Ukunqotshwa kwamaFulentshi asele okhethweni lukamongameli nolwezomthetho kwaba isijeziso esifanelekile ngenxa yokuntula kwawo umbono. Intando yeningi yezenhlalakahle isasekelwe ekuxhashazweni kwezwe lesithathu, lapho iYurophu kufanele manje idale ubuhlobo obusha.
Imiphumela yokhetho oluyinhlekelele yalo nyaka eFrance ibhubhise noma yikuphi ukukhohlisa okudalwe ukunqoba umkhankaso wokungasho lutho phakathi nereferendamu ka-2005 ngomthethosisekelo ohlongozwayo we-European Union. Umsuka wenkinga yamanje ye-French left ungalandelelwa emuva ekuhlulekeni kwawo ukufeza izibopho eyazenza phakathi nokhetho lwango-1981. Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokunqoba, uhulumeni omusha wezenhlalakahle waluyeka uhlelo lwakhe futhi, ngaphandle kwezinqubomgomo zezenhlalakahle noma zezomnotho okufanele zilandelwe, waphendukela ku-neo-liberalism engenamdlandla. Inkulumo yayo yaba ngokuziphatha nje kuphela, iphakamisa izindinganiso zokulwa nokucwasa, abesifazane kanye ne-antifascist emzamweni wokuzihlukanisa nelungelo.
Ezingeni elingokoqobo, isinyathelo esiyinhloko sangakwesokunxele kwakuwukwakhiwa kwaseYurophu, okunomthelela omkhulu wokunquma noma iyiphi enye indlela esikhundleni se-neo-liberalism. Ngokukhuthaza le nqubo egameni lezindinganiso - ikakhulukazi ukulwa nobuzwe - iSocialists kanye neGreens bakha indlela yesikhungo eklanyelwe ukubavikela ekuqineni kwabo, kanye nesikhundla sabo nefayela. Emzamweni wokuvikela inqubo yezombangazwe ethonyeni labantu, banikeze isibopho sezinqumo eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka ehhovisi elingakhethiwe elivulekele ithonya lamaqembu azimele. Ukhetho lwaluzoqhubeka, kodwa lwalungeke lubaluleke kangako. Futhi akukho okunye okuhlukile kwezepolitiki okuzophakanyiswa: akukho Deal New, akukho ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, akukho hlelo olujwayelekile lokushiya, akukho mgwaqo wase-Italy oya ku-socialism.
Ngokungamangalisi, umhlomuli wayeyilungelo elinzima, okuyigugu kwakhe okuhluke kakhulu - ukuziphatha, umthetho nokuhleleka, isizwe - esikhanga ngamandla kakhulu kwabancane. Izinhlelo ezisekelwe kumanani zenzelwe ukuvumela labo abazisekelayo ukuthi balale ngonembeza ohlanzekile futhi bakhohlwe imibuzo mayelana nokulinganisela kwangempela kwamandla emhlabeni. (Abantu abaningi bakuthola kulula ukuzichaza njengezakhamuzi ezinhle kunokuba bazichaze njengabamelene nokucwasa.) Izinqubomgomo zezomnotho zelungelo zivumelana ngokuphelele nezinhlaka zaseYurophu ezasungulwa kwesokunxele kanye nabaHlaza. Ezindabeni zase-Europe kanye namagugu, ilungelo libe linqobile ezinkundleni zempi ikakhulukazi ezikhethwe kwesokunxele nokho lapho kwesokunxele bekumele kuhlulwe khona.
Ukuze iphumelele, izinhlangano zezombangazwe kumelwe zikukholelwe ezikushoyo. Abanqobi kwesokudla akubanga ama-Keynesian, ama-conservative wets (njengoba uMargaret Thatcher ababizile), kodwa abaqinile. Kuze kube yilapho kwesokunxele singaqhamuka nokuthile okungcono kunezinqubomgomo zokugwedla ngokulingene, alinalo ithuba lokuwina. Ukuze uguqule lokho, kufanele ibuyele emuva ezimpandeni zokungqubuzana phakathi kwesobunxele nesokudla. Kumelwe ibone ngale kwamagugu, njengobufazi noma ukucwasa, okuyilungelo lesimanje elikujabulela kakhulu ukulisebenzisa. Kufanele ibhekane nombuzo obalulekile: ngubani olawula umnotho?
Inkolelo ku-socialism
Lapho ongqondongqondo benkululeko bekhulu le-18 becabanga umphakathi wabakhiqizi abancane abazimele, umqondo wemakethe ekhululekile kanye nobutha emandleni ombuso we-feudal kanye nesonto waba nengqondo. Kodwa ukuvela kwamabhizinisi amakhulu kwaholela ekwandeni kokuhlalisana kokukhiqiza futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobunikazi bangasese bezindlela zalokho kukhiqizwa. Umgomo oyisisekelo we-socialism ukuthi uma inqubo yokukhiqiza isihlanganiswe ngempumelelo, ukulawulwa kwayo kufanele futhi kuhlanganiswe, uma sifuna ukufeza amathemba enkululeko avezwa yinkululeko yakudala.
Uma izindlela zokukhiqiza, kanye nezindlela zolwazi ezavela phakathi nekhulu lama-20, sekusezandleni zangasese, abantu abathile baba namandla amakhulu, cishe ombuso phezu kwawo wonke umphakathi. Namuhla abalandela bangempela bama-liberal asendulo bangabaxhasi be-socialism; kuyilapho labo okwamanje abazichaza njengabakhululekile bangabalandeli bohlobo oluthile lobushiqela, lolo lwabaqashi - futhi, ngokuvamile, lohlobo olunobudlova lokulawula umbuso ngokubusa kwezempi yase-US kuwo wonke umhlaba.
I-Socialism, njengoba ngiyichaza lapha, iyimpendulo yemvelo ezinkingeni ezihambisana nokuthuthuka konxiwankulu. Iqiniso lokuthi akusaxoxwa futhi liwubufakazi bokusebenza kwezinhlelo ezihlosiwe zokufundisa ezaziwa emiphakathini yethu njengemfundo nolwazi. Umbuzo we-socialism awuhlangene nakancane nenhlekelele yobunxiwankulu, ukucekelwa phansi (kwangempela noma okucatshangelwayo) kwemvelo, noma izinsolo zokuthi isigaba sabasebenzi singonxiwankulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ukulawula ubukhona bomuntu kuyisifiso esiyisisekelo somuntu, lo mbuzo ngeke uphele njengoba izinga lokuphila likhuphuka, futhi akudingi inhlekelele ukuze ukubeke phambili. Lapho izidingo zethu zebhayoloji ezihlobene nokuphila zihlangatshezwa kakhulu, kulapho izidingo zethu zobuntu eziqinile zokuzimela kanye nesidingo senkululeko zaneliswa.
Kuyiphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi akekho osenendaba ne-socialism. Isikhundla esisodwa sokunxele esigcina ukuthandwa ukuvikela izinsizakalo zomphakathi namalungelo abasebenzi, manje okuyizindawo eziyinhloko zomzabalazo ophikisana namandla emali. Iphuzu eliphelele lokwakhiwa kweYurophu ukulondoloza ukubukeka kwentando yeningi ngenkathi kudilizwa i-Edeni yezenhlalakahle - ukuphepha komphakathi, imfundo yabantu abaningi kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo yomphakathi - okuwuhlobo lwe-embryonic of socialism oluhlala ludumile.
Ngokudabukisayo, ukushabalala okuseduze kombono wezenhlalakahle enkulumweni yezombangazwe kuthinta izici eziningi zomzabalazo wansuku zonke: kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokubhikisha ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa okwenziwa umbuso ogunyazwe umuntu osemthethweni, kanye nokulwela izinhloso zesikhashana ngokumelene namandla abaqashi umuntu awaqaphelayo. njengengekho emthethweni ngokwesisekelo. Lona impela umehluko esikhathini esidlule phakathi kokuguqula nokuqeda ubugqila, phakathi kobukhosi obukhanyiselwe kanye ne-republicanism, noma phakathi kwamakoloni aphethwe abahlanganyeli bomdabu kanye nokuzimela kwezwe.
Ushintsho olukhulu
Ongqondongqondo benkululeko bamhleka usulu uMarx ngoba inguquko eyayilindelwe kubusoshiyali emazweni athuthukile onxiwankulu ayiphumelelanga. Enye impendulo kufanele kube ukuthi uhlelo esiphila ngaphansi kwalo akuwona nje onxiwankulu, kodwa nawo ama-imperialism. I-Europe ikweleta intuthuko yayo ngenxa yokuba khona kwezwe elikhulukazi. Cabanga nje ukuthi iYurophu ukuphela komhlaba emhlabeni futhi wonke amanye amazwekazi ayengakaze aphume olwandle. Kwakungeke kube khona ukuhweba ngezigqila, igolide laseNingizimu Melika, akukho ukuthuthela eNyakatho Melika. Iluphi uhlobo lwemiphakathi ebesingayakha ngaphandle kokutholakala njalo kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, abasebenzi bokufika abashibhile, ukuthengwa kwempahla evela emazweni ahola kancane, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwabantu abafundile abavela emazweni asathuthuka ukuze bahlenge izinhlelo zethu zemfundo eziwayo? Bekuzodingeka songe kakhulu amandla, ibhalansi yamandla phakathi kwabasebenzi nabaqashi izohluka kakhulu, futhi umphakathi wezokungcebeleka ubungeke ube khona.
I-Socialism yahluleka kakhulu ekhulwini lama-20 ngenxa yokuthi amazwe lapho ubunxiwankulu bukhiqiza khona izinga elithile lentuthuko yamasiko nezomnotho, lapho izici zentando yeningi zazikhona futhi lapho, ngenxa yalokho, kwakungenzeka futhi kudingekile ukwedlula ubunxiwankulu, kwakungamazwe abusayo embusweni. uhlelo. I-Imperialism inemiphumela emibili. Ngokomnotho ivumela amazwe abusayo ukuthi asuse izinkinga emaphethelweni. Ngobuchule inomphumela wokuhlukanisa nokubusa: abasebenzi basentshonalanga bebelokhu bejabulela izimo zokuphila ezingcono kunezilingana nabo emazweni asathuthuka futhi bathola umuzwa wokuba phezulu osiza ukusimamisa uhlelo.
Yingakho ukuchithwa kwekoloni kwaba yinguquko ebaluleke kakhulu yekhulu lama-20. Yakhulula amakhulu ezigidi zabantu e-Asia nase-Afrika ohlotsheni lokubusa olunobandlululo. Imiphumela yako izoqhubeka kuleli khulu leminyaka futhi ilethe isiphetho esiqondile senkathi yomlando eyaqala ngokutholwa kweMelika. Abantu baseYurophu kuyodingeka bazivumelanise nokulahlekelwa izinzuzo ezihlobene nesikhundla sethu esikhethekile ohlelweni lombuso. Njengamanje amaShayina kufanele asidayisele izigidi zamahembe ukuze athenge i-Airbus; kodwa uma sebekwazi ukuzakhela awabo ama-Airbus, ubani ozosenza amahembe ethu?
Kungase kube nokungqubuzana phakathi kwabazuzi abakhulu ekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke - labo ukulawula izimali zabo kubenza bakwazi ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi base-Asia - kanye neningi labantu baseNtshonalanga abangenayo leyo nhlanhla. Ngenxa yokuthi uhlala emazweni athuthukile, leso sibalo sabantu sizithola siphoqeleka ukuthi sithengise amandla aso okusebenza ngentengo engasenayo ukuncintisana ezimakethe zomhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kanye nenkinga yenhlalakahle; kodwa futhi kungasho ukuqalisa kabusha, ngendlela entsha, yomzabalazo wezigaba.
Ukuzivumelanisa nokwenqaba
Izwe elisathuthuka liya lizibusa ngezinye izindlela. I-US iboshelwe e-Iraq, ayikwazi ukuzikhipha empini engenakunqotshwa ngaphandle uma ilahla izifiso zayo zombuso. Uhlelo lwenuzi lwase-Iran lubhekene namazwe aseNtshonalanga nokukhetha ukuhlehla noma ukuqala impi eyinhlekelele. Ngokwezinga elingokomfanekiso kodwa elibalulekile, u-Israel wehlulwa okwesibili kwezempi ezandleni ze-Hizbullah ngo-2006. Ukunqoba kwe-Hamas kwezombangazwe nezempi kuwuphawu lokuhluleka kwenqubomgomo yokusebenzisana no-Israyeli eyamukelwa amalungu athile eqembu lasePalestine. ngemuva kwezivumelwano zase-Oslo. Zonke lezi zehlakalo ebezingalindelekile zivuse inkinga enkulu yokuthembana kubaholi bomhlaba.
Inkinga enkulu ebhekene neYurophu ukuzivumelanisa nokwehla kwethu: hhayi ukwehla okucatshangelwayo maqondana ne-US, kodwa ukwehla kwangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nezwe elithuthukayo. Isigaba esibusayo sase-US sizama ukugcina i-hegemony yaso ngenkani; ukwehluleka kwawo kungaqinisa inkinga yoMbuso, kuyilapho ilungelo laseYurophu lisacabanga ukuthi singaxazulula izinkinga zethu ngokulingisa i-US. I-radical left ngokuvamile ayiwunaki umbuzo wokwehla; ngemuva kwenkulumo yayo, iyaqhubeka nokuvikela izinqubomgomo zenhlalo-yentando yeningi, i-Keynesian ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwacekela phansi kakhulu.
Okubalulekile ngokuphelele ukuvimbela abantu basentshonalanga ekuweleni emicabangweni yase-US-Israel yempi yobushokobezi kanye ne-Islamo-fascism (lapho ingxenye enkulu eyingozi yamaFulentshi esele isivele yanqotshwa). Lokhu kuwuphawu lwesiko elide lasentshonalanga kwesokunxele lokungaqondi izingxabano zasemngceleni.
Ngokomlando, uguquko luvame ukuvela ezindaweni ezizungezile. Uguquko lwango-Okthoba 1917 kanye nendima yeSoviet Union ekunqobeni amandla e-Axis kube nomthelela omkhulu ekususweni kobukoloni kanye nethuba lokudala i-Edeni yentando yeningi yezenhlalo eYurophu. Ukunqoba kwezizwe ezibunjwe amakoloni kwaholela ezinguqukweni eziningi eziqhubekayo eYurophu ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Uma senza umzamo wokukuqonda nokukucabangela, ukuvukela kwamanje eLatin America naseMpumalanga Ephakathi kungase kuphoqe izinguquko ezinkulu emandleni abusayo. Okungase kusho ikusasa elicindezela kancane kithina sonke. ____________________________________________________________________
UJean Bricmont unguprofesa we-theoretical physics e-University of Louvain (Belgium), umbhali we-Humanitarian Imperialism (New York University Press, 2007) kanye nomhleli, noJulie Franck, waseChomsky (Herne, Paris, 2007)
Kuhunyushwe nguDonald Hounam
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela