Kamuva Jacobin isihloko esikhuluma ngendlela uKarl Marx aqala ukugqama ngayo sasihlanganisa le misho emibili: “Namuhla, intsha eningi imasha ibheke kwesokunxele ezinyathelweni [zikaMarx] isuka ekushisekeleni inkululeko iye ekugxekweni konxiwankulu. Kodwa ngokungafani noMarx, banalo lonke isiko lobuMarx elibaqondisayo.”
Ingabe ukuthatha “lonke isiko lobuMarx” njengomhlahlandlela kuzoveza “intsha ehambela kwesokunxele” izici ezibalulekile, ezibalulekile zezimo zayo ezodinga ukuzizulazula ukuze izuze umphakathi ongcono? Udlame lwamaphoyisa. Ukuphika ukukhipha isisu. Ukusheshisa ukungalingani. Ukuwohloka kwesimo sezulu. Impi. UbuFascist. Futhi nokuningi. Ukuze sisabele ngokuphumelelayo, ingabe kufanele sigxile emibhalweni kaMarx?
Amasonto, izinyanga, iminyaka, namashumi eminyaka kufika futhi kudlule. "Izazi" ezingakwesokunxele zimemezela ngezikhathi ezithile "uMarx ukushilo. UMarx wayekwazi. UMarx wakufundisa. Ukuze siwine umhlaba ongcono, kufanele sishayele i-Marx's Collected Works. Kufanele siqondiswe yilo lonke isiko likaMarxist.” Kodwa ingabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi uma singayitadishi ngokungathi sína iMarx ukuze sifunde izimpendulo zakhe ezindala zemibuzo yethu yamanje—futhi uma singafundisisi ngokujulile ngoLenin noTrotsky ukuze sifunde nezimpendulo zabo—khona-ke ulwazi lwethu, ukulungiselela, nokucabanga kwethu. ngeke zithuthukise ngempumelelo izidingo nezifiso zethu?
Indoda enkulu enentshebe, umkhulumeli onethemba, uthisha omkhulu kunabo bonke, umthwali wefulegi owaziwa kakhulu ngokwakhe wabhala “Isiko lazo zonke izizukulwane ezifile zinesisindo esinjengephupho elibi ebuchosheni babaphilayo.”
Abangewona ama-Marxologists bangase bacabange ukuthi uMarx kufanele ukuthi wayebhekisele emthelela wesiko lezizukulwane ezifile kwabaphendulayo abafisa ukubuyela esikhathini esedlule. Nokho, kuyavela ukuthi ngokuqhubeka nokufunda sithola ukuthi abaphikisayo babengeyona inhloso kaMarx: “Futhi njengoba nje bebonakala bematasa ngokuziguqula ngokwabo nezinto, bakha into eyayingekho ngaphambili, kulezo zikhathi zenhlekelele yenguquko. ngokukhathazeka uhlanganise imimoya yesikhathi esidlule enkonzweni yawo, eboleka kuzo amagama, iziqubulo zempi, nemvunulo ukuze aveze lesi senzakalo esisha emlandweni wezwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amazwi ahlonishweyo acashile nolimi olubolekiwe.”
Ngakho-ke kwakungabashisekeli bezinguquko, hhayi abaphikisayo, ukuthi uMarx wayegxeka ngobuciko ngokuboleka “amagama, iziqubulo zempi, nemvunulo” yakudala ukuze ethule okwamanje “ngendlela ehloniphekile yokuzifihla nangolimi olubolekiwe” kuze kube yilapho sithola ukuthi ngokuphindaphindiwe, namuhla. imvunulo sengathi bekuyizolo, futhi lokhu kwenziwa, ngokuxakayo, yilabo abathi bafuna kusasa.
Abanye bazothi ngenza ihaba ngenkinga. Mhlawumbe, kodwa ingabe uMarx naye wenza ihaba? Ake sithi ucabanga ukuthi usebenza ngokwesiko lesazi esithile esifile. Ingabe kufanele ukumemezele? Ingabe kufanele uyibhale phansi? Ingabe kufanele ukhuthaze imibhalo emidala oyikhethayo kwabanye? Yini iqabane elizimisele ukwenza?
Uma ngibuzwa lowo mbuzo, into yokuqala engiyibonayo wukuthi asikho isidingo sokuveza uhlu lozalo lwakho, ingasaphathwa eyokuluhlaba ikhwelo noma ngabe uzalo lwakho oluthiwa lugqamile. Okubalulekile kunalokho ukwenza kucace lokho wena ngokwakho okukholelwayo kanye nokukhombisa ukuthi kungani ukukholelwa usebenzisa awakho amazwi anamuhla. Ngeke yini sivume ukuthi lapha akuvamile ukuba sicaphune amazwi abantu abafile futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthi asikho isizathu sokuphatha amazwi abantu abafileyo njengombhalo, njengokungathi ukucaphuna nje amazwi anjalo kunikeza impikiswano noma ubufakazi. Esikhundleni salokho, ukudlulisa ukuthanda kwethu egameni lezinhloso zethu ngenkathi sibheka lokho okulindelwe, ukwesaba, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwalabo esikhuluma nabo, kungani singethuli okuhlangenwe nakho okufanelekile nokuxhumana okunengqondo ngamazwi ethu anamuhla njengoba kufakazelwa ezikhathini zethu zanamuhla. ?
Cabanga ngomuntu, mhlawumbe insizwa, ecaphuna kaningi u-Marx futhi eluleka ngokufunda i-Marx (noma esinye isithonjana esinesikhathi eside) ukuze aveze iphuzu elithile mayelana nobudlelwane besikhathi samanje kuncane kakhulu mayelana nezindlela zanamuhla noma izinhloso. Cabanga nje uzwa noma umbuka. Ingabe ngokuvamile akabonakali ekhathazeke kakhulu ngokwenza izilaleli zakhe ziphendukele kuMarx noma zikhathazeke kakhulu ukuze abonise ukwethembeka kwakhe kuMarx kunokuba akhathazeke ngokusiza izethameli ezinkulu, ezinganqunyelwe ukuthi zizicabangele ngokwazo ezikubonile manje ngokusekelwe ebufakazini bamanje nokucabanga? Ngamafuphi, ingabe ukucaphuna esikhathini esedlule kuvame ukufihla ubumpofu bokuxhumana besimanje? Ingabe ngezinye izikhathi akukhangi egunyeni lababhali abangasekho, okubuye kube sengozini yokushelela ekuhambisaneni namahlelo?
Kungani esikhundleni salokho ungathathi iseluleko sikaMarx siqu futhi uvumele “izizukulwane ezifile” ziphumule ngokuthula? Kungani ungakugwemi ukulingisa “iphupho elibi”? Kungani ungayeki “ukuboleka” futhi esikhundleni salokho udale?
Sicela uqaphele, kuze kube manje angikakanikezi nezwi lokugxeka i-Marxism ngokwayo. Hhayi nezwi. Esikhundleni salokho lokhu okuphawuliwe ngenhla kumayelana nendlela yokuxhumana ngokuqukethwe, hhayi mayelana nokufaneleka kwento okufanele kukhulunywe ngayo. Kodwa manje ukuze sihlole ingqikithi yeMarxism, cabangela isimangalo esiqinile sokuthi umgomo womzabalazo kuwo wonke umbhalo we-Marxist onikeza umbono ojulile wezomnotho noma womphakathi uwumnotho okhuphula cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amabili abantu bawo esimweni sesigaba esibusayo futhi futhi ogcina ubunzalamizi, ubuhlanga. , nobushiqela bezombangazwe, ingasaphathwa eyokuqhubeka nokukhafula ngokweqile ukungcola. Ingabe lokho kuyiqiniso? Cabanga ukuthi lapho ukunyakaza kwama-Marxist empeleni kuqondise izinguquko, lezo ziguquko ziye zaletha imiphakathi ngalezo zici ezinephutha ngokwesabekayo. Ingabe le ngxenye yesiko likaMarx inendaba? Ingabe le miphumela ikhona ngokuhambisanayo futhi hhayi naphezu kwemibono ye-Marxism?
Abaningi bama-Marx baphendula ngokuthi lokho okushiwo ama-Marx kuwumbudane. Bathi yonke inhloso ye-Marxist yangempela ukuhlanganyela kwesigaba sabasebenzi abaningi, intando yeningi, kanye nenkululeko. Futhi ngiyavuma ukuthi yilokho okufiswa uMarx namaMarx amaningi. Kodwa-ke ngenezela ukuthi naphezu kwalezo zifiso zomuntu ezingenakuphikwa, empeleni iningi lama-Marx aliphishekeli izikhungo ezihambisana nokubamba iqhaza kwesigaba sabasebenzi abaningi, intando yeningi, nenkululeko noma ngokuqeda ubunzalamizi, ubuhlanga, nobushiqela. Futhi, ingabe lokho kushiwo ngezinjongo zesikhungo kungamanga, noma kuyiqiniso?
Ukunquma, ake sithi singabeka yonke imibhalo ye-Marxist ngezomnotho kanye/noma umphakathi enqwabeni. Ngokwezinga elilinganiselwe lokuthi noma yini ekuleyo nqwaba inikeza umbono obalulekile wesikhungo, ngeke yini ngokuvamile ibe ngokwezomnotho kuphela futhi ihlanganise ukuthathwa kwezinqumo okugunyaziwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkampani zabasebenzi, iholo lomkhiqizo noma amandla okuxoxisana, kanye nezimakethe noma ukuhlela okumaphakathi, ngayinye. okuyizikhungo eziphakamisa amaphesenti angamashumi amabili okukhulunywe ngawo ekuqaleni. Bese kuthi-ke uma sibheka amavukelambuso angempela agqugquzelwa uMarxist, ewabeka enqwabeni, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, asiboni yini lezo zinhloso zesikhungo zifezwa?
Mhlawumbe imbangela yokuthi i-Marxism ingakulethi lokho iningi labameli bayo ebikufuna akubanga abaholi ababi. Yebo, u-Stalin wayengumholi omubi, ukukubeka kancane. Kodwa mhlawumbe inkinga yangempela, ejulile, futhi ehlala njalo kube ukuguquguquka kokunyakaza kukaMarxist okuye kwaphakamisa isigebengu esinjengoStalin futhi, siqhubeka nesinyathelo esisodwa, mhlawumbe inkinga kube imiqondo eye yaphakama noma nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso engazange ivimbele labo Stalin. -ukuphakamisa amandla okunyakaza.
Inkinga kwakungekhona ukuthi wonke umuntu emaqenjini e-Marxist Leninist wayefuna ngokusobala ukunyathela abasebenzi emgwaqeni ukuze babalawule. Lokho kungamanga amakhulu. Umbhedo lowo. Inkinga yayiwukuthi noma ngabe amalungu awo ayenencazelo enhle kangakanani, eminye yemibono ewumnyombo yamaqembu e-Marxist iholele ngokungenakuvinjelwa ukuthi lawo maqembu, lapho ephumelela, anyathele abasebenzi. Ngemuva nokududula abaholi, izinhlaka. Ngemuva nokuphakamisa izakhiwo, imiqondo.
Iba umguquki kaMarxist. Ngisho noma unezisusa ezinhle kakhulu—izisusa ezinhle kakhulu—okungenzeka ukuthi ngeke wenze uguquko ezweni lethu lanamuhla ngoba ngeke ube nokugxila okubanzi ngokwanele futhi ikakhulukazi, okuxakayo, ngoba uzontula umsebenzi owanele. ukwesekwa kwekilasi. Kodwa uma udlula lezo zinkinga futhi usiza ekwenzeni uguquko, amathuba okuba impumelelo yakho izokhuphula lokho engikubiza ngokuthi isigaba somxhumanisi ekubuseni kwezomnotho phezu kwesigaba sabasebenzi, futhi kuzoshiya ubunzalamizi, ubandlululo, kanye nokugunyazwa kushintshiwe kodwa kuphelele noma kwaqina.
Abanye abantu bakaMarx bakuthola kuyinhlamba ngokomuntu siqu. Angicabangi ukuthi kufanele kube njalo. Akukhona ngabantu abathile noma izisusa. Akukhona ngobuntu babantu kakhulu kancane nezakhi zofuzo zabantu. Esikhundleni salokho kumayelana nemiqondo, izindlela, kanye nokwethembeka kwesikhungo okuthi, ngisho nasezandleni zabantu abamangalisayo kukhuthaze imiphumela labo bantu ababengakaze bayifune. Inhloso yokuphawula kwami isiko elibi elicindezela abantu abalungile. Noma, njengoba u-bard wami, osaphila, ahlabelela, “Angiqondile ukulimaza noma ukubeka iphutha kunoma ubani ohlala endlini engaphansi, kulungile ma, uma ngingakwazi ukumjabulisa.
Ngakho ake sigxile ezindabeni ezimbili ezibalulekile. Cabangela kuqala ukuthi imiqondo ewumongo ye-Marxism nemikhuba ehlotshaniswa nayo igcizelela ngokweqile ezomnotho futhi igcizelela kancane ubulili/ukuzala, umphakathi/amasiko, ipolitiki, kanye ne-ecology.
Lesi simangalo asisho ukuthi bonke (noma noma yimuphi) ama-Marxists awanaki yonke into ngaphandle kwezomnotho. Futhi akusho ukuthi bonke (noma yimuphi) ama-Marx awanandaba kakhulu nezinye izindaba. Kunalokho, kusho ukuthi lapho ama-Marxist ayizolo ekhuluma ngempilo yobulili yentsha, umshado, umndeni wenuzi, inkolo, ubuhlanga, izibopho zamasiko, okuthandwayo ngokobulili, inhlangano yezombangazwe, ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, impi, kanye nemvelo, babevame ukugqamisa amandla avelayo. kusukela ekuqondeni kwabo umzabalazo wekilasi noma lokho okukhombisa imithelela emzabalazweni wekilasi futhi kujwayele ukugeja ukukhathazeka okusekelwe ezicini ezithile zobuhlanga, ubulili, amandla, kanye nemvelo. Bavame ngisho nokuthi lokhu kubalwa kwemali okulinganiselwe kuwubuhle.
Lokhu kugxeka akusho ukuthi i-Marxism yayizolo ayishongo lutho oluwusizo mayelana nobuhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, namandla noma okungenani mayelana nezomnotho ngamunye. Kodwa lokhu kugxeka kusho ukuthi imiqondo yayizolo yobuMarxist ayizange iphikisane ngokwanele nokuthambekela okwakubekwe umphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, noma umzabalazo wamanje, noma izinqumo zamaqhinga zangaleso sikhathi ezadala imiphumela yokucwasa, ukucwasa ngokobulili, neyobugunyazi ngisho nalapho iphikisana nokuthambekela okuhle kakhulu kokuziphatha nezenhlalo. abaningi bakaMarx. I-Marxism yayizolo ishiye ngaphandle okuningi okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isiqondise kusasa.
Ngamanye amazwi, lezi zimangalo mayelana nokugcizelela ngokweqile kwe-Marxism emnothweni nokugcizelela okunganele kwezinye izinhlangothi zempilo akubikezeli i-mono-mania mayelana nezomnotho noma iphethini yendawo yonke nengenakwephulwa yokunaka kakhulu ezomnotho kanye nokunakwa kwakho konke okunye. Cha, esikhundleni salokho babikezela iphethini eyingozi yobuncane bendlela okubhekwa ngayo ezinye izimo zomnotho. Ingabe i-Marxism ayisifundisi ukuba sihlole izenzakalo ezinjalo futhi silungise izinkinga ezihlobene nezigigaba ezinjalo, kodwa lokho sikwenze ngamehlo ethu ngokuyinhloko kulokho iMarxism ethi yizimbangela nemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu ehlobene noshintsho, iMarxism ethi ingokomnotho? Ingabe i-Marxism ayinikezi ukuqonda okubalulekile futhi okubalulekile mayelana nobukhulu bezomnotho kwezinye izinhlangothi zempilo yezomnotho, kodwa hhayi kangako ngezinga layo lezomnotho elincane? Ngokufanisa cabanga ngomuntu wesifazane, omelene nokucwasa ngokwebala, noma i-anarchist othi kufanele sinake izimo zomnotho futhi sifune ukulungisa izinkinga ezihlobene nazo, kodwa kufanele sikwenze njalo ngamehlo ethu ngokuyinhloko ukuthi yikuphi ukubandlulula kwabesifazane, ukucwasa, noma i-anarchism. bangabiza izimbangela nemiphumela eyinhloko ehlobene noshintsho, abangathi ubulili, ubuhlanga, noma ezombangazwe ngokwangempela. Ngeke yini ama-Marx aphendule ngokufanelekile ngokuthi lezo ezinye izindlela zidinga ukuthuthukiswa komnotho? Kodwa akuvumelekile yini ngalezo ezinye izindlela ukusho ukuthi indlela kaMarxist idinga ubulili, ubuhlanga, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezepolitiki?
Uma kunjalo, akulandeli yini ukuthi ukulungiswa “kwezomnotho” kwe-Marxism kuzoba ukuthi ama-Marx avume ukuthi ubufazi, i-anarchism, kanye nokulwa nokucwasa kunemibono yabo ewumnyombo nokuthi njengoba abameli baleyo mibono kufanele bacabangele. yokuqonda okugxile ekilasini, ngakho-ke abantu abafuna ukungabi nesigaba kufanele bacabangele leyo mibono yomunye umthombo mayelana nalezo ezinye izindawo ezigxilile zoshintsho oludingekayo? Ngeke ibeke phambili imbangela yendlela eyodwa kuphela, noma ngabe ezomnotho kwabanye noma okunye ukugxila okuthandwayo kwabanye, ukuphuthelwa yizigigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ubuhlanga, ubulili, igunya, i-ecology, nokuchema kwezigaba kanye nemikhuba egxilile. kwande kangaka emiphakathini yamanje? Kodwa ingabe lokho akukwenzi kucace ukuthi ngakho-ke sidinga imiqondo ephikisanayo futhi hhayi imiqondo egqamisa ukuchema okunjalo?
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi iningi lama-Marxists namuhla liyavumelana nesidingo sokweqa umnotho. Izindaba ezimbi ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi iningi lama-Marxists banamuhla alikayisebenzisi imiqondo emisha ebeka phambili ngokulinganayo lezo ezinye izindawo zoshintsho oludingekayo. Esikhundleni salokho imiqondo namagama ezizukulwane ezifile ezihlala esikweni leMarxism ivame ukuminyana noma kwesinye isikhathi ize iqede nokuqonda okubanzi kangako ngokushesha nje lapho umfutho woshintsho oluyisisekelo ukhula. Ngakho-ke nakuba iningi lama-Marxists banamuhla libona isidingo sokubalekela umnotho futhi kuyilapho lifuna ngobuqotho ukwenza kanjalo (ngokuvamile ngokwamukela omunye umbono ukuze sithole ubufazi bezenhlalakahle, ukucwasa kwe-marxist, i-anarcho-marxism, kanye ne-eco-marxism), noma kunjalo, Akusona yini isithiyo empumelelweni yabo okuthi ngezikhathi zobunzima ukwethembeka kwabo kulo lonke uhlaka lobuhlakani bendabuko yabo kuvame ukunqoba izinhloso zabo ezinhle? Njengoba ukuphuthuma kokunyakaza kukhula, okungukuthi, izifiso zokugxila okunwetshiwe zivame ukukhukhuleka? Yilokho esingakubiza ngokuthi inkinga yezomnotho ye-Marxism.
Okwesibili okukhathazayo okunganakwa futhi okunganakwanga kangako kunomnotho wayo, okuxakayo ukuthi mayelana nohlangothi lwempilo olugxilwe kakhulu lwe-Marxism, umnotho, imiqondo ye-Marxism isifushane kakhulu. Iningi lama-Marxist lingase lithi, “woza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi ukulinganiselwa noma ngisho nokwehluleka iMarxism okungenzeka inakho, ngokuqinisekile umnotho wayo unamandla.” Yebo, yebo, iMarxism ikubeka ngokufanelekile ukubaluleka okukhulu kokungqubuzana kwezigaba futhi lokho kuhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke i-Marxism eduze nendawo yonke iyehluleka ukugqamisa isigaba esikhona phakathi kwabasebenzi nemali. Ama-Marxists ayizolo kanye nabanamuhla bavame ukuphika izimpande zesigaba sesithathu endleleni umnotho ochaza ngayo kanye nokusebenza kwezabelo. Izimfundiso zayizolo kanye nezikaMarxist zanamuhla, esikhundleni salokho, ukuthi amakilasi akhona ngenxa yobudlelwano bobunikazi kuphela. Kodwa akubonakali yini ngokuphuphuthekisa ukuthi yingakho i-Marxism ihluleka ukubona ukuthi umnotho ama-Marxism abaye bawubiza kahle ngokuthi “i-socialist” noma ngokugxekayo ebizwa ngokuthi “ngonxiwankulu bombuso” awuphakamisanga onxiwankulu nabasebenzi ekubuseni isimo somnotho? Kunalokho, kulolu hlelo, onxiwankulu abasekho yini kodwa abasebenzi basangaphansi? Ngempela, lokho isiko likaMarxist eliye lakufuna futhi lakuzuza ngale konxiwankulu kuzo zonke izimo kuphakanyiselwe ekubuseni isimo somnotho hhayi abasebenzi kodwa kunalokho isigaba somxhumanisi sabahleli, abaphathi, nezinye izisebenzi ezigunyaziwe? Akuphumanga yini nomphathi wonxiwankulu, phakathi nomphathi womdidiyeli?
Kodwa kungani lokho kwenzeka? Ingabe inguquko entshontshiwe? Noma ingabe i-Marxism enqobayo ivame ukufuna futhi yazuza ubunikazi bomphakathi noma bombuso bempahla, ukuthathwa kwezinqumo phezulu phansi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkampani zabasebenzi, inkokhelo yomkhiqizo noma amandla, kanye nezimakethe noma ukuhlelwa okumaphakathi kokwabiwa. Futhi akukenzeki yini konke lokhu, ngokuphawulekayo, nakuba ama-Marxists ngasikhathi sinye ekhuthaza isidingo sokulawulwa kwabasebenzi. Kodwa-ke lapho ama-Marxists esesebenzise izikhungo zangaphambili awazange afinyelele imigomo yokugcina. Ingabe lokho akubangelwa ukuthi ezinye izibophezelo ezibalulekile ze-Marxist kanye nesikhungo azizange zivumele kuphela kodwa ziqhubekisele umthetho womxhumanisi nakuba bephika ukuthi isigaba somxhumanisi sikhona? Mhlawumbe isizathu sokuthi kungani i-Marxism ingadumile kangako phakathi kwezethameli zesigaba sabasebenzi akukona nje ukuthi lezo zethameli zidukisiwe.
Kodwa, sicela uqaphele, lokhu akusho ukuthi iningi (noma ngokungangabazeki ngisho nanoma yibaphi) abantu bakaMarx bazama ngokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zabaphathi, abameli, abagcini bamabhuku ezimali, onjiniyela, abahleli, nabanye abadlali abanamandla ngaphezu kwabasebenzi. Ithi, esikhundleni salokho, imiqondo ethile ngaphakathi kwe-Marxism yenza okuncane ukuvimbela lokhu kuphakama kwesigaba somxhumanisi futhi ngempela ikuqhubekisele phambili. Ithi ngomkhuba kaMarxist, ukubusa kwezomnotho komxhumanisi kuvame ukuvela naphezu noma ngokumelene nemizwa yesikhundla nefayela le-Marxism.
Lokhu kungase kubonakale kungavamile. Phela, kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi umbutho iningi lamalungu alo afuna into eyodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe aqedele ukwenza okuthile okuyihlazo futhi okuphambene kakhulu? Kodwa empeleni, lokhu akuvamile. Imiphumela yezenhlalo ivamise ukwehluka ezifisweni zezinga nefayela.
Isibonelo, abameli abaqotho nabanekhono lokukhuluma balawula abasebenzi abathanda izinkampani ezizimele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakwenzela inzuzo yomuntu siqu noma ngenxa yenkolelo eqotho yokuthi ubunikazi obuzimele bubalulekile emnothweni osebenza kahle, abangenisi ekulawuleni abasebenzi. Ukukhetha kwabo kwesikhungo ukugcina ubunikazi bangasese kuhambisana nesifiso sabo esifanelekile sokulawula abasebenzi. Wonke ama-Marxists ayawuqonda lowo mphumela ngoba imiqondo ye-Marxism igqamisa indlela ubunikazi obuyimfihlo buvimbela ukulawulwa kwabasebenzi.
Ngokufanayo, abameli abaqotho nabanekhono lokukhuluma ngabasebenzi abazimele abakhetha izimakethe noma ukuhlela okumaphakathi futhi abathanda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkampani zabasebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakwenzela inzuzo yomuntu siqu noma ngenxa yenkolelo eqotho yokuthi lezo zinketho zibalulekile emnothweni osebenza kahle, bayokwenza lokho. ungangenisi ekuziphatheni kwakho. Izinqumo zabo zesikhungo zizofeza izifiso zabo ezifanele zokuziphatha. Ama-Marxists ngokuvamile awakuqondi lokho. Imiqondo yabo ayigqamisi futhi ifihla amandla asebenzayo.
Ingabe kubi ukuveza ukuthi ama-Marxists kufanele akuqonde kalula lokhu okungenzeka hhayi okungenani ngoba uMarx ngokwakhe weluleka ngobuhlakani ukuthi lapho ahlulela uhlaka oluthile lwengqondo umuntu kufanele ehlise lokho elikushoyo ngaye ("abasebenzi ngaphezu kwakho konke") futhi esikhundleni salokho aqaphele ukuthi imiqondo yakhona ifihlakele ( "ukuxhumanisa ngaphezu kwabasebenzi")? Ingabe kubi ukunxusa, njengoMarx, ukuthi uhlaka lwenhlakanipho oluba ithuluzi lesigaba esibusayo esifisayo luzofiphaza ukuziphatha kwalelo sigaba, lufihle izimpande zaleso sigaba ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi, futhi luphike nokuba khona kwalelo kilasi, sonke isikhathi siqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kwalelo klasi ukuze ukubusa?
Bheka ithiyori kanye nemibono yezomnotho wonxiwankulu ojwayelekile ukuze ubone lokho kuguquka. Kodwa asikutholi yini okufanayo uma sisebenzisa indlela efanayo yokuhlola ekuhloleni ubudlelwane beMarxism nesigaba phakathi kwabasebenzi nemali? Okusho ukuthi, uma sibheka ukuze sibone ukuthi isiko likaMarxist ligqamisani, lisithe, futhi likufunani, asiboni yini ukuthi ukugxila kweMarxism ebudlelwaneni bempahla njengesisekelo sokungqubuzana kwezigaba kusibekela ukubaluleka kokwabiwa kwemisebenzi enikeza amandla phakathi kwabadlali bezomnotho ukungqubuzana kwekilasi? Asiboni yini ukuthi yingakho iMarxism iphuthelwa ukuthi njengoba abanikazi bengasekho, abaxhumanisi bangasukuma babuse abasebenzi? Asiboni yini ukuthi i-Marxism isusa ekubukeni umthetho osetshenziswa cishe ngamaphesenti angamashumi amabili abantu (isigaba somxhumanisi esilawula umsebenzi wokunika amandla), phezu kwamaphesenti asele angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili abantu (isigaba sabasebenzi esenza ikakhulukazi umsebenzi oqeda amandla) ngakho -okuthiwa "i-socialism yekhulu lamashumi amabili," iyiphi inqubo okufanele ngempela siyibize ngokuthi i-coordinatorism?
Asiboni yini, ngamanye amazwi, ukuthi naphezu kwezinhloso eziqotho nezivame ukushiwo zabaningi babalandeli bayo, empeleni imiqondo ye-Marxism iphakamisa kakhulu futhi ngokubikezelwayo iphakamisa isigaba somxhumanisi ukuba abuse phezu kwabasebenzi njengoba imiqondo ye-Marxism ifihle indima yomxhumanisi futhi ngisho nokuba khona kwabo?
Ingabe uMarx angabiza iMarxism yanamuhla futhi ikakhulukazi iMarxism Leninism yanamuhla umbono wesigaba sabaxhumanisi, hhayi isigaba sabasebenzi? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uMarx wayezokwenza kanjalo noma cha, akucacile yini ukuthi ukuphikisana ngokuthi kufanele senze kanjalo akusho ukuthi sicabanga ukuthi ngandlela-thile bonke abantu bakaMarx bayizitha zokungabi nazigaba? Akucaci yini ukuthi esikhundleni salokho ikhuthaza ukuthi ngisho nalapho ama-Marxists efisa kakhulu ukungabi nasigaba, ukwethembeka kwabo ngokomqondo kanye nezikhungo kuzinyathela lezo zifiso?
Kuphakama umbuzo. Ama-Marx anamuhla angayifuna kanjani i-Marxism engcono yakusasa? Ama-Marxists amasha angeza kanjani, aguqule, noma eqe imiqondo yamanje eyiphutha ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezimbili thina kanye nabaningi kangaka abalwela amalungelo abantu besifazane, abamelene nokucwasa ngokwebala, ama-anarchists, amakhansela, nabanye esike sazigqamisa?
Mayelana “nezomnotho,” akuyona inkinga esiyidingayo ukweqa uhlaka lomqondo oluqala kwezomnotho bese kuthi noma sidalula ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho okubalulekile, ngokuyinhloko sihlole ezinye izindawo ngenhloso yokubona imithelela yazo kwezomnotho kodwa hhayi umnotho wayo ongaphakathi. dynamics?
Futhi uma siyibona inkinga, akufanele yini sibeke umbono wethu jikelele emibonweni egqamisa ezomnotho, kodwa futhi sigqamise ngokulinganayo ipolitiki, ukuzalana, isiko, kanye nemvelo? Akufanele yini sibeke eqhulwini ukuqonda ngayinye yale mikhakha yempilo uqobo kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sibeke eqhulwini ukubona ukuthi emiphakathini yangempela ngayinye yalezi zigaba zempilo inethonya futhi ibeke imingcele futhi ichaze ezinye ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi zilandelana ngokulandela isigaba esithile sezigaba zokuphila. ukubaluleka? Isibonelo, njengendlela yokulungiswa komnotho wanamuhla, i-Marxist yakusasa ingase ithi,
“Ngingumfundi kaMarxist kodwa futhi ngingumuntu wesifazane, ophakathi kwamaKhomanisi, i-anarchist, futhi ngiluhlaza. Ngiyabona ukuthi izinto eziguquguqukayo ezivela kwezinye izigaba zempilo ngaphandle kwezomnotho zibaluleke kakhulu futhi zingachaza amathuba ezomnotho, njengoba nje kungenzeka. Yebo, ngisacabanga ukuthi umzabalazo wekilasi ubalulekile, kodwa ngiyabona ukuthi ubulili, uhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, ubulili, kanye nomzabalazo wokulwa nokugunyazwa nakho ngakunye kubalulekile. Ngiyabona ukuthi njengoba sidinga ukuqonda umzabalazo ongaguquki mayelana nomzabalazo wezigaba, kufanele futhi siwuqonde umzabalazo wezigaba maqondana nobulili, ubuhlanga, ipolitiki kanye nomzabalazo wemvelo.”
Ngakho-ke, kulungile, ake sithi i-Marxist yakusasa iyawuphika umqondo wesisekelo somnotho esithinta i-superstructure yomnotho owengeziwe yona ethintekayo kuphela. Ake sithi i-Marxist yakusasa iyaphika ukuthi imiphakathi iyavuka futhi iguquke kuphela ngenxa yezindlela zokukhiqiza futhi esikhundleni salokho ibona ukuthi izindlela zokuzalana, amasiko, kanye nepolitiki nazo zibaluleke kangakanani ekutheni imiphakathi ivuka futhi iguquke kanjani? Ake sithi u-Marxist wakusasa usakuphikisa ukubaluleka komzabalazo wezigaba kodwa akasaboni umzabalazo wezigaba njengokuwukuphela kwesisekelo somqondo sokukhomba izinto ezithinta amaqhinga. Ingabe ilebula elithi “Marxist” lingasho ukuthi yini ekholelwa yilo “Marxist” omusha? Angiqiniseki. Mhlawumbe kungenzeka, nakuba isiko likaMarxist ngokungangabazeki lingamelana nalo. Impela, ngicabanga ukuthi le mpi isikhona futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka iqhubeka.
Ngokuphambene nalokhu okungenzeka okungenhla kokunqoba inkinga yezomnotho ye-Marxism, inkinga yencazelo yesigaba yayizolo kanye nayo evame kakhulu yobuMarx yanamuhla ibonakala imelana ngokuqinile nokulungiswa. Onxiwankulu bangonxiwankulu, ama-Marxists akhuthaza ngokufanelekile, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yobunikazi babo bangasese bezinto zokukhiqiza. Ukuthi singabe sisaba nongxiwankulu ngaphezu kwezidingo zabasebenzi, ama-Marxists nawo akhuthaza ngokufanelekile ukuthi, ngakho-ke siqede ubunikazi obuzimele bezinto zokukhiqiza. Kuze kube manje, kuhle kakhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu.
Abe-Marx bathi abangewona onxiwankulu banamandla okwenza umsebenzi kuphela abawudayisayo ukuze bathole iholo. Futhi kuhle. Kodwa-ke abalandeli bakaMarx bathi zonke lezi zisebenzi eziholayo, ngenxa yokuba nesimo sobunikazi esifanayo nesinye, nazo zinentshisekelo yesigaba esifanayo. Bonke basekilasini elilodwa, isigaba sabasebenzi. Lokhu akukuhle.
Iphuzu liwukuthi, ama-Marxist cishe emhlabeni wonke ayahluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi izingxenye zezisebenzi eziholayo zingaba nezithakazelo zesigaba ezihluke kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye ngenxa yokuba nemisebenzi ehlukene emkhakheni wezinkampani zabasebenzi. Ake sithi ekuphenduleni lokhu kugxekwa sicabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe kukhona isigaba phakathi kwabasebenzi nemali. Ingabe lesi sigaba sesithathu sokucatshangelwa singokoqobo? Ingabe ukhona ngempela kulesi sigaba sesithathu sokucabanga? Uma sesivuma ukuthi lingaba khona futhi ngaleyo ndlela sivuma ukuthi okunye okungekona ubudlelwano bobunikazi kungase kudale umehluko wezigaba, uma sibheka ngeke sibone kalula ukuthi ezinye izisebenzi—izimenenja, abameli, abagcini bamabhuku ezimali, onjiniyela, nabanye abaningi banikwe amandla isimo sabo sezomnotho futhi ikakhulukazi ngezigaba zezinkampani zabasebenzi ezibanikeza ukuzimela okubonakalayo ekunikezeni amandla imisebenzi kanye nezinyathelo kanye nezidingo zokuthathwa kwezinqumo zansuku zonke, kuyilapho ngokuphambene yabela abanye abasebenzi imisebenzi enciphisa amandla okubashiya bengaphansi - ngakho. ukuthi abaxhumanisi bangaphambili banqume futhi izisebenzi zakamuva zilalele?
Ingabe akusho ukuthi uma singasenabaxhumanisi abanamandla ngaphezu kwabasebenzi abancishwe amandla, ngakho-ke ukuze sifinyelele izinga eliphansi, kufanele simiselele izikhungo ezihlukumezayo—izimakethe, ukuhlela okuphakathi, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkampani zabasebenzi? Kodwa uma kunjalo, kungani-ke iningi lama-Marxist kanye nayo yonke imibono yama-Marxist Leninist ikhuthaza ngokusobala ukuthi kube nokuhlukaniswa kwebhizinisi kwezabasebenzi?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingabe lokhu kumela akuchazi ukuthi kungani ama-Marx ngokuvamile engaboni ukuthi ngisho noma ubunikazi obuzimele buqedwa, izimakethe, ukuhlela okumaphakathi, kanye nokwehlukana kwezinkampani zabasebenzi kuzophakamisa isigaba esibusayo sabaxhumanisi abanikwe amandla ngokwesakhiwo ngaphezu kwesigaba esiphansi sabasebenzi abangenawo amandla ngokwesakhiwo. ?
Ama-Marxists avame ukuchaza ngendlela enyakazayo nangobuqotho ubulungiswa, ukulingana, nesithunzi “ubusoshiyali” okufanele bulethe. Kodwa, uma sibheka imibhalo yama-Marx ngombono wabo ohlongozwayo, asiyitholi yini inkulumo-nkulumo engacacile engenawo umsuka wesikhungo, noma, lapho kukhona isikhungo esithile, asizitholi yini izikhungo eziphika ubulungisa, ukulingana, nesithunzi esithandwa abantu bakaMarx?
Ngokufanayo, uma sibheka inkambiso kaMarxist, okuvame ukuba yi-Marxist Leninist, asizitholi yini lezi zinhlaka zabaxhumanisi sezicishe zenziwa emhlabeni wonke? Ingabe umlandeli kaMarx namuhla angayeqa lenkinga ngokwamukela umbono wezigaba ezintathu obona ngalé kobudlelwane bempahla kuphela obukwazi ukubangela ukubusa kwesigaba, kodwa nokho ngokunengqondo aqhubeke embiza ngokuthi i-Marxist?
Uma umlandeli kaMarxist wayilandela leyo ndlela, okuyinto ngempela amanye ama-Marxst ake azama ukuyenza, (kuhlanganise nami lapho ngibhala ngokuhlanganyela incwadi noRobin Hahnel eminyakeni engamashumi amane nesithupha edlule ebizwa ngokuthi. I-Unorthodox Marxism) Ngicabanga ukuthi izimpawu zokuthi kwenzekile zizoba sobala. Isibonelo, ngabe “abasha beMarx” abanjalo bebengeke yini bakugxeke lokho okuye kwazibiza ngokuthi “i-socialism” ngabagqugquzeli babo emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, bese bengakubizi ngokuthi ubunxiwankulu noma ubunxiwankulu bombuso, noma ngisho nesocialism ekhubazekile, kodwa kunalokho bakubize indlela entsha yokukhiqiza efaka isigaba somxhumanisi ngaphezu kwabasebenzi?
Futhi ingabe ama-Marxists amasha anjalo angeke anikeze umbono ongahlukanisa izimakethe, ukuhlelwa okuphakathi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinkampani zabasebenzi, kanye nokukhipha izindlela zomholo ezivuza impahla, amandla, noma okukhiphayo, kanye nokukhipha ubunikazi obuyimfihlo. yezindlela zokukhiqiza?
Futhi ngabe ama-Marxist anjalo angeke yini aphakamise izikhungo zezomnotho ezintsha ezizofuna indawo yalezo zinketho ezenqatshiwe? Izikhungo ezintsha engicabanga ukuthi zingase zithole ukwesekwa yilabo abasha bakaMarx kungaba, isibonelo, imikhandlu ezilawulayo yabasebenzi kanye nabathengi, umholo wesikhathi eside, umfutho, kanye nokukhandleka komsebenzi ohlonishwayo emphakathini, isigaba esisha sabasebenzi esinemisebenzi elinganayo. ngemiphumela yokuhlomisa, kanye nokuhlelwa kokuhlanganyela esikhundleni sezimakethe nokuhlela okumaphakathi?
Khona-ke, ngokuvumelana nombono wabo wezomnotho oshintshile, ingabe abalandeli bakaMarx abanjalo bebengeke yini bakhuthaze ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano, izindlela, nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa, ezishukumisayo, futhi ezifinyelele ezinhlosweni zabo ezinhle? Ngabe bebengeke yini baqonde ukuthi amasu okushintsha kwezenhlalo ahlanganisa ukukhetha kwenhlangano nezindlela ezinjengokuqasha amaqembu aphambili, ukwenza izinqumo ezisuka phezulu kuya phansi, kanye nokwehlukana kwezinkampani zabasebenzi ngeke kususe umthetho wesigaba sabaxhumanisi kodwa kuwugxilise? Bebengeke yini baqonde ukuthi amaphutha e-Marxism yanamuhla aholela ekubuseni kwesigaba sabaxhumanisi kungakhathaliseki izifiso eziqotho zabaningi noma cishe bonke abalandeli bakaMarx zokuba bagcine beyindawo enhle kakhulu kunokusebenzelana?
Bekungaba yini ukuhlobana “kwama-Marx amasha” anjalo nesiko lobuMarx ababeligubha ngaphambili? Hhayi-ke, ngiyangabaza ukuthi ama-Marxists amasha anjalo angazibiza ngamaLeninist noma amaTrotskyist, kepha noma ngabe benze njalo, bebezolahla imiqondo emikhulu yemicabango nezenzo ezihambisanayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni sokuphikelela becaphuna uLenin noTrotsky ngendlela eyakhayo, ngokwesibonelo, babengamenqaba ngesankahlu uLenin ethi: “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba wonke amagunya ezimbonini agxiliswe ezandleni zabaphathi.”
Futhi bayomenqaba uLenin bethi: “Noma yikuphi ukungenelela okuqondile kwezinyunyana ekulawuleni amabhizinisi kumelwe kubhekwe njengokulimazayo nokungamukeleki.”
Futhi bayomenqaba u-Lenin bethi: “Imboni yemishini emikhulu ewumthombo oyinhloko okhiqizayo nesisekelo sesocialism idinga ubunye obuphelele nobuqinile bentando… Bungaqinisekiswa kanjani ubunye obuqinile bentando? Ngezinkulungwane ezibeka intando yazo entandweni yoyedwa.”
Futhi babemenqaba uLenin bethi: “Ingqungquthela yabadidiyeli! Kusho ukuthini ngempela lokho? Kunzima ukuthola amagama angachaza lobu buwula. Ngihlale ngizibuza ukuthi bangadlala yini? Ingabe ngempela umuntu angabathatha ngokungathi sína laba bantu? Nakuba ukukhiqiza kuhlala kudingekile, intando yeningi ayikho. Intando yeningi yokukhiqiza iveza uchungechunge lwemibono engamanga kakhulu.”
Bese benqaba uTrotsky ethi (mayelana namakhomanisi angakwesokunxele): “Aguqula izimiso zentando yeningi zibe isangoma. Babeka ilungelo labasebenzi lokuzikhethela abameleli babo ngaphezu kweQembu, ngaleyo ndlela bebekela inselele ilungelo leQembu lokuqinisekisa ubushiqela balo, ngisho nalapho lobu bushiqela bungqubuzana nokuphelelwa umoya kwentando yeningi yabasebenzi.”
Futhi babenqaba uTrotsky bethi, “Kufanele sikhumbule umsebenzi womlando weQembu lethu. IQembu liyaphoqeleka ukuthi lilondoloze ubushiqela balo, ngaphandle kokuma ngenxa yalokhu kuntengantenga, noma ngisho nokuntengantenga kwesikhashana kwesigaba sabasebenzi. Lokhu kuqaphela kuwudaka oluqinisa ubunye bethu. Ubushiqela be-proletariat akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi buhambisane nezimiso ezisemthethweni zentando yeningi.”
Futhi babenqaba uTrotsky ethi: “Kuwumthetho ovamile ukuthi umuntu uzozama ukuphuma emsebenzini. Umuntu uyisilwane esivilaphayo.”
Futhi bazokwenqaba uTrotsky ethi (ngokuziqhenya): “Ngicabanga ukuthi ukube iMpi Yombango ayizange iphange izinhlaka zethu zezomnotho kukho konke okwakunamandla, okuzimele, okunikezwe amandla, ngokungangabazeki ngabe singene endleleni yomuntu oyedwa. ukuphatha ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kungabi buhlungu kakhulu.”
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Marxist anjalo ngeke yini achithe isikhathi esola u-Lenin noma uTrotsky ngemvelaphi yala mazwi nemiphumela enyantisayo, kodwa esikhundleni salokho abheke imiqondo enganele manje abangayidlula?
Kodwa, uma sikhuluma iqiniso, ingabe konke lokhu okungenhla akukona yini “izizukulwane ezifile”? Okubaluleke kakhulu kunokuphikisana ngezesikhathi esedlule, ngeke yini “ama-Marxists amasha” akusasa aphawule ukuthi ukusebenzisa izinhlaka zezikhundla ezikhungweni zezomnotho kanye/noma zezombangazwe noma zezenhlalo kubeka engcupheni ukubusa komxhumanisi kanye nokudala indawo engathandeki ekubambeni iqhaza kwabasebenzi, noma ukuzalana, intuthuko yobuhlanga, yezombangazwe, noma yezemvelo?
Uma ama-Marxists akusasa efuna ukuphikisa ngokuthi kwezinye izimo ezinzima kungase kudingeke ukuthi kuqashwe lezi zinhlaka, bebengeke yini bagqugquzele ukubona lezi zinhlaka njengezosizo ezibekwe okwesikhashana futhi kuzo zonke ezinye izici bazame ukuhlahla indlela yokuphatha ubudlelwano bomphakathi obungenazigaba, manje? nasesikhathini esizayo?
Ekugcineni, naphezu kwamaphutha athile abalulekile, ingabe kukhona futhi ukuhlakanipha okukhulu kuMarx nakubabhali abaningi abalandela abalandeli bakaMarx nezishoshovu ukuthi “ama-Marx akusasa” abeyokugcina ngokufanelekile? Yebo ikhona. Kodwa ngeke yini ama-Marx amasha abenqaba ngokufanelekile ubudlelwano bempahla yonxiwankulu kuphela kodwa nezimakethe, ukuhlelwa okumaphakathi, kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwabaxhumanisi kwezabasebenzi kanye nokuphathwa kwezinzalamizi, ukucwasa ngokwebala, nobushiqela, nabo bafuna ukugwema ukugcwalisa incazelo kaMarx siqu ethi: zonke izizukulwane ezifile zinesisindo esinjengephupho elibi ezingqondweni zabaphilayo.”
Lokho kubonakala kuyindawo enhle yokuqala lapho singasayina khona, akunjalo?
Nokho, engcupheni yokusebenza kanzima, angicabangi kanjalo. Ukwenqaba izinto esizifundisiwe, izinto esizicashuniwe, izinto esizithathele kuzo kanye neziqubulo zokulwa, izinto esikholelwa kuzo, futhi esikukhulumele konke ukuze sidlulele ngale kwamasiko ezizukulwane ezifile akulula. indlela yokuhamba, ikakhulukazi lapho abantu abaningi abafundele kakhulu, abazibophezele ngokuphoqeleka, abanesibindi, futhi abaphumelele besitshela kaningi ukuthi ukwenza lokho kuzosishiya singafaneleki ukunqoba ushintsho ngokungazi. Ngakho-ke engcupheni yokuqhubeka, ngifuna ukunaka kancane udaba.
Iphuzu lezishoshovu ezijwayelana futhi lula nezinhlaka ezihlala isikhathi eside njengeMarxism noma iMarxism Leninism (noma yiluphi olunye uhlaka oluphila isikhathi eside) njengoba ziya kwesokunxele kufanele kube ukuthola kuleyo zinhlaka nezindlela ezingasiza kanye nokwenza esikhathini esizayo.
Ukunquma ukuthi umuntu angacwiliswa yini ku-Marxist (noma yimuphi omunye) isiko lesikhathi eside kuwukukhetha okuhlakaniphile, akufanele yini sibuze, ingabe imiqondo ehlongozwayo yalelo siko ngeke yini isivimbe kodwa kunalokho isisiza ukuba siqonde zonke izimo eziyinhloko esiyohlangabezana nazo lapho silwa nokungabi nabulungisa? Akufanele yini zisisize sizame ukukhulelwa futhi sithole izwe elisha elifiselekayo? Uma kunjalo, kufanele nakanjani sifunde kulelo qoqo lemiqondo ehlongozwayo, nakuba sisebenzisa amagama ethu. Kodwa uma kungenjalo, akufanele yini sithuthukise imiqondo engcono futhi sizijwayeze kangcono?
Ukuze kufezwe lokho, nazi ezinye izahlulelo ezifingqiwe ezengeziwe mayelana nesiko lobuMarxist okufanele nixoxe ngalo, niphikisane, lihlole, futhi ngethemba ukuthi lidlulele ngale:
1. I-Marxist “dialectics” iwukudonsa okungenalutho kokusungula kanye nobubanzi bokubona. Uma ungabaza, kulungile, buza ngisho ne-Marxist efunde kahle ukuthi i-dialectics isho ukuthini. Futhi ikakhulukazi buza ukuthi iziphi izishoshovu ezisiza izishoshovu ukuthi ziqonde ukuthi, ukube abazange bafunde i-dialectics, bebengeke baziqonde. Buza ukuthi yini eyenza ama-dialectics ngaphandle kwenkulumo engenamsebenzi futhi engenanjongo ephakamisa abanikazi bayo ngaphezu kwalabo abahlulekayo ukuboleka ngempumelelo leyo mikhuba neziqubulo ezivela ezizukulwaneni ezifile.
2. Izimangalo “Zezinto ezibonakalayo Zomlando” zinokufaneleka okuthile, kodwa lapho abantu bangempela abakhona besebenzisa imiqondo yezinto ezibonakalayo zomlando ngokuvamile bavame ukufika kumbono wezomnotho nowemishini womphakathi ongenawo amanani ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ongaqondi kahle ubudlelwano bomphakathi bobulili, ipolitiki. , imvelaphi nomthelela wamasiko, kanye nemvelo.
3. “Ithiyori yesigaba” yama-Marxist ikusithe ukubaluleka kwesigaba phakathi kwabasebenzi nemali, ayizange ikubonge kancane ukuphikisa kwalelo sigaba emnothweni wonxiwankulu nesigaba sabasebenzi ngezansi kanye nenhloko-dolobha ngenhla, sekunesikhathi eside kuvimbe ukuhlaziya isigaba seSoviet, Eastern Europe, kanye ne-Third World post post of capitalist, futhi kuvimbe kakhulu ukuqonda ukwehluleka kwamaqhinga namasu abelokhu afinyelelwa ngaphandle kwalokho iningi lezishoshovu ebezifuna ukukuzuza.
4. “I-Marxist Labour Theory of Value” ayiqondi kahle isihloko sayo sokunqunywa kwamaholo, amanani, kanye nenzuzo eminothweni yonxiwankulu futhi isusa kabanzi imicabango yezishoshovu embonweni odingekayo wokuxoxisana ngokobudlelwane bomphakathi ngokuhwebelana konxiwankulu. Iphinde ihoxise abameli bayo ekuboneni ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwezindawo zokusebenza kuyimisebenzi yokwehluka kwemiphumela yokuhlomisa umsebenzi, amandla okuxoxisana, kanye nezinhlobo zokulawulwa komphakathi hhayi imisebenzi yobudlelwano bobunikazi kuphela. Iphakamisa ukuthi bonke abasebenzi bazogcina behola umholo omncane abawudingayo ukuze bazikhiqize kabusha. Kodwa-ke umuntu kufanele azibuze ukuthi liyini iphuzu lokufuna amaholo aphezulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungani amaholo abahola abahlukene ehluke kakhulu.
5. “Ithiyori yenhlekelele” ye-Marxist, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo, imvamisa ihlanekezela ukuqonda kwezomnotho wonxiwankulu kanye namathemba amelene nonxiwankulu ngokubona ukuwa kwenhlekelele okungaphakathi njengokungenakugwenywa futhi okuseduze lapho lingekho ithemba elinjalo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela iqondise izishoshovu kude nezwe. ukubaluleka kokuhlela kwabo okunombono osimeme njengesisekelo esithembisa kakhulu soshintsho olufiselekayo.
6. Ngokuphathelene nemibono yemiphakathi efiselekayo, isiko likaMarxist liye laphazamisa kakhulu. Okokuqala kube nokungavumelani okujwayelekile kwe-Marxism ngokumelene nokuqagela "okuzenzakalelayo" okuyinto ephikisana ngokoqobo nokuzama ukuveza umbono esifisa ukuwufinyelela. Okwesibili, umnotho we-Marxist causal economism ucabange ukuthi uma ubudlelwano bezomnotho benziwa bufiseleke khona-ke obunye ubudlelwano bomphakathi buzongena endaweni, okwenza umbono wokunye ngaphandle komnotho ungabi namsebenzi. Okwesithathu, iMarxism ididekile unomphela mayelana nokuthi yini ehlanganisa ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo ngokulinganayo. “Kusuka kulowo nalowo ngokwamandla akhe nakulowo nalowo ngokwesidingo” akusona isiqondiso sezomnotho esisebenzayo ngoba ngamunye wethu ukunikeza umphakathi ngokwamandla ethu kungasho ukuthi kufanele ngamunye asebenze ngendlela ikhono lethu elisivumela ngayo, okuvame ukuba ngaphezu kwalokho. kunengqondo ukuthi sisebenze. Ngokufanayo, ukuze ngamunye wethu amukele ngokwesidingo sakhe sonke singaba nanoma yini esiyidingayo noma, uma kungenjalo, bekuyodinga ukuba othile noma into ethile isinqumele izidingo zethu. Kunoma ikuphi lapho bekungeke kuhloniphe noma kuvezwe ulwazi olukhombisa ukuthi abantu bafuna noma bayidinga kangakanani into ethile hhayi nje ukuthi bayayifuna/bayayidinga leyo nto, futhi lokho kuzovimbela ukunqunywa kwezindleko nezinzuzo zokukhetha okuhlukile okungenzeka ezindaweni zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkambiso ngezinye izikhathi abayiphakamisayo ama-Marxist, “kulowo nalowo kuye ngokuzikhethela kwakhe futhi kuye ngamunye kuye ngokwengxenye yomkhiqizo wezenhlalo” ayiwona ngisho nesimiso esiwufanelekela ngokokuziphatha njengoba ivuza ukukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa isiphiwo sofuzo, hhayi nje umzamo nokuzidela. . Okwesine, i-Marxism ivumela ubudlelwano obuphezulu bokukhiqiza, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkampani zabasebenzi benhlangano yendawo yokusebenza, futhi igunyaze ukuhlela umyalo noma ngisho nezimakethe njengendlela yokwaba ngoba ngenkathi iMarxism ibona isidingo sokuqeda izimbangela zokubusa komnotho wonxiwankulu kodwa ayiboni ngisho nokuqaphela. ukuba khona kokuncane kakhulu ukufuna ukuqeda izimbangela zokubusa komnotho komxhumanisi.
7. Uma kubhekwa ngokunqwabelana kwemithetho ye-Marxism mayelana nezinjongo zomnotho ilingana nokukhuthaza lokho esikubiza ngokuthi indlela yokukhiqiza ephakamisa abaphathi, abahleli, kanye nabo bonke abasebenzi abanikwe amandla ngokwesakhiwo, ababizwa ngokuthi abaxhumanisi, esikhundleni sesigaba esibusayo. Lo mgomo wezomnotho we-Marxist ube ususebenzisa ilebula ethi “socialist” ukuze unxuse bonke abanye abasebenzi, abasebenzi, kodwa awusebenzisi ngokwesakhiwo izimiso zezenhlalakahle (njengoba nje umgomo wezombusazwe wezinhlangano zonxiwankulu usebenzisa ilebula elithi “idemokhrasi” ukugqugquzela ukwesekwa emikhakheni eyahlukene, kodwa ayisebenzisi ngokwesakhiwo izimiso ezigcwele zentando yeningi).
8. Okokugcina, iLeninism kanye neTrotskyism iyimvelaphi yemvelo yeMarxism njengoba isetshenziswa abantu emiphakathini yonxiwankulu, kanti iMarxism Leninism, ekude nokuba “yithiyori namasu esigaba sabasebenzi,” kunalokho, ngokugxila kwayo, imiqondo, amanani. , izindlela, nemigomo, futhi naphezu kwezifiso eziningi zabasekeli bayo, “inkolelo-mbono namasu esigaba sabaxhumanisi.”
Ngakho-ke, ukuze ngizitholele mathupha ngakho konke lokhu, nokwengeza i-caveat ebalulekile, njengoba ngikholelwa ukuthi lezi zimangalo ezingenhla, nakuba izizathu zami zifingqiwe lapha kuphela, ngethemba ukuthi ukushabalala kwemodeli yaseSoviet yezinzalamizi, yobuzwe, yobushiqela, yokuzibulala kwemvelo kuzophela. ukwethembeka kuMarxism kanye neMarxism Leninism yathathwa njengamasiko aphelele, njengoba lawo masiko ewonke ayehloselwe ezimisweni zawo, imiqondo, umcabango, nombono (nakuba kungenjalo ezifisweni ezijulile zabaningi babasekeli babo), kulowo mfanekiso wamaSoviet.
Pho, yini inkinga? Phuma naleyo modeli, phuma nemiqondo namasu aholele kukho. Lokho kunengqondo, akunjalo? Yebo, kodwa-futhi nakhu kufika i-caveat-kuphela iphuzu. Lapho amathiyori ehluleka ukuchaza okwenele okungokoqobo noma ukuqondisa ngempumelelo inkambo efunwayo, ngokuqinisekile adinga ukucwengwa futhi alungiswe noma ngezinye izikhathi aze ajikijelwe futhi ashintshwe. Futhi, endabeni ye-Marxism kanye ne-Marxism Leninism, amaphutha okuxoxwe ngawo kafushane lapha futhi avame ukugxekwa nabesifazane, abaphikisana nokucwasa, ama-anarchists, amakhansela kanye nama-Marxists amaningi abonakala engaphakathi kwemibono ethile eyinhloko ye-Marxist ukuze ukulungisa leyo mibono kungabi nje. ukudlala kancane ngohlaka lobuhlakani obusaphelele.
Okusho ukuthi, sicabanga ukuthi sicwengisisa noma silahla izici ezinkulu ze-dialectical materialism, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando, ithiyori yezabasebenzi yenani, ukuqonda okulinganiselwe kwe-Marxism kwesigaba, isu likaLeninist, umxhumanisi ophakamisa umbono wezomnotho, kanye ne-Marxism namanje ukunganaki okwanele kanye nezifiso isihlobo, ubulili, ubulili, uhlanga, umbono wobuhlanga, wezombangazwe, kanye nemvelo, ngeke yini noma yini evelayo yenqabe ngokwanele isiko likaMarxist ukuze nayo ithole igama elisha? Mhlawumbe, mhlawumbe akunjalo. Kodwa ngingasikisela ukuthi sekuyisikhathi—empeleni ukuthi sesidlule isikhathi—sokuqhubeka nento entsha.
I-Caveat yami, nokho, ukuthi kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi lapho imibono yehluleka ukuchaza iqiniso ngokwanele noma ukuqondisa umkhuba, akulandeli ukuthi kufanele silahle zonke izimangalo abazenzile, yonke imiqondo abayinikezayo, nakho konke ukuhlaziya abakwenzile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, maningi amathuba okuthi okuningi kusazosebenza futhi kufanele kugcinwe (yize mhlawumbe kuphinde kuphindwe) kunoma yiluphi uhlaka olusha nolungcono lobuhlakani.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-2024, njengoba inhlekelele isondela kanye nomfutho woshintsho ukhula, ukufunda emasikweni adlule kungasisiza, kodwa kufanele siqaphele ukuthi ukucwiliswa emasikweni adlule nakho kungaminyanisa isidingo sethu sokuhlola kanye nokwamukela ukuqonda okusha okubalulekile esikhundleni samaphutha. esesiyiboleke emasikweni ezizukulwane ezingasekho.
Lesi sihloko siwumbhalo ohleliwe futhi omfishane wesiqephu sama-265 se-podcast RevolutionZ enesihloko esithi, I-Marxism Iphinde Yabuyekezwa: I-Beacon Noma Umthwalo?
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