Sasha Lilley: NgoLwesithathu olwedlule, ngaphambi kokuqala kweNgqungquthela ye-G20 ngo
Leo Panitch: Ngicabanga ukuthi badlaliwe kakhulu. Angicabangi ukuthi zilingana nomugqa kabhontshisi. Abaphathi baseMelika banentshisekelo ngokuphelele ekushintsheni amafomu okulawula. Hhayi ukuthi kube wuhlelo olungalawulwayo ngempela oluholele kule nkinga. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kuyinkohliso. Uhlelo lwezezimali lwaseMelika cishe yilona olulawulwa kakhulu emlandweni. Ama-ejensi alawulayo ayekhuthaza lezi zinhlobo zokuqanjwa kabusha nokuqagela kwezezimali.
Sasha Lilley: Ungakwazi ukuchaza kabanzi - njengoba iningi labantu kwaNxele licabanga ukuthi umthetho awusebenzi yingakho ezezimali zabheda?
Leo Panitch: Kube khona ushintsho kumodi yokulawula, kepha kwakungekho mithethonqubo encane. Futhi ngezindlela eziningi, uma unezimakethe ezikhululekile udinga imithetho eyengeziwe, uma kungekho okunye ukuvikela abanikazi bezakhiwo abaningi abasezimakethe, ukubeka imithetho lapho bangamangalelana khona futhi baye enkantolo uma bekhona. abakwazi ukwenza izibopho zabo. Manje, lokho ekugcineni kuqhunyiswe ebusweni babo futhi izibopho azikwazi ukufezwa, futhi kungenzeka ukusho ukuthi ama-ejensi kufanele ngabe athuthukise izindlela zokulawula ezinye zezinto ezathuthukiswa. Kodwa babengenasithakazelo kulokho. Babone indima yabo njengokuthuthukisa izinhlobo zemithetho ezothuthukisa lokhu kuqagela kwezezimali. Futhi lokhu kuqagela kwezezimali kwakudingeka ngempela ohlotsheni lokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okuguquguqukayo okwakhiqizwa yi-capitalism - ezindlekweni zabantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke kuyo yonke indlela, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Yomhlaba. Kodwa nokho wonke umuntu wayeqhubeka mayelana nokuthi ubunxiwankulu babunamandla kangakanani futhi kwakungeke kube namandla kangako ngaphandle kwezimali.
Manje iphuzu liwukuthi lokhu kwakuyiqiniso futhi
Manje lokho akusho ukuthi ngeke kube - manje uma uthanda isibaya sishile - ukuthi ngeke kube nemithetho emisha eyethulwe mayelana nohlobo lokuvimbela umlilo, njengoba sebebona. okwenzekile. Kodwa i
Kodwa lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye kuncane ngempela. Mhlawumbe omkhulu kancane ukuthi ngabe
Sasha Lilley: Futhi usho ukuthi, awunantshisekelo ekusebenziseni imali yomphakathi ukuze ukhuthaze umnotho.
Leo Panitch: Yebo, anginandaba nokushoda kwezimali ekukhuthazeni umnotho. Futhi besaba ukwehla kwamandla emali ngenxa yethiyori yemali ibhange labo elisebenza ngayo - awudali imali ukuze uthuthukise umnotho. Kodwa lo mehluko awubi sรญna; bancane futhi baningi kakhulu benziwa ngabo.
Sasha Lilley: Usanda kukhuluma ngombuso ngenhlonipho
Leo Panitch: Umbuso wobukhosi. Ingena ngokwezomnotho futhi ngokuqinisekile yenza ngokwezimali, hhayi okungenani ngamabhange okutshala izimali ayewumthombo wenkinga engaka, zonke ezinye izifundazwe. Ungabona izinga ubudlelwano bombuso obuqhubeka ngalo, ngenxa yokuthi idola laseMelika likhuphuke phakathi nale nkinga nokuthi inhlokodolobha yonke indawo emhlabeni wonke ibigijima ibheke endaweni ephephile yebhondi yoMgcinimafa waseMelika. Lokho kuyabonakala futhi kubonwe inhlokodolobha yamazwe ngamazwe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930s njengokutshalwa kwezimali okuphephe kakhulu emhlabeni ngoba
Manje ngokuhlanekezela, esikubonayo ukuqhubeka kwalokho ngokudalwa kwenhlekelele yezomnotho yomhlaba wonke, enzima kakhulu, mhlawumbe ukucindezeleka. Lokho kuphambene, kepha kukhombisa ukuthi izwe laseMelika kanye nomnotho waseMelika umaphakathi kangakanani kubo bonke onxiwankulu bomhlaba. Okuqala njengengxenye encane kakhulu yezimakethe zayo zezezimali - i-subprime mortgages - futhi umphumela walokho ukuthi umhlaba wonke ungena emsileni. Lesi yisibonelo esiphambene sobudlelwane bombuso, kodwa obungokoqobo. I-anyanisi yaba nesihloko esikhulu ngoNovemba 2007, ngemva nje kokuqala kwenhlekelele, futhi isihloko sasithi: "Bush Proud the US Can Dalas Markets Emhlabeni Wonke Ukuwa".
Sasha Lilley: Lokhu enikuphikisayo kuhluke kakhulu kulokho okushiwo abahlaziyi abaningi beNxele muva nje, okuwukuthi umbuso wase-US uya ngokuya uwohloka, ukuthi kunengcindezi kudola, nokuthi nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi liyenyuka njengamanje, okulindelekile ukuthi izokwehla, nokuthi, njengoba usho, kukhona ukusesha kwezinye izimali. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ungakhuluma kabanzi ngokuthi kungani ungacabangi lokho
Leo Panitch: Hhayi-ke, mhlawumbe kuyindaba yokufisa ohlangothini lwabanye abaNxele.
Ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga yombuso iyinhlekelele yazo zonke izifundazwe zonxiwankulu embusweni, ngakho akukho ukulahlekelwa okuhlobene kwamandla aseMelika. Kunezinkinga ezinkulu ukuphikisana kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okufake kuzo zonke. Futhi bonke bazama ukuthola indlela, ngaphansi kwesambulela sezwe laseMelika, yokuphatha le nkinga. Ngakho-ke kimina akukhona ukuthi akuyona inkinga, ukuthi abantu bavame ukubukeka, ngicabanga ngokungenangqondo, lapho kukhona enye indawo engcono, kwenye indawo enamandla, kwenye indawo ezimele yombuso waseMelika, futhi angikwenzi. ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kuyiqiniso.
Olunye uhlangothi lwalokhu ngicabanga ukuthi ukuthambekela kweNxele ekucabangeni ukuthi kwakukhona lolu hlobo olukhulu lokulawula emuva ngaphambi kukaRonald Reagan noma emuva ngaphambi kukaJimmy Carter nokuthi kungazelelwe okwenzeka ukuthi zonke lezi zinhlaka zombuso zinqume ukungena embhedeni nenhloko futhi ziyeke. inhlokodolobha elawulayo, njengokungathi izwe laseMelika yilo elizimele, elibusa ngentando yeningi labantu, linikeza isiqiniseko esingathathi hlangothi sentshisakalo yomphakathi ngokumelene nebhizinisi ngaphambi kuka-1975 noma 1980. Amantongomane lawo.
Sasha Lilley: Ngakho-ke ukhuluma ngefa lesivumelwano esisha.
Leo Panitch: Yebo. Okwenzeka ukuthi i-New Deal, eyaletha izinguquko zangempela, yasindisa i-Wall Street ekufeni kwayo ngo-1932. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi umbuso ka-JP Morgan wasuswa esikhundleni sikaGoldman Sachs, kodwa umphumela womthetho wamabhange we-New Deal kwaba ukudala izimo lapho i-Fed, kanye nezinye izinhlaka ezakha ngaleso sikhathi, zakhulisa ezezimali zibuyele empilweni. Futhi yayinempilo kakhulu ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili kangangokuthi yakwazi ukubhala uBretton Woods ngendlela efanele.
Sasha Lilley: Futhi uBretton Woods, vele, kwakuyingqungquthela eyaba khona ngo-1944 eyasungula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe futhi yanikeza ne-International Monetary Fund.
Leo Panitch: Kulungile. Futhi I-International Monetary Fund ibilokhu, noMgcinimafa wase-US, i-ejenti uma uthanda inhloko-dolobha yaseMelika. Wonke umuntu usola i-IMF ngokubeka imibandela emazweni adinga ukubolekwa imali kuyo, kodwa empeleni ngabamabhange abafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lawo mazwe avuleleka ekuhambiseni imali ngokukhululeka futhi agcine isibopho sezimali ukuze angakhokhi noma yiziphi izikweletu zawo. ukuthi abamabhange abazimele bayababoleka. Leyo yintshisekelo ehlinzekwa yi-IMF futhi bekuyi-Wall Street ngokuyinhloko ebisiza ngayo.
Ngakho-ke okwenzekile ukuthi, ngokuqinisekile, kube nesimo esisebenza kakhulu esimise izilawuli zamanani - okungukuthi, amabhange awakwazanga ukuncintisana namanye ngamanani enzalo aphezulu ukuze athole idiphozithi yakho noma idiphozi yami, ngakho-ke ngalowo mqondo, kwakukhona ukulawulwa kwentengo okuncane okwethulwa ngesikhathi se-New Deal. Kodwa lokho kwakuwuhlobo olufanayo lokulawula amanani obunalo ezinsizeni ezizimele njengogesi noma izingcingo nokunye, okwanciphisa ukuncintisana kodwa kwaletha udlame olukhulu emnothweni. Futhi okwenzekile ukuthi la mabhange akhule abuyela esimweni esihle futhi adlula imithetho ye-New Deal. Zakhula zaba zinkulu zaze zayichitha futhi zaqala ukutshala imali emhlabeni wonke nasezimakethe, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe
Ngakho-ke ngeminyaka yawo-1960, konke lokhu kwaqhuma imithethonqubo Yesivumelwano Esisha; kwakungaphezu kwalokho ababekwazi ukukulawula noma ababefuna ukukulawula. Okwenzekile ukuthi uthole lokhu kuqhuma kokuqanjwa kabusha kwezezimali nokudalwa kwama-ejensi amasha noma indima esebenzayo yamadala ekuwakhuthazeni. Futhi babanyusele ngoba benza imali eningi ku-Wall Street.
Konke kuxubene namandla - kanye nokungalingani okukhulu nokungalingani - kwesistimu yomhlaba wonxiwankulu. Futhi abantu abangafuni ukubhekana nalokho, futhi iningi lakwaNxele, futhi abafuna indlela elula yokuphuma kunokuzama ukweqa ubungxiwankulu bazozama ngokungenangqondo ukusho, emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1950 sasikulawula konke lokhu. Nokho, emuva ngeminyaka yawo-50 wawungakabi nawo lobu nxiwankulu obunamandla, obalulama kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yangemva kwempi futhi baqhuma ngendlela obabungena ngayo ekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, engamashumi ayisikhombisa, engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.
Sasha Lilley: Ukuze abaNxele baqhamuke nezixazululo ezingabukeli emuva enkathini yegolide okungenzeka ukuthi bezingekho, iziphi izixazululo ocabanga ukuthi kufanele sizibheke? Enye yezinto okugxilwe kuzo imibukiso emigwaqweni yase
Leo Panitch: Ngikusekela kakhulu lokho. Futhi isizathu esikhulu esenza ngivune sona ukuthi ukuthatha imboni yamabhange, yonke imboni yezezimali, iwufake embusweni wentando yeningi - noma ngabe imibuso yethu yentando yeningi ilinganiselwe kangakanani - kungasusa amandla omnotho aleyo ngxenyana yesigaba sonxiwankulu. labo bamabhange. Abanamandla amakhulu. Akubona bodwa abanamandla, kodwa kuzosusa amandla abo. Futhi leso isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu sokuthatha imali kubo.
Manje lokho kungashiwo nangokubaluleka kokwenza eminye imikhakha ibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Kodwa ake sikhulume ngalokhu. Yileso isizathu esiyinhloko, ukuthi ugudluze ibhalansi yamandla ekilasi kulo mphakathi ngokwenza lokho. Futhi ukwehluleka ukwenza lokho kusho ukuthi u-Obama udinga ukusho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ethi kunehlazo ekunikezeni abaphathi be-AIG izigidi zabo zamadola kumabhonasi, udinga ukusho, sidinga ukuthola indlela yokuvimbela lokho, kuyilapho kungavimbeli ukuthola ukubambisana kwabamabhange abazimele ekubuyiseleni uhlelo lwamabhange futhi, yileyo ndlela ayibeka ngayo ngesonto eledlule. Yilokho kanye uPaulson akusho. UPaulson wayenguNobhala Wezezimali ngaphambi kukaGeithner, ngaphansi kukaBush. Futhi wayenenyongo, ekubeni wayeyi-CEO ekhokhelwa kakhulu ku-Wall Street enamabhonasi amakhulu kunawo wonke ngaphambi kokuba abe nguNobhala Wezezimali, emuva lapho eseyinhloko ye-Goldman Sachs, wayenenyongo lapho ezama ukuthola uhlelo lwakhe lwe-TARP ngeCongress ukuze uthi wayecabanga ukuthi amaholo ku-Wall Street ayengenanembeza futhi kwakudingeka senze okuthile ngakho. Kodwa ngokuphefumula okufanayo uthe sidinga ukuthola indlela yokwenza lokho okungaphazamisi ukusebenza kohlelo lwe-TARP.
Manje, lokho kusho ukuthini ngokungangeni endleleni kumane kuwukubonakaliswa kwamandla ekilasi lemvelo ku-Wall Street axhunyaniswe nesifunda saseMelika. Ngakho-ke isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu sokwenza ibhange libe yinsizakalo yomphakathi ukushintsha ibhalansi yamandla emphakathini.
Manje phezu kwalokho, ukubhanga kufanele kube yinsizakalo yomphakathi njengoba amabhange engeke abe khona ngaphandle komshwalense wediphozithi kahulumeni; lokho kufakazelwe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930s futhi wonke uhulumeni emhlabeni unazo futhi ulandela izwe laseMelika ngokuba nazo. Njengoba singabona ukuthi uhlelo lwezezimali lomhlaba wonke oluguquguqukayo luhlala lukhiqiza izinkinga zezimali lapho amabhange amakhulu asebenza ngokushesha njengababolekisi bokugcina, esebenzisa izimali zomphakathi ukwenza kanjalo, ungabona ukuthi kungani lokhu kungafanele kube yinto eyimfihlo.
Esesifike kulo umhlaba lapho imali eningi kanye nokukhiqiza kugcwele umphakathi, kuhlangene ngokuphelele, kepha kuphethwe ngasese. Futhi lokho kuya ngokuya kungenangqondo. Futhi isizathu sokushintsha amabhange njengamanje - uma kubhekwa ukuthi abamabhange badangele kangakanani, badidekile, abazi ukuthi benzeni, basezithendeni zabo, bazizwa bengemthetho emphakathini, njll - kuyithuba elikhulu lokuguqula uhlelo lwezikweletu, okuyinto kuyadingeka, kube yinsizakalo yomphakathi, kodwa ukwenza lokho ngendlela eshintsha indlela yokunquma okwenziwa ngayo ukuboleka. Ukuthi amabhange abe ngaphansi kukahulumeni bese enza sengathi ayafana namabhange azimele akudala ngeke kube nengqondo. Futhi izinhlobo zezinto uStiglitz no-Krugman abazicelayo, okubafaka ngaphansi kombuso, basuse isikweletu esibi emabhukwini bese besibuyisela ezinkampanini ezizimele, bekungeke kuhambisane nentando yeningi. Ngakho-ke uStiglitz no-Krugman babukeka beqinile ngenxa yokuthi iDemocratic Party incane kangakanani, hhayi ngoba abakuphakamisayo kuqinile nhlobo.
Sasha Lilley: Ngakho-ke isikweletu esibi sasiyohlanganiswa, kodwa umphakathi ngeke usale nanoma yikuphi ukulawula amabhange.
Leo Panitch: Impela. Isiphakamiso siwukubuyisela amabhange ezinkampanini ezizimele ngethisisi yokuthi asikwazi ukuba nombuso wentando yeningi ngendlela efanele. Ngiyavuma isimo esikhona siyinkinga kakhulu, uma sesiqala ukucabanga ngokuthi singafuna kanjani ukuba namabhange njengensiza yomphakathi, sidinga ngokushesha ukuthi siqale ukucabanga ngokuthi sizoyishintsha kanjani i-Fed, ukuthi sizoyenza kanjani intando yeningi ukuze kube t eqhutshwa ngabamabhange besifunda. Lokhu esikhuluma ngakho wushintsho olukhulu, ngethemba olunokuthula. Kepha lokho okufanele kube ku-ajenda ukukhanya kwenhlekelele enkulu esibhekene nayo.
Sasha Lilley: Ngabe imishini yokwenziwa kwebhange kuzwelonke, inqubo yokwenza ibhange likazwelonke, ibukeke kanjani?
Leo Panitch: Hhayi-ke, iFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation ikwenza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, lapho izinkulungwane zamabhange ziphuma ebhizinisini - kwakukhona ukugxila okukhulu kwamabhange phakathi neminyaka yokuqala kaReagan lapho kwakukhona amanani enzalo aphezulu kakhulu - i-FDIC yayilokhu ikwenza. Ize yakwenza namabhange amakhulu kakhulu njenge-Continental Illinois. Ngonyaka odlule, kwenziwe ngamabhange angamashumi amabili noma amathathu. Ekwenzayo wukuthi ivele ingene, iveze ukuthi ibhange alisebenzi futhi linelungelo eliphelele lokulenza, bese liyalithatha. Khona-ke nakanjani isidayisile isikweletu esibi ngesaphulelo, futhi iyakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba ibisebenzisa imali yabakhokhintela noma iqoqa izimali zomshwalense emabhange ukuze ibe khona, bese idayisa esinye saleso sikweletu, iphinde ibuyise ngamanye amazwi. ezinye zezindleko zalo, bese lithengisa noma lizama ukulidayisela lelo bhange engxenyeni ezimele. Futhi ngokuvamile ithola ibhange elizothatha leli bhange njengoba selihlanzwe impahla yalo endala.
Ngakho-ke akuyona into enkulu ngokwezindlela zomthetho zokwenza lokhu - kwenziwa ngamabhange amakhulu, kwenziwa ngamabhange amancane, azi ukuthi angayenza kanjani ngokusemthethweni. Inkinga wukuthi lokhu kufakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni kohlelo lwamabhange wonkana, yonke imboni yezimali - okungasho futhi amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense ezidlale lolu hlobo lweqhaza, ama-hedge funds, ama-investment bank nokunye, hhayi nje. IBhange LaseMelika - zonke kuzodingeka zilethwe ohlelweni lwamabhange lukahulumeni. Yinto enkulu kakhulu leyo. Akuyona nje indaba yokuthola abameli ukuthi basayine amaphepha ambalwa noma bahlanganise bonke abathintekayo ekamelweni. Kulokhu udinga ukwakha uhlobo lokunyakaza emphakathini ongekho, obeka lokhu ku-ajenda, okuchazela abantu ukuthi kungani kufaneleka ukuqhuba izingozi ukwenza lokhu. Ngoba vele, amabhange angahle amemeze futhi asho ukuthi yini encane osenayo ohlelweni lwamabhange ozolahlekelwa.
Udinga, ngamanye amazwi, isethi ehluke kakhulu yamandla ezepolitiki endaweni
Sasha Lilley: Kuthiwani ngekhwelo elibanzi lokuthi izimboni zifakwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni zidlulele ngale kwamabhange? Ngoba vele le mibhikisho iqhubeka endaweni
Leo Panitch: Ngijabule kakhulu ngokuthi uphakamise lokho, Sasha. Emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1970, izinhlangano eziningi zesokunxele zenhlangano yabasebenzi bezenhlalakahle nezentando yeningi zazinohlelo lwazo lokugunyazwa kohlelo lwamabhange kuzwelonke. Ngo-1976, uTony Benn noKen Livingston, owayeyimeya nje
Kufanele sikhumbule, nokho, ukuthi nabo bekungesikho lokho esifuna babe yikho namuhla. Lezo zimboni ezifakwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi, yizimboni ezafakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni ngenxa yokuthi zaqolwa ngongxiwankulu ababeziphethe, kungaba ngezitimela noma izimayini. Naphezu kwempi enkulu enhlanganweni yabasebenzi yokuthi abasebenzi bakhethelwe emabhodini abo, amabhodi abo aqokwa futhi iningi labo kwakungosomabhizinisi nochwepheshe kanye nosolwazi wasenyuvesi ongajwayelekile abafakwa kulawo mabhodi. Ayengewona amabhizinisi aphethwe ngentando yeningi.
Ngisho nezinhlaka zikahulumeni abantu ababezidinga kakhulu, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, njll, abantu ababethembele kuzo babezesaba. Omama abangabodwa kwezenhlalakahle, ababedinga kakhulu isimo senhlalakahle babesaba isimo senhlalakahle. Bebesaba ukuthi kuzofika usonhlalakahle ngelinye ilanga ekuseni bathole ukuthi kunesixubho esengeziwe kusinki ngakho-ke bazonqunywa ngenxa yokuthi kukhona umuntu onesoka. Ngakho-ke abantu babesesaba lesi simo senhlalakahle ye-bureaucratic. Futhi kungesinye sezizathu ezenza osopolitiki abafana noThatcher bakwazi ukuthola umfutho kubantu abasebenzayo uma bezibiza njengabantu abamelene nohulumeni - okuyinto ababengeyona, babekhipha abantu emahhovisi ezenhlalakahle babafaka emajele, futhi ungakwazi. Ungatholi lutho olungaphezu kwamajele. Kodwa kwaba nesikhalo esithile abantu ababethembele kulezi zikhungo nokho abakhangwa, ngenxa yokuthi babengakhululekile ngombuso owawungakaze ube nentando yeningi, owawungabasizi kahle.
Ngakho-ke njengoba sibeka le mibono emisha ku-ajenda, akufanele nje ibe eyokususa imali konxiwankulu, kodwa ibe ngeyokwenza intando yeningi. Sidinga kakhulu ukwenza lokhu emkhakheni wezimoto. Ihlazo lokuthi awukwazi ukuvula kabusha izinkontileka zamabhange, kuyilapho ugcizelela ukuthi abasebenzi bezimoto bahlale bevula izinkontileka zabo, isibonelo sesimo sesigaba sazo zonke lezi zifundazwe zonxiwankulu. Uyazi, phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, imboni yezimoto yayingakhiqizi izimoto, yayiguqulwe yaba ukukhiqiza ama-fuselages endiza. Kudingeka sithathe yonke leyo mboni, okuhlanganisa nomkhakha wezingxenye, siwuyise emphakathini futhi siyiguqule ibe ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo kwemvelo. Okunye kwakho kungaba izimoto ezisetshenziswa nge-hydrogen noma ugesi, kodwa okuningi kufanele kube ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Futhi asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani amakhono amakhulu nemishini emangalisayo eyifa manje ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane akufanele iguqulwe futhi iguqulelwe ekwenziweni kwamaphaneli elanga. Abenzi bamathuluzi nabafayo embonini yezimoto kanye nemishini abasebenza ngayo banamandla okwenza lokhu. Uma lezi zinkampani zivele zidayiswe kumthengi ophakeme kakhulu ngezingcezu ezincane, sizolahlekelwa ifa elihle lomphakathi. Kuyihlazo.
USasha Lilley ungumbhali wencwadi ethi โInkunzi Nokunganeliseki Kwayoโ, ephuma kwaMonthly Review Press.
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