UJean Bricmont unguprofesa we-theoretical physics eNyuvesi yaseLouvain, eBelgium, futhi uyilungu leNkantolo yaseBrussels. Ungumbhali we-Humanitarian Imperialism kanye nombhali-ndawonye, no-Alan Sokal, we-Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science. Ubhale ngokugxekayo mayelana 'nokungenelela kosizo' kusukela ngempi yase-Kosovo ngo-1999. Kule ngxoxo noThomas Kollmann uxoxa ngokuhlukunyezwa kwezinkulumo zamalungelo abantu, ubudlelwano ne-Iran kanye nokubaluleka komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Uhlole ukuthi inkulumo-ze yamalungelo abantu inikeze kanjani isembozo sokungenelela kwakamuva kwezempi okwenziwe ngabaseNtshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, kulandela igagasi lomhlaba wonke lokungabaza mayelana nezizathu ezisemthethweni zokuhlasela nokuhlala kwe-Iraq, yimaphi amathuba olimi lwamalungelo abantu njengendawo yokuhlangana yokungenelela kwesikhathi esizayo?
Okwakuqala okubhekiwe wukuthi ukungenelela kwezempi akubangelwa yizinkulumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu kodwa yisinqumo, esithathwe ngabaholi bamazwe anamandla nezindlela zokungenelela, ukwenza lokho. Njengoba kunikezwe indlela izimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ebezilokhu zihamba ngayo, angilindele ukuthi i-US yethule izimpi ezintsha maduze, ngaphandle kokuthi kungenzeka ne-Iran. Kodwa inkulumo-ze yamalungelo abantu izoqhubeka njengendlela yokuhlukumeza amazwe ohulumeni bawo abazimele kakhulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga, njengeRussia, Iran, Venezuela, Cuba, China njll. Ngeke kuholele ezimpini, kodwa kugcine isimo sobutha nokungathembani. .
Mayelana ne-Iran, ingabe ucabanga ukuthi akhona amathuba okuthi lesi simo sezulu sibe sibi size sihlasele izwe?
Angithandi ukubikezela, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezimpi, ngoba angikholelwa ukuthi kukhona 'imithetho yomlando' uma kukhulunywa ngempi nokuthula. Angikholwa ukuthi amasosha ase-US afuna ukuzibandakanya kolunye uhambo lwezempi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, noma izingxenye ezinengqondo kakhulu zemibuthano ebusayo yase-US (futhi lokho, mhlawumbe, kufaka phakathi u-Obama). Kodwa-ke, kunezwe elilodwa elingeke liyeke ukuba nentshisekelo nge-Iran futhi yi-Israel. Uma kubhekwa amandla ezindawo zayo zokungena emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ingcindezi ku-Iran kungenzeka iqhubeke ngekusasa elibonakalayo. I-Iran, nokho, inesifiso kanye nezindlela zokumelana nale ngcindezi (futhi lokho kuzimele kakhulu ekutheni ngubani ophethe lapho, ngoba udaba lumayelana nokuzimela kwezwe, okusekwa yiwo wonke umuntu e-Iran).
Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi 'sinamathele' isikhathi eside esimweni esingenangqondo: amaZionists aseNtshonalanga, esizwa ithimba lamalungelo abantu, izishoshovu zabesifazane noma zezwe zizoqhubeka nokukhala ngokusongela kwe-Iran, kodwa kungabikho mphumela ku-Iran. inqubomgomo (okuzovumela ukuthi ukuklabalasa kuqhubeke).
Okuwukuphela kwesixazululo esiphusile kungaba ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi, uma i-Israel inezikhali zenuzi, njengoba yenza, futhi izisebenzisela ukugcina ukuphakama kwayo okungenakuphikiswa eMpumalanga Ephakathi, amanye amazwe akuleso sifunda azozama ukuthola izikhali ezinjalo. Njengasendabeni yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma kungaba detente, kodwa lokho kuphakamisa ukwamukelwa kohlobo oluthile lwamalungelo amaPalestine futhi lokho kuyinto engacabangeki.
Ingabe uyawuncoma omunye umbono wamalungelo abantu kunalowo obusa ezingxoxweni ezivamile emazweni aseNtshonalanga?
Angicabangi ukuthi nginawo omunye umbono wamalungelo abantu. Ngivuma ngokuphelele ukuthi izimiso ze-Universal Declaration ziyimigomo efiselekayo. Kodwa kuphela uma umuntu ehlanganisa amalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho ayingxenye yeSimemezelo. Lapho ngingavumelani khona nencazelo evamile yesiMemezelo ukuthi lesi simemezelo sithanda ukungazinaki amalungelo ezenhlalo-mnotho noma sibheke ukuthi azolandela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma umuntu ehlonipha amalungelo omuntu kanye nawepolitiki, asuke ethathwa njenge 'absolutes'.
Kodwa, okokuqala, uma ukuhlonipha amalungelo abantu kanye nezombusazwe kuholela, ngesenzo 'semakethe yamahhala', ekuhlukeni okukhulu kwengcebo, angiboni ukuthi umuntu angasithethelela kanjani leso simo njengesifiselekayo. Lokhu empeleni, ukucutshungulwa kombono wenkululeko wamalungelo abantu owenziwe nguMarx nabanye osocialists ekhulwini le-19. Ngokwesibonelo, qhathanisa neCuba kanye nayo yonke iLatin America. E-Cuba, amalungelo ezepolitiki anomkhawulo (yize engemaningi kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izimo zomlando), kuyilapho manje sekunemibuso yentando yeningi esemthethweni engxenyeni enkulu ye-Latin America, kodwa 'nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu' okukhulu kwezenhlalo-mnotho. uhlobo. Umuntu unquma kanjani ukuthi yisiphi isimo esingcono?
Mayelana nombono wokuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amalungelo ezenhlalakahle nezomnotho azolandela uma amanye ehlonishwa, angiboni ubufakazi balokho. Ngezinye izikhathi abantu baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuboniswa umlando waseNtshonalanga, kodwa okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso. INtshonalanga yakha ukuchuma kwayo ngokuphulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu, ngokuqondile uhlobo lomuntu kanye nezombusazwe, ngokucindezelwa kwelungelo lokuvotela abasebenzi, abesifazane nabancane, ubushiqela obuvulekile (ezingxenyeni eziningi zeYurophu), ukunqoba kwamakholoni, ukuqedwa kwabomdabu. abantu, njll. Intuthuko yethu ngokuqinisekile yayinesihluku kakhulu kunaseShayina manje, ngokwesibonelo. Kodwa-ke, ama-imperialists ethu angabantu abakwazi ukuyeka ukukhuluma ne-China ngokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Ungakwazi yini ukuthuthukisa okushoyo ngokuthi 'i-absolutist' yamalungelo abantu ngabanye nawepolitiki obhekisela kuwo?
Nginikeza isibonelo encwadini yami: ngo-2003, uJacques Chirac, owayengumongameli waseFrance ngaleso sikhathi, wathi ngeTunisia (ubushiqela obuqinile) ukuthi isimo samalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho sasingcono kakhulu lapho kunakwamanye amazwe. Angifuni ukuphawula ngeqiniso laleso sitatimende, kodwa ukusabela kwakujwayelekile futhi kuvumelana ngazwi linye: bagxeka uChirac ngokuthi amalungelo abantu 'awahlukaniseki'. Kodwa, uma abantu begubha intando yeningi eNingizimu Afrika, eNdiya noma eBrazil, akekho ongaphikisa ukuthi kunokwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo ezomnotho lapho nokuthi 'amalungelo abantu awahlukaniseki'. Okwakuhlekisa ukuthi ngisho neQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseFrance lajoyina ukugxekwa, ngaleso sisekelo, kuyilapho u-Chirac (owayekade ezwelana namaKhomanisi ebusheni bakhe) wayevele ezwakalisa inguqulo emnene yemibono iqembu lamaKhomanisi elalinayo lapho, kahle. , ubukhomanisi, okungukuthi umuntu akanakucabangela inkululeko yezombangazwe ngaphandle kwakho konke okunye.
Ngiphinde ngicaphune isitatimende sika-Jeane Kirkpatrick okwathi, ngenkathi eseyinxusa le-UN ngaphansi kuka-Reagan, wabiza amalungelo ezenhlalo-mnotho 'ngencwadi eya ku-Santa Claus'. Akudingekile ukusho, uma umholi waseShayina ebiza amalungelo ezombusazwe 'ngencwadi eya kuSanta Claus', kungaba nesiyaluyalu eNtshonalanga.
Imuphi umthwalo wemfanelo, uma ukhona, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezinawo ekwakhiweni kwenkulumo yamalungelo abantu eyenza kube semthethweni 'ukungenelela kosizo'?
Ngicabanga ukuthi banesibopho esikhulu. Yiqiniso, ezinye izinhlangano zimbi kakhulu kunezinye: I-Human Rights Watch, isibonelo, ilandela eduze izinqubomgomo zoMnyango Wezwe. Umlando uhlale ubhalwe ngendlela ebucayi: bheka izinto ezesabekayo zobukoloniyali! Noma ngeStalinism! Kodwa, ngesikhathi lapho lezo ‘zinto ezesabekayo’ zenzeka, inani elikhulu labantu abahlakaniphile, abathembekile nabanezisusa ezinhle zazisekela.
Ngicabanga ukuthi, lapho umlando wesikhathi sethu uzobhalwa ngendlela ebucayi esikhathini esizayo, abantu bayomangala ngokuzibona belungile, ukuba nohlangothi olulodwa kanye nobumpumputhe obuphelele bezinkulumo zangaleso sikhathi zaseNtshonalanga zamalungelo abantu. Bazokhungatheka ngokuthula okucishe kube ngazwilinye mayelana nezisulu zokuvinjelwa kwe-Iraq, ukungabaza ekuphikisaneni nezimpi ezibhekene nalelo zwe, ukunganakwa isikhathi eside kwezifiso zezwe zamaPalestine, ukuntuleka kokusabela ekuxabaneni kwe-Iran. , umdlandla wempi yaseKosovo, okwakuyimpi yokuqala zonke izimpi (zohlobo lwezobuntu) kanye neso elingaboni kwavula ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi eMpumalanga Congo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungenelela kwamanye amazwe kulelozwe kweRwanda ne-Uganda.
Bazophinde babone ukuthi inkinga enkulu yesikhathi sethu intuthuko eNingizimu, ukuthi intuthuko ayilula futhi ayibuhlungu, futhi iveza ubukhosi besizwe nokuzimela, okuyikhona kanye lokho inhlangano yamalungelo abantu engayinaki futhi evame ukuyiphikisa.
Singakhohlwa ukuthi iStalinism yalungisiswa ngokunxusa imibono yezenhlalakahle, kanye nekolonialism 'ngemishini yempucuko' kanye 'nomthwalo wabamhlophe'. I-imperialism yanamuhla, nakuba ibuthakathaka kakhulu kunakuqala, ilungisiswa yizinkulumo zamalungelo abantu.
Kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngenkathi i-Amnesty International isungulwa, yayithathwa eNtshonalanga njengenobungane kakhulu kubaguquli. Kodwa ngemva kokuphela kwempi yaseVietnam, uCarter washintsha inkulumo-ze yase-US yabhekisa 'kumalungelo abantu', okwaba yisikhali esiyinhloko semibono ngokumelene nobukhomanisi; kwathi, ngokukhula kwezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, nesidingo sazo sokuxhaswa ngezimali, zaya ngokuya zihlonishwa futhi zanda.
Mayelana nokuhlonipha ukuzimela nobukhosi besizwe, abanye bangase baphendule ngokuthi akulungile ukuba umashiqela ononya ufune ubukhosi noma ukuzimela. Ithini imibono yakho ngalokhu?
Ngicabanga ukuthi lo mbuzo uveza inguqulo eqinile yombono wamalungelo abantu: amazwe aphethwe ngondlovukayiphikiswa awekho njengezifundazwe ezizimele futhi athathwa amazwe anamandla kakhulu. Kepha ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq bekumele kukhombise ukuthi izwe akulona nje uhlobo lwalo lukahulumeni. Kuhlanganisa futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi, uhlelo lwezemfundo nezempilo e-Iraq olucekelwe phansi kakhulu yizimpi nokuhlasela. Futhi, kude nokwakha kabusha abakucekele phansi, abaseMelika manje sebeyahoxa, phakathi kokuzibongela. Kodwa lokho, okungenani, kukhombisa ukuthi isiphetho sabampofu base-Iraqis abahluphekayo sasibalulekile ngenkathi bengaphansi kombuso othathwa njengonobutha yi-US kanye ne-Israel futhi kwakungenandaba nakancane ukuthi i-US izohamba nini.
Yiqiniso, kwenzeka okufanayo lapho iSoviet Union iwa: izinga lokuphila eliphansi labantu abaningi lapho, elalikhathazeke kakhulu kwabakhululekile baseNtshonalanga ngaphambi kokuwa, lashona phansi kakhulu, kodwa-ke, labo ababenenkululeko efanayo baba bengenandaba nhlobo nenkululeko yabo. ukuhlupheka. Lapho uPutin ezama ukubuyisela ukulawula kweRussia emnothweni waseRussia, ngokubikezelwa, ukukhathazeka kwabampofu baseRussia kwaphinde kwavela.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, uma ukhetho lunqotshwa 'ababi', u-Chavez, u-Milosevic, u-Putin, u-Hamas njll., amazwe aseNtshonalanga avele athi awanademokhrasi. Yebo, ukhetho alunasici, futhi indaba yokuthi ubani olawula abezindaba ihlala iphakama. Kodwa kuthiwani ngeNtshonalanga? Ubani olawula abezindaba lapha futhi banenhloso engakanani?
Ulwela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengesivikelo esiwusizo ngokumelene nolaka lombuso. Kodwa-ke, akunjalo yini ukuthi ohlelweni lwamanje lwe-UN, ubushoshovu boMkhandlu Wezokuphepha noma amalungu awo - njengalapho i-US/UK iketula umbuso wezonswinyo ngokumelene ne-Iraq (1991-2003) - kwanele ukucekela phansi imizamo ukhuthaze noma yiluphi uhlobo lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe?
Yebo futhi cha. Engikusekelayo i-UN Charter kanye nobukhosi obulinganayo bazo zonke izizwe esekelwe phezu kwabo. Ngikholwa futhi ukuthi amavoti oMkhandlu Kazwelonke, nakuba engenawo amandla, amelela kakhulu umbono womhlaba kunalawo oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, wonakaliswe ngempela ngenxa yelungelo le-veto ye-Great Powers. Ngisacabanga ukuthi uhlelo lwe-UN, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi aluphelele kangakanani, lumelela intuthuko enkulu phezu kwesimo esasikhona ngaphambi kweWW2. Phakathi kokunye, ivumela uhlobo oluthile lwezingxoxo phakathi kwezizwe ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto, lilonke, eliyisici esisekela ukuthula. Ubani owaziyo ukuthi bekungenzekani phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngaphandle kokuhwebelana okunjalo?
Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinhlangano eziningi ze-UN zenza umsebenzi owusizo. Uhlelo lwe-UN luphinde luvume ukuthi kukhona into efana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, okuthi, ephepheni okungenani, kube umkhawulo wokusebenzisa amandla ngabanamandla. Phela, wonke umuntu wayebona ukuthi impi emelene ne-Iraq yayingekho emthethweni-ngaphandle komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, umbono onjalo wawungeke wakhiwe. Ngokwabazali, impi yaseKosovo nayo yayingekho emthethweni, nakuba babembalwa kakhulu abantu baseNtshonalanga abayivumayo.
Isici esiyisisekelo sesistimu ye-UN ukuthi ayinawo amaphoyisa azophoqelela izinqumo zayo, okungenani lapho ephikisana nezidingo zezifunda ezinamandla, njenge-US noma i-Israel. Futhi umphumela we-veto ukuthi, kaningi, asikho isinqumo esithathwa kulawo mazwe. Noma kunjalo, kunezinqumo eziningi ze-UN abantu basePalestine abangazisebenzisa; kodwa-ke, kusalokhu kunjalo: ucezu lwephepha umuntu angaluzulisa.
Engingakuthanda wukuthi i-UN yakhiwe kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni, kuqalwe ngokuhamba kwamazwe angachemile, ahlanganisa iningi labantu emhlabeni, futhi amazwe aseNtshonalanga angafaka isicelo kuwo futhi ajoyine ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi landela imithetho: ukuhlonipha ubukhosi obulinganayo bazo zonke izizwe nokungagxambukeli ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamanye amazwe.
Ingabe lesi siphakamiso sokusetha enye indlela ye-UN singadinga ukuthi kwakhiwe isikhungo esifanayo, esifana ne-UN? Uma kunjalo, lokhu bekungeke yini kube yi-balkanization yengozi kuleli qembu noma phakathi kwaleli qembu nezinye izifundazwe ngaphakathi kwe-UN?
Hhayi-ke, kusobala ukuthi ngakusho ngokuhlekisa, ngoba angilindele ngempela ukuthi abaholi benhlangano engachemile ukuthi banake isiphakamiso sami esithobekile. Kodwa okwenzekayo ukuthi, ngokwandayo, kwenziwa imifelandawonye yezombusazwe phakathi kwamazwe aseNingizimu, ngisho naphakathi kwalawo anemibuso yezombangazwe ehluke kakhulu, njengeBrazil, Turkey kanye ne-Iran, noma phakathi kweVenezuela ne-Iran, ukuze kulwisane nezifiso ezinkulu zezwe. E-US. Futhi kufanele kube sobala ukuthi lezo zifiso aziholeli ndawo, zibone inhlekelele e-Afghanistan, futhi zenze buthaka i-US emazingeni omhlaba nawasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, singathembela ekhorasini labazibiza ngabavikeli bamalungelo abantu ukuthi bagxeke la mandla aphikisayo ngezinkulumo zabo ezivamile futhi ngaleyo ndlela baphuphuthekise umphakathi waseNtshonalanga ukuze ungaboni izifiso zeningi labantu emhlabeni. Egameni lentando yeningi, kunjalo.
Mayelana nokuvumela kwakho okuvamile indima yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kwaze kwanikeza ukuthuthukiswa kwakho okuhlongozwayo kuyo, abanye abanxele bangaphikisa ngokuthi akumele sivaleleke kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendlela yomthetho, njengoba nje singakwenzi ngokuphathelene nomthetho wasekhaya.
Angiphikisani nendlela yomthetho. Emuva ngo-1991, ngangimelene nempi yase-Iraq, nakuba yayisemthethweni ngomqondo omncane kakhulu, njengoba yayigunyazwe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. Isisekelo esingokomthetho sasincane, ngoba ingxenye yoMkhandlu yayifunjathiselwe nje: iSoviet Union eyayifa ngaleso sikhathi yathola imali eningi evela eSaudi Arabia ukuze isekele impi, futhi kwakukhona nezinye izingcindezi ezazingeke zicatshangwe enkantolo evamile yezobulungiswa. izwe lentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwezingxoxo zangempela kanye nesimo esingavamile saleyo ngxenye yomhlaba, lapho iNtshonalanga igcizelela ukuthi i-Israel ingathatha amazwe ase-Arab uma ifisa, kodwa i-Kuwait kufanele izimele, ngoba ikhiqiza uwoyela we-Western. isimo, kwakuyizizathu ezanele zokuphikisa leyo mpi.
Kodwa umuntu kufanele ahlukanise phakathi kwesimiso i-UN eyasungulwa phezu kwayo nokusebenza kwayo. Isimo sami sengqondo lapha siyefana naleso enginaso mayelana nalokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi ubulungisa besigaba. Ngenxa yokuchema okukhulu ekuphathweni kobulungiswa, abanye abanxele bavama ukuwenqaba wonke umqondo 'womthetho wonxiwankulu'. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyiphutha; kunezici eziningi ezinhle ezimisweni zohlelo lwethu lomthetho, ezimele inqubekelaphambili yangempela ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zangaphambilini. Kunjalo nangomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye ne-UN.
UThomas Kollmann uyintatheli ezimele ezinze eLondon.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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