Bona ividiyo engumngane wale ndaba ku: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPpTIRVrIvQ
Umthetho omelene nokushushumbiswa ngokocansi osanda kuphasiswa e-Alaska ubonisa ukwehluleka kohlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu ukusiza noma ukutakula izisulu zokushushumbiswa. Eqinisweni, abesifazane abasengcupheni enkulu yodlame, okuhlanganisa nabashushumbiswe ngocansi, bathi imithetho emelene nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ibabeka engozini enkulu.
Umthetho wase-Alaska udonsa imisebenzi eminingi ehambisana nobufebe ngaphansi kwesibhengezo sokushushumbiswa kocansi, ukuchaza kabusha โukugqugquzela ubufebeโ njengokushushumbisa ucansi, kanye nokukhangisa ngezinsizakalo zocansi noma ukuphatha ngokubambisana noma ukuba nendawo lapho ukudayisa ngomzimba kwenzeka njengokushushumbisa ucansi.
Igagasi lokukhathazeka mayelana nokushushumbiswa kocansi liye laholela izindaba zidalula, abakhulumela osaziwayo, Futhi imithetho nezinqubomgomo kulo lonke elase-US ethembisa ukumisa abashushumbisi. Kodwa ngemva kokuba umbusi wase-Alaska uSean Parnell esayine i-HB 359 ngo-2012, abantu bokuqala abamangalelwa ngaphansi kwalo mthetho omusha kwakungabesifazane abadala abenza umsebenzi owawungachazwa ngokuthi ubufebe obulula. Akekho kubo oye wasolwa ngokuziphatha abantu abaningi abacabanga ngakho lapho bezwa ukushushumbiswa, njengokusebenzisa amandla, noma izenzo ezihilela izingane. Manje, laba besifazane babhalwe ngaphansi komthetho, nasemibikweni yezindaba, njengabashushumbisi bocansi. Abanye babo babonakala benecala lokushushumbisa bona ngokwabo.
NgoJanuwari ka-2013, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushaywa komthetho, amaphoyisa aya ku- indawo yokuzivocavoca umzimba eKenai, idolobha eliseningizimu ye-Anchorage elinabantu abangaba ngu-7,000. Babophe owesifazane oneminyaka engu-49 ubudala, oneminyaka engu-19 no-20 ubudala. Bobathathu babekwe amacala okudayisa ngomzimba. Kodwa lo msolwa oneminyaka engu-49 ubudala uphinde wabekwa icala lokushushumbisa ucansi ngeziqu zokuqala, ezesibili, nezesithathu, ngenxa yokuthi wayesolwa ngokuba nebhizinisi.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, a Owesifazane oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala okusolakala ukuthi ukhangise ku-craigslist ubanjwe odongeni lwe-inthanethi ngamaphoyisa. Kubukeka sengathi amaphoyisa awanabo ubufakazi obanele bokusekela icala lokudayisa ngomzimba - ngokwemibiko yamaphoyisa, lona wesifazane ubengeke "aqinisekise ukuthi uya ocansini" mathupha. Ubekwe icala โlokuthuthukisa ubufebeโ okuyisenzo esingalungile. Ngenxa yalo mthetho omusha, wabekwa icala ukuhweba ngokocansi, ngokusobala ngenxa yokuthi wayesolwa ngokukhangisa ngezinsizakalo zocansi ku-inthanethi, ngisho noma engazinikezi mathupha.
UMaxine Doogan uyilungu le I-Community United for Safety and Protection (CUSP), inhlangano ye Abathengisa ngomzimba base-Alaska nabalingani babo. Uthi lo mthetho omusha wenze kube ubugebengu imikhuba engenza abadayisa ngomzimba baphephe. โSibona abantu abasebenza ndawonye, โโbabelana ngendawo, babelana ngamakhasimende, bangabekwa icala lokushushumbisa ucansi,โ kuchaza uDoogan. "Izimo zokuphepha esizibekele zona manje sezibizwa ngokushushumbiswa kocansi."
Njengesibonelo sokuhlukumeza umthetho omusha, uDoogan uxoxe ngowesifazane oboshwe kulo nyaka ngezinsolo zokuphatha amaphoyisa kanye abezindaba ebizwa ngeringi yokushushumbisa ucansi. UDoogan uthi lo wesifazane ubebonakala enebhizinisi eliyimodeli yocansi, elihlola ukuphepha kwamakhasimende, indawo ephephile yokusebenza nabanye abantu, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokukhangisa, izivumelwano zosonkontileka abazimele, nosizo lokucubungula izindleko zekhadi lesikweletu. Imibiko yamaphoyisa nabezindaba ibhale konke lokhu njengokushushumbiswa kwabantu. An esihlokweni uchaze isigaba esikuwebhusayithi yakhe esincoma ukuziphatha okuhle kumakhasimende abona umuntu odayisa ngomzimba โnjengeseluleko kubaxhasi bendawo eshushumbisa ucansi.โ
Lona wesifazane oneminyaka engu-39 ubudala, naye okusolwa ukuthi wayezitika ngocansi ukuze athole imali, ubekwe amacala angu-8 ahlukene okushushumbisa ucansi, okubalwa ukudayisa ngomzimba, ukudayisa ngomzimba, ukuthenga amakhasimende, ukuhlohla umuntu oneminyaka engaphezu kuka-20. ukudayisa ngomzimba, ukwamukela imali etholwa wubufebe, nokugqugquzela ubufebe.
"Amaphoyisa ayaphenduka atshele izintatheli, nezintatheli ziyajika zitshela umphakathi ukuthi kukhona umuntu otakulwa ngokuba yisisulu socansi," kusho uDoogan, ochaza imikhankaso yokulwa nokushushumbiswa "njengesikhali senqwaba." ukubhujiswa kwesizwe esiyisifebe.โ
UKate Mogulescu ungumsunguli nomqondisi we Iphrojekthi Yenhlangano Yosizo Lwezomthetho Yokumela Izisulu Zokushushumbiswa eNew York City, iphrojekthi yokuqala yokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwabantu e-US iphelelwa yinhlangano evikela umphakathi. Ithimba lakhe libona amakhasimende acela ku-2,000 unyaka ngamunye athweswe amacala okudayisa ngomzimba, iningi lawo aselike lashushumbiswa. Ukholelwa ukuthi imithetho emelene nokushushumbiswa kocansi njenge-Alaska idala umonakalo omkhulu kunalokho ewuxazululayo. "Kunentshisekelo yangempela yokushushumbiswa kwabantu njengamanje kuleli," kusho uMogulescu. โIyinqwaba yezihloko okugxilwe kuzo. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi senza kabi, ikakhulukazi kubantu esifuna ukubasiza, ngokwenza kube udaba olukhulu kwabezindaba olugxile kulezi zindaba zokuhlenga ezivusa amadlingozi.โ
UMogulsecu uthi abesifazane ababona behlukunyezwa ngokushushumbiswa kocansi mancane amathuba okuthi basizwe wukungenelela kwamaphoyisa. โEnye yezinto esichitha isikhathi esiningi sizenza ukuzama ukuhlehlisa noma ukulungisa umonakalo odalwe wuhlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu kumakhasimende ethu ashushumbisiwe,โ usho kanje. โKunale nkolelo yokuthi uma abantu abaningi uhlangana nabo ngohlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu, uzongena odabeni lokushushumbiswa kwabantu. Ukuthi ngandlela thize, lapho kushunqa intuthu futhi kuthulekile uthuli, uzokwazi ukuthola ukuthi ubani umshushumbisi, ubani oyisisulu, futhi ubulungiswa buzokwenziwa. Futhi esikubone kaningi ukuthi akunjalo.โ
Manje uTerra Burns usengumfundi oneziqu, kodwa eseyintombazane waphoqwa ukuba ahwebe ngocansi nguyise owayemhlukumeza. Ufakaze ngokumelene nezinhlelo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa phambi kwesishayamthetho sesifunda sase-Alaska, futhi uyaxhumana nomphakathi ukuze aqoqe ukwesekwa kwendawo ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko. "Umbuso uphoqa abantu ukuthi bahwebe ngokubanqabela ukuthola indawo yokuhlala, i-SSDI, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezingane okungebona abazali bazo," kusho uBurns. โBesifa yiqhwa abesifazane ngenxa yokuthi bebengakwazi ukungena endlini yokukhosela. Lapho umbuso wenza ukusinda kube nzima, uphoqa abantu ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinzima. Kodwa lapho labo bantu bephendukela ebufebeni ukuze baphile, babizwa ngokuthi abashushumbisi bobulili.โ UBurns uthi abesifazane akhulume nabo ababoshiwe futhi โabahlengwaโ empeleni bahlukunyezwe ngokocansi ngamaphoyisa.
Ezingxoxweni nabesifazane base-Alaska abadayisa ngocansi, abaningi bathi ukwesaba amaphoyisa kwenza kube nzima ngabo ukubika ubugebengu. U-Sarah uyilungu le-CUSP futhi ungumzali wezingane ezimbili ochitha isikhathi sakhe ezisiza umsebenzi wazo wesikole futhi eziqondisa nohambo lwasendle. Useneminyaka eyishumi edayisa ngomzimba, kanti intokozo enkulu anayo ngamaphoyisa. Uthi iphoyisa lake lazenza ikhasimende kwathi ngemuva kokwenza ucansi, lamtshela ukuthi uyiphoyisa futhi lizolibopha uma lithatha imali.
โUma sidlwengulwa, uma sishaywa, uma sigetshengwa, sinovalo lokuya ejele,โ kungitshela uSarah. โIzikhathi eziningi simane sibhekana nezinto futhi akukho esingakwenza ngakho.โ
U-Ann, 32, wathuthela e-Alaska esuka eningizimu yeCalifornia, futhi useneminyaka engu-6 edayisa ngocansi. Ayimmangali indaba kaSarah. Uke wabhekana nokuboshwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngamaphoyisa. โAmaphoyisa endawo athola ukuthi ungumqwayizi, futhi afuna uphume endaweni, azojola nawe uze uhambe,โ usho kanje.
UBurns unendaba yakhe yokuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa. Lapho eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, wayesebenza njengomuntu okhumula izingubo futhi wadlwengulwa. Ngesikhathi eya emaphoyiseni, uthi amtshela ukuthi azombopha ngokufaka umbiko ongelona iqiniso. UBurns uthi amaphoyisa amtshela ukuthi, โIndlela ogqoke ngayo ayibukeki sengathi ubungafuni ukuya ocansini,โ futhi wengeza ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uyisifebe nje esicasulwe ukuthi akakhokhelwa. โNgangithanda imihuzuko nezinyembezi nokunye,โ kunezela uBurns. "Kube yisigameko esibuhlungu ngempela ngizama ukubika emaphoyiseni."
Ucwaningo lwango-2012 lwabathengisa ngomzimba olwenziwa yi-Young Women's Empowerment Project e-Chicago lwaveza inkinga. Bathole ukuthi udlame nokuhlukunyezwa ngamaphoyisa yingozi enkulu ebikwa yilabo abahweba ngocansi ukuze bathole imali noma izimpahla. U-32% wabaphenduli babike udlame noma ukuhlukunyezwa okuvela emaphoyiseni, okuhlanganisa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, kuyilapho u-4% kuphela obike udlame oluvela kuma-pimps. Baphetha ngokuthi usongo olukhulu kwakungewona umsebenzi ngokwawo, kodwa umoya owadalwa ngokuwenza ungabi semthethweni.
"Lo mbono wokuhlenga oza ngendlela yokuboshwa uyinkinga ngempela," kusho uMogulescu. "Lokhu akunikezi ukuphepha, ukuzinza, ukuphepha, amandla, kubo."
Izisulu zokushushumbiswa kukaMogulescu zibona kaningi ziphinde zahlukunyezwa ngamaphoyisa. โEnye yezinto esichitha isikhathi esiningi sizenza ukuzama ukuhlehlisa noma ukulungisa umonakalo odalwe wuhlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu kumakhasimende ethu ashushumbisiwe,โ usho kanje. โAmakhasimende ethu ashushumbisiwe kanye nalawo angashushumbisiwe awanawo umbono omuhle ngabomthetho noma amaphoyisa. Eqinisweni bahlupheka kakhulu ezandleni zamaphoyisa. Siyabona, ngamapholisa athengisa ngomzimba, ukungaziphathi kahle kwamaphoyisa. Sibona uhlobo oluthile lwasentshonalanga. โ
UMogulescu uthi inqobo nje uma ukudayisa ngomzimba kungekho emthethweni, abesifazane abadayisa ngocansi ngeke bazizwe bephephile ukuya emaphoyiseni. โLapho amakhasimende ami echayeka ekuboshweni, kaninginingi, umqondo wokuthi azobona emaphoyiseni, noma abomthetho indawo enobungane, indawo yokuthola usizo, uyahlekisa.โ
Akubona kuphela abathengisa ngomzimba abesaba amaphoyisa e-Anchorage. Ngaphandle kweBeans Cafรฉ, i-Anchorage agency esabalalisa ukudla kwamahhala, owesifazane wendabuko ogama lakhe lingu-Esther Brown, obengasenakhaya izinyanga ezimbalwa ezedlule, uchaze ukushaywa nokuhlukunyezwa ngamaphoyisa. โAmaphoyisa awekho neze ukukusiza,โ kusho yena. "Bake bangena ejele ngecala lokudlwengula bona."
UBrown ubechaza icala elamenyezelwa e-Anchorage, lalowo owayeyisikhulu u-Anthony Rollins, owalahlwa amacala amahlanu okudlwengula ngo-2011 egqoke umfaniswano kusukela ngo-2008-2009. URollins wayenakho uthole imiklomelo eminingi kanye nokunconywa ngesikhathi esenomnyango, okuhlanganisa nendondo yobuqhawe kanye, okuxakayo, nendondo yenhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi Ukuma Ndawonye Ukulwisana Nokudlwengulwa. Ubevame ukumela umnyango ngokukhuluma ezikoleni zendawo.
USergeant Kathy Lacey, owaqala futhi ophethe iphini lophiko loMnyango Wamaphoyisa Anchorage, wengamela ukuboshwa kwabadayisa ngomzimba e-Anchorage. Uzibona ehlenga abesifazane abavaleleke ezimeni ezinzima. Uyawugunyaza lo mthetho omusha, futhi uyawenqaba noma yimuphi umehluko phakathi kokudayisa ngomzimba nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ngocansi. โKufanele siyeke ukukubiza ngobufebe, sikubize ngokuxhashazwa ngokocansi,โ kusho yena. โNgicabanga ukuthi noma nini lapho owesifazane edayisa ngomzimba wakhe ukuze enze ucansi, kufanele kube ngumthetho. Kwehlisa isithunzi futhi kuyaxhaphaza.โ U-Lacey wengeza ngokuthi abesifazane ababona bephoqelelwa ukuba bathengise ngocansi ngokuhlukunyezwa noma ngenkani. โAngivamisile ukuhlangana nabesifazane abanesizinda esizinzile, nabadayisa ngomzimba. Angicabangi ukuthi sengike ngahlangana nayo,โ usho kanje. โAbavele bavuke ngo-21 ngelinye ilanga bathi 'ngizothengisa ngomzimba wami ngocansi.' Akwenzeki lokho.โ
ULacey uthi kube nezindaba zokungaziphathi kahle kwamaphoyisa, kodwa umnyango awukubekezeleli, โUkuboshwa akuyona impendulo engcono kakhulu, ngiyakubona lokho,โ uyanezela. โAsifuni ukubajezisa. Sifuna ukubasusa kuleso simo, amathuluzi esinawo okubasusa kuleso simo wukubabopha nokubakhipha kulowo mshushumbisi.โ
U-Lacey uthi umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa ukuzulazula ngokulingana ekuboneni abesifazane bethengisa ngocansi njengabo bobabili abayizisulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bebhekene nokuboshwa. โBanaso leso simo esikabili,โ kusho uLacey. โBobabili bayizisulu nezigilamkhuba. Sizama ukuthola ukuthi baqale kanjani babe yisisulu nokuthi bangene kanjani kulokhu ukuze babe yicala.โ Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uyakuqinisekisa ukuthi noma ubani owenza imali ngomuntu othengisa ngocansi ungumshushumbisi. โNgisebenzisa lelo gama elithi traffic trader kanye ne-pimp ngokushintshana,โ usho kanje. โAkufani nokuthi uphuma eqomile enze amadola angamakhulu amane, bese emnika amakhulu amabili bese egcina amakhulu amabili. Ezimweni eziningi umnika konke.โ
Amalungu e-Community United for Safety and Protection awagxeki nje ukuqiniswa komthetho, kodwa nezinye izinqubomgomo zombuso. Bathi ukushoda kwenethi yokuphepha ebusika obunonya e-Alaska kwenza le nkinga ibe nzima kakhulu. UBurns ungitshela ukuthi noma esekhululekile kuyise owayemhlukumeza, wayesaphoqeleka ukuthi adayise ngocansi ngenxa yokuntula ukwesekwa uhulumeni. โNgicabanga ukuthi umshushumbisi omkhulu wocansi, okuyenga abantu abaningi ukuba bahwebe, umbuso,โ usho kanje. โNjengomuntu osemusha ongenakhaya, isisebenzi sami sasifika sithathe imali yami. Angathi, 'uzosebenzisa lokhu nje ukuthenga izidakamizwa.' Isimiso ngokuyisisekelo salisusa lonke inetha lami lokuphepha sabe sesingikhiphela ebusika obubandayo base-Alaska. Okuwukuphela kwesinqumo enganginaso kwakuwukudayisa ngomzimba ngokoqobo noma ukulala ogwini lweqhwa. Ngimbe imigodi ogwini lweqhwa. Kepha, uyazi, ku-60 ngezansi, uzofa yiqhwa ngokwenza lokho, ngakho-ke kufanele ujike iqhinga. "
UMogulescu uthi impendulo enkingeni yokushushumbiswa kocansi kufanele iqhamuke ekuxazululeni izimbangela. โNoma ngubani ofuna ukwenza umsebenzi wokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwabantu kufanele afingqe imikhono aqale enze umsebenzi wokulwa nobubha,โ usho kanje. โNgoba esikhuluma ngayo lapha yiqembu elikhungethwe wububha, udlame olusekelwe kubulili, ukucwasa ngokwebala, nokucwaswa kwabokufika. Kodwa asifuni ukukhuluma ngalezo zinto ngoba lezo zinto empeleni kunzima ukuzilungisa. Kodwa uma sibhala isiqephu esikhulu mayelana nokushushumbiswa nezigqila zocansi futhi amaphoyisa azoyixazulula le nkinga, sizizwa kahle ngalokho.โ
U-Jordan Flaherty uyintatheli kanye noMdidiyeli Ophethe we-Laura Flanders Show ku-GRITtv kanye ne-TeleSUR English. Ungabona okuningi komsebenzi wakhe ku-jordanflaherty.org.
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