasungulwa ngo-1935, iTyson Foods ikhiqiza iphawundi elilodwa kuwo wonke amaphawundi amane enyama yenkomo, inkukhu, kanye nengulube e-U.S, futhi ithengisa inyama ngaphansi kwemikhiqizo ethi Thomas E. Wilson, Doskocil, Jac Pac, Reuben, ITC, Wright Brand, Russer, Jordan's , Continental Deli, kanye ne-Iowa Ham. Le nkampani engaphansi komndeni iphethwe nguSihlalo kanye ne-CEO uJohn Tyson, umKristu ozinikele, ongumkhulu wakhe owasungula inkampani. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwesizukulwane esisha, iTyson Foods "Izindinganiso Eziyinhloko" ihlanganisa ukulwela ukuba "inkampani ethembekile" kanye "nokudumisa uNkulunkulu." Emkhankasweni wayo obheke esitolo esingenazinyunyana, inkampani iphakamisa ukuthi lezi zinkolelo zenkolo ezibekiwe zizogcina abasebenzi babo bephephile.
Enkulumweni yakamuva yeTyson Press Release, ngokwesibonelo, umphathi wePasco uRay McGaugh usebenzise ulimi oluthile lwebhayibheli ukwenza isixhumanisi, ethi, "Izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zikaTyson kanye nekhodi yokuziphatha kuzoqhubeka nokuqondisa inkampani kanye nobudlelwano bayo Namalungu Ethimba njengoba sisebenza ngaphandle inyunyana."
I-rexification ye-Union decertification
Izisebenzi ezinengi embonini yePasco zithi uTyson usekhuphule isivinini okumele abasiki benyama basebenze, ngesikhathi behlisa inani labantu kulayini. Amaphesenti angu-70 abasebenzi okwaxoxwa nabo eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts kanye naseWhitman College umbiko mayelana nezempilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi embonini yasePasco bathi bakholelwa ukuthi ijubane leketango elihambisa inyama emgqeni wokuhlakazeka lishesha kakhulu, kuyilapho abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-XNUMX bethi uTyson wabela abasebenzi abambalwa kakhulu emsebenzini ngamunye.
Engikubonile, ngoba bengihlala ngisebenza emnyangweni olungisa izinto,” kusho uMartinez, “ukulimala kwabantu ngenxa yokuthi abanaso isikhathi sokuwugcina ubukhali ummese wabo noma benze iqatha lenyama ngoba inyama iyafika. ilandelana ilandelana. Ihlala ibuyela ejubaneni leketango."
Ukuba khona kwenyunyana kulesi sikhungo kwaphonselwa inselelo ngonyaka odlule, ngemuva kokuthi isisebenzi esingeneme, uCarlos Perez, owayehlulwe nguMartinez okhethweni lokuhola inyunyana yasendaweni yeTeamsters, eqoqe amasignesha ukuze aphoqelele ukhetho lokugunyaza inyunyana. (UMartinez uyilungu leqembu lokuguqula i-Teamsters yeDemocratic Union, kuyilapho uPerez esekelwa ukusungulwa kwe-Teamsters.) UPerez wabe esekhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba umphathi nguTyson.
Ngesikhathi abasebenzi basembonini bevota ngo-Ephreli odlule ukuthi baqhubeke nokuba nabameli bezinyunyana esikhungweni sePasco, uhlangothi olusekela inyunyana lwaphumelela. Abaphathi bakaTyson babe sebethi abaphathi bezinyunyana bakhulume kungafanele nabasebenzi njengoba belinde ukuvota. NgoZibandlela iNational Labour Relations Board (NLRB) yaphikelela ukuthi kuvotwe elisha, naphezu kokutholwe kweSikhulu Esilalelayo se-NLRB sokuthi "ukhetho oluthile lwenzekile kodwa...
NgoFebhuwari ukhetho luphinde lwabanjwa. Kulokhu abasebenzi basembonini bavotele abangu-690 kwabangu-586 ukugunyaza inyunyana. Umphathi wefekthri uMcGaugh uthe lokhu "njengevoti lokuyethemba inkampani nabaphathi befektri yethu."
Inyunyana ibona izinto ngendlela ehlukile futhi ifake isiphikiso ku-NLRB, ithi uTyson "unyathele amalungelo abasebenzi futhi waphazamisa ukhetho" ngokuphulwa kwe-22 komthetho wezabasebenzi. Ukuphikisa kuhlanganisa ukusabisa nokuphoqelela abasebenzi, ukunikeza noma ukunikeza abasebenzi izinzuzo ukuze babanxenxele ukuba bavote ngokumelene nenyunyana, ukudlulisa izincwadi zomkhankaso zomgunyathi okuthiwa zabhalwa inyunyana, kanye nokuhlinzeka abasebenzi ngolwazi olungamanga mayelana nezikhathi zokuvota nezindawo.
"UTyson uvale imboni amasonto angu-6 noma angu-7 futhi wakhokhela abantu amahora angu-32 [ngesonto]," kusho ummeli uDavid Rosenfeld, omele i-Local 556. "Asiphikisani nokuthi abasebenzi bakhokhelwe. Kodwa akuvamile. Kufana nokugwazisa ukuze abasebenzi bakhohlwe yikho konke okwenziwe yinkampani. Lokhu bekungaphambi kokhetho." UTyson umise okwesikhashana ukukhiqizwa kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya kuFebhuwari ezitshalweni zakhe ezimbalwa, ngenxa yesidingo esiphansi senyama yenkomo, kusho inkampani. Inyunyana iphinde ithi uTyson utshele abasebenzi ukuthi ubude besikhathi sokudilizwa buncike ekutheni bavote kanjani okhethweni lokukhishwa kwezitifiketi.
Umkhulumeli kaTyson, uGary Mickelson, uyawaphikisa amacala anjalo, ethi inkampani yenza ngokuvumelana namalungelo ayo. "Nakuba ukhetho lokukhishwa kwezitifiketi beluwumphumela wezikhalazo ezaqalwa izisebenzi ezisebenza njalo ngehora, umthetho uyayivumela inkampani ukuthi ithathe isikhundla futhi ixhumane naMalungu eThimba lethu ngokubaluleka kwevoti lawo. Besifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bakhetha benolwazi."
Ngokusho kommeli wenyunyana u-Rosenfeld, phakathi kwezenzo ezimbi kakhulu inkampani eyazenza kwakuwukucela usizo lwencwadi yendawo ebhalwe ngolimi lweSpanishi i-Pasco, ebizwa ngokuthi i-La Voz, ukushicilela izitatimende ezingamanga zokuthi imboni ye-Pasco izovala futhi ithuthe uma abasebenzi bevotela inyunyana. "Inkampani isekela i-[La Voz] ngokukhangisa okuningi," kusho uRosenfeld. Ngemuva kokuthi leli phepha liphrinte ucezu mayelana nokuqhubeka kokuhlanganiswa kwezinyunyana okuholela ekuvalweni kwesikhungo, "inkampani yaphasisa lesi sihloko ngaphakathi nasezindaweni ezizungezile."
Abaholi beTeamsters Local 556 bafake icala lokungathembeki ngokumelene noLa Voz, bethi, phakathi kwamanye amacala, leli phephandaba lithi abaholi bezinyunyana bavale imakethe yaseJapan emikhiqizweni yakwaTyson kulandela uhambo lokwakha ubumbano lwabasebenzi oluya eJapan. Empeleni, iJapan, kanye namanye amazwe angaphezu kwama-20, yavala imakethe yayo ngenyama yenkomo yaseMelika ngemuva kokutholakala kwecala le-BSE, noma isifo senkomo esihlanyayo, esifundazweni saseWashington ngo-2003.
"Sidumele kodwa asimangazanga ngamacala enyunyana," kusho umkhulumeli kaTyson uGary Mickelson esitatimendeni sakamuva sokuphikisa kwenyunyana nge-NLRB. "Njengomqashi, zonke izenzo zethu eziholela ekuvoteni okunjalo zilawulwa umthetho wenhlangano. Asizange senze noma sisho noma yini engafanele noma ephambene nomthetho." UMickelson ukholelwa ukuthi ibhodi labasebenzi lizosichitha isicelo seTeamster, wengeza ngokuthi uTyson "ubheke ngabomvu ukusebenzisana namalungu eqembu lethu endaweni engenazo inyunyana."
Inhlanhla ikhanya phansi
Njengoba inemikhiqizo yobuphayona efana neMcDonald's Chicken McNuggets, iTyson Foods njengamanje igibele igagasi le-Atkins lamaprotheni amaningi, ukudla okunama-carbohydrate aphansi e-US. (Bheka ibha eseceleni). Emkhankasweni wayo wokukhangisa wezigidi ezingu-75 zamaRandi Inikwe amandla yi-Tysonâ„¢ umabonakude, umsakazo, iwebhu, nomkhankaso wokukhangisa wokuphrinta, u-Tyson uzenzele kabusha "umhlinzeki wamaprotheni ohamba phambili emhlabeni."
I-Fortune Magazine isanda kuqamba inkampani yokudla ye-Tyson America's "Most Admired", ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sabaphathi abangu-10,000, abaqondisi nabahlaziyi bezokuphepha, okwesibili eminyakeni emithathu. Ukulinganisa okuphezulu kukaFortune kobuholi benkampani kubonakala sengathi kwabelwa ibhodi likaTyson, ngonyaka odlule lanikeza uSihlalo kanye ne-CEO uJohn Tyson ibhonasi yamadola ayizigidi ezingu-5.4 - enye enkulu kunazo zonke onyakeni wokukhokhelwa okugcwele kubaphathi.
Ngo-2004, inkampani yaphenywa yi-US Securities and Exchange Commission ngokuklonyeliswa, ngaphandle kokudalulwa okufanele, umqondisi kaTyson kanye no-CEO wangaphambili - ubaba kaJohn Tyson - uDon Tyson ama-$ 1.7 million kumabhonasi kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-2003. I-Tyson Foods ivumile ukukhokha i-$ 1.5 million. ngesivumelwano ne-SEC. Nokho phakathi nezingxoxo ne-SEC, abaqondisi bezinkampani banikeze uDon Tyson inkontileka yonyaka ka-$1.2 million yokubonisana, kanye nempesheni yonyaka engama-$750,000 nezinye izinzuzo. Ngenyanga edlule, i-Amalgamated Bank ephethwe yinyunyana, enamasheya acishe abe ngu-89,000 eTyson, yafaka icala enkantolo ikhala ngokuthi iTyson Foods iqinisekise amalungu omndeni wakwaTyson anjengoDon Tyson imali eningi yokubonisana uma esethathe umhlalaphansi enkampanini - ngisho nangemva kokufa. .
Ukuze akwazi ukukhokhela lezi zimali, uTyson usethathe izinqubomgomo ezicindezela abasebenzi nezinyunyana. Umbiko wakamuva weHuman Rights Watch obhalwe yiLance Compa ukhombisa ukuthi izimo zokusebenza nokuhlela embonini kaTyson's Pasco azifani nerekhodi lenhlangano lilonke. Lolu cwaningo luthi uTyson, kanye neziqhwaga zokupakisha nokucubungula inyama, uSmithfield kanye neNebraska Beef, baphula ngokuhlelekile amalungelo abasebenzi bawo: ukuvikela abasebenzi ngokungafanele ekulimaleni, ukusizakala ngezisebenzi ezingenazo izincwadi, ukungazikhokhi isinxephezelo sabasebenzi, ukuvimbela ngokungemthetho ilungelo labo lokuhlela. inyunyana yabasebenzi, noma izinyunyana ezixosha ezikhona.
"UTyson uhlale exosha abasebenzi ababhikishayo noma abakhulumela abanye," kusho isisebenzi senkukhu esicashunwe embikweni osebenza embonini yaseTyson eRogers, e-Arkansas. "Ngesikhathi begxuma besuka ezinkukhwini ezingamashumi amathathu nambili ngomzuzu kuya kwezingamashumi amane nambili, kwabhikisha inqwaba yabantu. Inkampani yavele yaphuma yabuza ukuthi ngobani abaholi, yabe isibaxosha, yasitshela ukuthi â€Â˜Uma ningenzi." Ngiyakuthanda, kukhona umnyango. Kukhona abanye abafake izicelo abangamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili abalindele ukuthatha umsebenzi wakho.'
UTyson, owenqabile ukuphawula ngqo kwaCorpWatch, ukhiphe isitatimende ngemuva kokukhishwa kombiko. "Sidumele ngeziphetho ezidukisayo zombiko, kodwa akumangazi uma sibheka ubudlelwano bombhali nabasebenzi abahlelekile," kusho inkampani, ikhomba iLungu leLungu leTyson's Bill of Rights, elakhishwa usuku olulodwa ngaphambi kokuthi kushicilelwe umbiko we-HRW.
UMthethosivivinywa Welungelo uqinisekisa ilungelo "labasebenzi lokukhetha ukuthi bayafuna yini ukujoyina ndawonye ngezinjongo zokuxoxisana." Iphinde ithi abasebenzi banelungelo "lokutshela uTyson kuqala ... uma kukhona [isisebenzi] esinomuzwa wokuthi siphathwa ngendlela engafanele ngokuphathelene nanoma iyiphi indaba yokuqashwa," mhlawumbe esikhundleni sokuphendukela inyunyana.
I-National Labor Relations Board yathola uTyson enecala lokuxosha ngokungemthetho inyunyana embonini yayo yezinkukhu ngo-1993 e-Dardanelle, e-Arkansas kanye nenkampani engaphansi kwayo yaseHolly Farms ngo-1995. Jefferson, Wisconsin, edonsa ukucasuka komphakathi lapho.
Ngo-2001, kulandela uphenyo oluyimfihlo lweminyaka emithathu, abashushisi bombuso basola uTyson ngokwakha itulo lokushushumbisa abokufika abangenazo izincwadi besuka eMexico naseCentral America ukuze bayosebenza ezitshalweni zabo zokufuya izinkukhu e-Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Indiana, Missouri naseVirginia, isikhathi eside. Iminyaka engu-7, ukuze kukhuliswe inzuzo. Naphezu kobufakazi babaphathi bokuthi imiyalo yayivela phezulu, ijaji laseTennessee laphetha ngokuphikisana ngo-2003 ukuthi umsebenzi wawuqhutshwa endaweni ngaphandle kwemvume yabaphathi benkampani.
Emizamweni yakhe yokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuphepha emafekthri abo, uTyson unikeza inqwaba yabasebenzi bakhe imiklomelo ye-Excellence in Safety futhi usethole okuthile okubizwa ngokuthi iChairlor’s Safety Circle. Kulo nyaka, inkampani iphinde yanikeza Umklomelo Wosihlalo Wokuqala Wokuphepha Okuhle Kakhulu. UTyson uyaziqhenya ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ngokungathi sína, kodwa irekhodi lakhe liphakamisa ukungabaza. Ngo-2003, uJason Kelly, isisebenzi saseTyson Foods River Valley Animal Feed Ingredients e-Texarkana, e-Arkansas, washona ngenxa yokuhogela i-hydrogen sulfide ngesikhathi elungisa umshini oguqula izimpaphe zenkukhu zibe ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo. IHydrogen sulfide iyigesi enobuthi edalwa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo. UTyson ukhishwe izingcaphuno zokwephulwa kwangamabomu okuhlanu, ukwephulwa okubucayi kwe-12, nokunye okubili ukwephulwa kwemithetho ye-OSHA, kodwa ukuqhubeka kwe-OSHA kwamiswa kusalindwe uphenyo lwejaji elikhulu ngokufa kukaKelly.
Izibalo ze-OSHA ezitholwe nge-Freedom of Information Act zembula ukuthi ngonyaka odlule izikhungo ze-31 zaseTyson ezweni lonke zahlukaniswa njengezindawo zokusebenza ezinamazinga aphezulu okulimala nokugula e-US. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindawo zeTyson Foods e-Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania naseTexas.
Emuva Ehlathini?
KwaTyson Fresh Meats ePasco, abasebenzi balindele isinqumo seNational Labour Relations Board. Uma i-NLRB iphetha ngokuthi ukuphikisa kwe-Teamsters Local 556 okhethweni lokugunyazwa kwe-Pasco kuvumelekile, abasebenzi bale ndawo bazonikezwa ithuba lesithathu lokuvota ukuthi bayigcine yini inyunyana yabo noma cha. Uma i-NLRB ibambelela emiphumeleni yokhetho lwamanje, imboni yaseTyson izohamba ngendlela yazo zonke ezinye imboni yokupakisha inyama kule minyaka engamashumi amane edlule, eyake yaba ibhizinisi elibuswa yinyunyana enamaholo aphezulu kakhulu omsebenzi wokukhiqiza.
UDavid Rosenfeld, ummeli we-Local 556, ukholelwa ukuthi inyunyana inecala eliqinile lokuketula ukhetho lokuhoxiswa kwezitifiketi, kodwa wengeza ngokuthi kuzoba umqansa ne-NLRB. "Anginalo ithemba lokuthi i-[NLRB] izoba nobulungisa. Kodwa ukuphikisa kwenyunyana kuhle."
UJill Cashen wenyunyana ye-United Food and Commercial Workers uhlanganyela ngokungabaza kukaRosenfeld. “Umthetho wezabasebenzi kuleli lizwe awenele ngendlela edabukisayo ukuze uvikele ngokufanele amalungelo abasebenzi okuhlela nokuba nezwi elihlelekile emsebenzini,” usho kanje.
USasha Lilley ungumbhali wezisebenzi ze-CorpWatch futhi ungumdidiyeli we- Against the Grain ku-KPFA ye-Pacifica Radio.
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