“Umkhuba wokusekela izinkolelo ebufakazini, nokubanikeza kuphela lelo zinga lokuqiniseka ubufakazi obuligunyazayo.”
—UBertrand Russell
“Ubulungiswa ngeke bufike kuze kube yilapho abangalimalanga bethukuthele njengalabo abalimele.”
— USolon 560 BC
Kwesinye isikhathi izwi liyaduma endaweni nesikhathi. Kwesinye isikhathi izwi lizwakala lishoda ndawana thize, ngesinye isikhathi. Kwesinye isikhathi izwi likwenza kokubili, kanyekanye, kuze kube phakade.
Kubo bonke abantu abadumile abadlule e-MIT ngesikhathi ngihlala lapho umfundi wami, noma engibazi kunoma iyiphi enye indawo kusukela, noma ngisho engike ngafunda kubo noma ngifunde ngabo, kubo bonke abaphumelele kakhulu abake benza umehluko noma kuphi noma nini. , empilweni yami okubaluleke kakhulu kube nguNoam Chomsky. Isibonelo sakhe sikhanyise izindlela eziningi mina kanye nabanye abaningi esiye sazama ukuzihamba. Esikhundleni sokujikijela umdondoshiya ngamatshe amatshe, ngikhetha ukuthi ngiyabonga. Futhi usuku oluhle lokuzalwa, uNoam, Disemba 7. 95! Noma yini esehlelayo, sengathi ungaba wethu sonke, phakade abasha.
Ngahlangana noNoam lapho ngithatha izifundo zakhe “Intellectuals and Social Change” eMIT lapho ngangingumfundi. Kwakungama-XNUMX futhi saba abangani—mina ngingumfundi, wayengumeluleki oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye emdala kunami, futhi, ngicela uqaphele, ngaleso sikhathi iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye kwakuyimpilo yoqobo—kodwa nokho siye sahlala eduze iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Sekukaningi ngizwa abantu bebuza uNowam ukuthi “yini eyenza ukhiqize kangaka?” Sekukaningi ngimuzwa ebhuquza kancane bese ngiphendula ngokuthi okuwukuphela kwento ayeyibona ekwenziweni kwakhe eyayibonakala ihlukile kwabanye abantu ukuthi wayengahlala phansi ephrojekthi ngemva kokuba ehambile isikhathi futhi lapho ebuya abuye ngokushesha. egiyeni. Abanye ababhali—ngibazi kahle—imvamisa bachitha isikhathi ngokuphinda bafunde futhi bahlanganise kabusha lapho sibuyela kumaphrojekthi esiwabekele eceleni ngisho nosuku nje olude kakhulu. Kodwa naphezu kokuhlakanipha okumangalisayo kwempendulo yakhe elula, ngabona kuNowam echaza umehluko omkhulu kunalokho nje.
Cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha ngiye ngajabulela ukufaka nosizo lukaNoam emsebenzini wami futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngike nginikeze ukusabela kwakhe ngokungenalwazi. Ngimbonile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokusebenzisana futhi ngabelana naye ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezikhathi, ezomuntu siqu nezepolitiki, ezomphakathi neziyimfihlo, esiteji nangaphandle. Kube yinto evelele empilweni yami ukuthi angigcinanga ngokuba noNowam njengomngane nomqondisi, kodwa futhi ngifunde futhi ngijabulele eziningi zezindaba zakhe kanye nezithembiso zakhe. Akuzange kucasule nokuthi noma nini lapho ngiya endaweni ethile ngiyokhuluma, kusukela eFlorida kuya e-Ohio, eNew York kuya e-Alaska, eGreece kuya eBrazil, eNgilandi kuya eNdiya, ePoland kuye e-Australia, naseKorea kuya eVenezuela, kuye kwahamba isikhathi esiningi sokuphendula. imibuzo ngoNowam. Unjani uNowam? Ingabe uNowam uyi-anarchist ngempela? Ucabangani uNowam ngokuhlasela? Kungani uNowam asho kanjalo ngeCambodia? Wenza kanjani uNowam? Wenza kanjani uNowam? Wenza kanjani uNowam? Futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ungakwazi ukuchaza ulimi lukaNoam? Ukukhanya kukaNowamu kunabela yonke indawo. Ngokwezwi nezwi yonke indawo. Izwi lakhe liyaduma. Ngakho-ke nazi izimpendulo zezifinyezo ezimbalwa mayelana nokungakholeki, okuhle, okuyinkinga, kanye ne-incandescent engibe nelungelo lokuyibona kuqala.
Mina no-Lydia Sargent saya ePoland ngo-1980. Lolu hambo lwenzeka ngoba iSouth End Press yayisanda kushicilela incwadi yomlobi wasePoland ngaleso sikhathi uSlawomir Magala ekhuluma ngezibhelu ezweni lakhe kanye nokuvela kwe-Polish Workers' Party eyayiholwa nguLech Walesa. Mina noLydia sasiyofuna ibhizinisi eMbukisweni Wezincwadi Wamazwe Ngamazwe eFrankfurt, eJalimane, sabe sesiqhubeka nokuhlangana noMagala ukuze sifunde ngezenzakalo zasePoland. Ngikhumbula uLydia ekhuluma noJenene kwesokunxele mayelana nokwabesifazane. Wavuswa. Ngikhumbula futhi mina noLydia sisefulethini sixoxa noSwavek—isidlaliso sombhali—kanye nedlanzana labangane bakhe. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngangiphendula umbuzo othile ngeMelika, futhi kwavela isihloko semibhalo kaChomsky yezombangazwe. Kamuva kwaba nengxoxo evamile, futhi njengoba kwakukhona isazi solimi, kwavela imibono kaChomsky yolimi ukuze isakazwe. Ngenkathi ngixoxela abangabami indaba ngoChomsky isazi sezilimi, njengoba nje ngangike ngadlulisela izindaba ezimayelana noChomsky wepolitiki, othile wathi, “Ima kancane, ungabazi kanjani bobabili oChomsky? Lokho kumane kwaqondana.”
Ngaqala ngahleka kodwa ngabona ukuthi lowo owayebuza waye serious. Kuvele ukuthi lezi zishoshovu, ezaziphakathi kwabantu abaningi kakhulu ePoland, cishe bonke babecabanga ukuthi kukhona uChomsky oyedwa owayenepolitiki futhi wabhala izincwadi ngomlando, iVietnam, kanye nenguquko, futhi kwakukhona omunye uChomsky owayeyisazi sezilimi futhi wabhala. izincwadi ezikhuluma ngohlelo lolimi, ukuqonda, nesimo somuntu. Lapho ngizindla, ngabona ukuthi nakuba ekuqaleni ngangiwuthola umbuzo uyinqaba, empeleni wawunengqondo. Phela, kwakungewona yini amathuba okuthi abantu ababili babelane ngegama elilodwa kunokuba umuntu oyedwa abe nemisebenzi emibili eyinkanyezi emangalisayo kodwa engahlangene nhlobo. Ngakho-ke okokuqala, yini eyenza uChomsky abe nokuqondisisa futhi akhiqize? Okwesibili, yini eyenza uChomsky athandeke kangaka?
Ngokwengxenye ukuqonda kukaChomsky nokukhiqiza kwazalwa. Kodwa isiphiwo sofuzo, nakuba ngokusobala sifiseleka, akuyona into okufanele siyincome futhi esingenakulingiswa. Singakhexiswa ijubane elingenakuqhathaniswa lika-Usain Bolt, iphrozi ewumlingo ka-Fyodor Dostoevsky, izwi lika-Adele elithinta imizwa, ukuqonda komzimba ka-Einstein, ubuhlakani bokukhuluma bukaMartin Luther King, amagama agqamile kaDylan, kanye nobuchule buka-Emmy Noether bezibalo. Singakujabulela ukubona izici ezinjalo zisebenza. Singathuswa yibo. Singathatheka futhi sikhanyiselwe yizo. Singase ngisho siphefumulelwe yizo. Kodwa akunangqondo ukusho ukuthi umnikazi ufanelwe ukuhlonishwa okukhethekile, ukutuswa, noma ukulingiswa okusekelwe ekubeni nje wazalwa enamakhono akhethekile.
Inkumbulo ekhethekile kaNoam ingagcina kokubili ukushaywa okubanzi kanye nemininingwane emihle ngokukhumbula okufana nekhompyutha. Inkumbulo yawo wonke umuntu ivamise ukuncipha ngokuya ngeminyaka, ngisho nekaNoam, kodwa ngisho naseminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu bese kuba amashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu, futhi manje inkumbulo kaNoam engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu iyakhazimula. Ngawo-1960s, kuleyo nkambo yakhe engayithatha, uNowam wayevame ukunikeza izikhombo ezivela ezincwadini ayezifundile futhi uma ebuzwa ngezinye izikhathi wayebhekisela ekhasini, noma ngesinye isikhathi ngisho nengxenye yekhasi. Kodwa inkumbulo kaNowam yayingeyona neze into ethwebulayo, kodwa yayijulile, futhi nalapho, kwakungenxa yezinto ayezibona zibalulekile kuphela. Ezingxoxweni zokukhuluma abantu babebuza zonke izinhlobo zezihloko ezibalulekile ngokuphelele ku-ajenda yakhe yokukhuluma, futhi uNowam cishe wayehlale ephendula ngolwazi olujulile olunohlu nokunemba kwalo emkhakheni ngaphandle kochwepheshe bakhe bakuleso esinye isifundo. Ngakubona lokhu kwenzeka kaningi ngemibuzo ephathelene nezimo ezikhona emazweni ayewavakashela futhi mayelana nemibono yezilimi, ifilosofi, umlando, isayensi yokuqonda, kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, emashumini amane nesigamu eminyaka ngemva kwengxoxo yasePoland—eyodwa, emibili, noma eminingi kaNoam? Zahlulele wena. Ungabona ukuhwebelana okunjalo ku-Youtube noma nini uma ufisa.
Okwesibili, cabangela ukucabanga kukaNowa okusheshayo nokucacile. Ukube ubeyisazi sefiziksi, ake sithi, noma isazi sezibalo, besingakwazi ukwahlulela kangcono le ngxenye ezelwe yekhono lakhe njengebaluleke ngendlela emangalisayo, njenganoma yimuphi usosayensi omkhulu, noma njengesimangaliso, njengo-von Neumann noma u-Feynman. Kodwa enye imfanelo kaNowam ayenayo kodwa futhi yayinezici eziqeqeshiwe ezavela emizamweni yakhe nasekuyaleni kwakhe. U-Noam ujwayele ukuzikhipha enkambisweni nasekujwayeleni ukuze acabangele amathuba ahluke kakhulu kunalokhu abantu abaningi abakucabangayo. Akukhona nje ukuthi uzosebenzisa idatha eningi, noma enze ukuxhumana futhi ahlole amathuba anengqondo angadlula amakhono abanye abantu. Abanye abazalwa ngisho benenkumbulo enhle nengqondo esheshayo ngokuvamile baqoqa, babale, futhi banikeze imininingwane ngalokho okwaziwayo, noma mhlawumbe bathole iqiniso elisha, noma ngezikhathi ezithile ngisho nokuxhumana okusha, kodwa abakhiqizi ngokuphindaphindiwe ulwazi olusha olushintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe isiyalo sonke. Futhi, vakashela i-YouTube. Ungabuka uNoam ebuza ephindelela imibuzo engalindelekile. Isebenza ngaphandle kwebhokisi ngalinye. Uzijabulisa ngenye indlela engabonakali. Ubona ukuxhumana okufihliwe.
Cabanga ngo-Einstein. Okwenziwa u-Einstein okwakumangalisa kwakuwukukhipha amaqiniso angokoqobo avamile kumazwibela weqiniso elingokoqobo ukuze akhiqize imininingwane eyayingaziwa ngaphambili. Ukucabanga ngokuthi bekungenzekani uma othile egijima eduze komsebe wokukhanya, noma ukucabanga ngokusebenzisa amandla ekheshi eliwayo, ukuhlola okubili kwemicabango eqondisayo ka-Einstein, akuzange kudinge umthamo omkhulu wokubala. U-Einstein kwakungadingeki alandele isitimela somcabango esinengqondo ngezinyathelo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ingcweti u-Einstein ebonisiwe ngokuvamile yayingekho enanini lezinyathelo ezibanjwayo, noma ebunzimeni babo bobuchwepheshe ukubala. Ubuhlakani bakhe babusekuthatheni izinyathelo ezimqoka nakancane bese ezilandela ezindleleni abanye abangazange baziqaphele noma abangalokotha bazidlule. Ubuhlakani bakhe babusekugxumeni kwakhe endleleni eshayiwe. Indlela ka-Einstein evame ukugxuma ngayo yilokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi ukuhlola ukucabanga. Lawa ma-gymnastics engqondo ahlukanise imininingwane engabalulekile yento engekho ukuze igqamise kangcono izincazelo zayo ezijulile. Ukuze enze lokhu, u-Einstein wabona ngeso lengqondo izimo ezingafinyeleleki futhi wazenza zaba msulwa futhi zahlanzeka ngaphakathi kwekhanda lakhe ngokususa imininingwane engapheli. Wabe eseyijikijela ingqikithi yangaphakathi wayibhekisa phezulu waze waba nencazelo entsha.
Enye indlela uNowam asungule ngayo kube ngokusebenzisa izifaniso (okuningi noma okuncane okufana nokuhlolwa kwemicabango) kaningi futhi ngempumelelo kakhulu kunabanye abantu. UNowam wayethatha isimo asijwayele—futhi lesi isici esingasifunda kuso futhi sizame ukusilingisa—futhi sithole esinye esasinesakhiwo esifana nesokuqala kodwa mayelana nokuthi imikhuba yakhe (kanye neyethu) kanye nokuchema kwakuzosebenza ngaphansi kwamandla noma cha. . Uzosebenzisa le nqubo kokubili ukuze axhumane ngempumelelo nezilaleli ezingakhulumi ukuthi ukube wayezinikeze ekuqaleni mayelana nesimo sokuqala ngabe zixabanise abantu futhi wavinjwa ubandlululo noma izinto ababezilindele ngaphambili—futhi wasebenzisa ukushintsha kokuqukethwe okunjalo, ngiyasola, azitholele imibono emisha. Wenze lo mlingo ngokuhlaziya isimo esifana nesakhiwo kodwa esingenampikiswano kangako futhi esingajwayelekile asiqambile noma asikhumbula ngokufanisa, wabe esezikhombisa yena (noma thina) incazelo yesimo esiqhelelene esigcinelwe isimo esikhungathekile ngokomzwelo. kuvinjwe imibono yangaphambili.
Izazi zefiziksi zikhipha imininingwane eminingi, zithatha zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezilula ezisemhlabeni wangempela ezingafinyeleleki, futhi zibuka ngeso lengqondo lokho okwenzeka emhlabeni ocatshangelwayo olula ukuze zibone ukuguquguquka komhlaba wangempela okungaphakathi ngaphandle kokuvumela amaqiniso adidayo angapheli kanye nokucwasa komuntu siqu kusithe iqiniso elijulile. . Iqhinga likaNowamu lokufanisa liyafana, kodwa lifaneleka kakhulu endaweni yezindaba zezwe, nakuba ngingaqagela ukuthi mayelana nezilimi cishe wasebenzisa kokubili izifaniso nokuhlolwa kwemicabango, noma mhlawumbe isiphambano phakathi kwakho kokubili. NgokweLinguistics, isibonelo, enye intuthuko ayenza, futhi wabhala eziningi kakhulu, yafika lapho ebuza ukuthi izingane zizwa kanjani izibonelo ezimbalwa zokuxhumana bese zikhuluma futhi ziluqonde ngokugcwele ulimi. Wayezibuza ukuthi yini okufanele ibe ngaphakathi kwengane, zonke izingane, kodwa hhayi izingwejeje noma izinja, ukuvumela lokho.
Indlela yokufanisa uNowam ayisebenzisayo ingatholakala kuyo yonke imibhalo yakhe yezenhlalo. Wayezoshintsha ekukhulumeni nge-US eVietnam (eyabe isisithwe imibono engokomzwelo kanye nokucwasa ukuthi i-US ayinakwenza iphutha) esikhundleni seRussia eMpumalanga Yurophu (lapho umMelika ayengabona khona ukuhlasela kanye ne-imperialism ngokucacile). Wayezoshintsha ekuxoxeni ngokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-US ihlasele i-Afghanistan (eyayibambe ngokujulile izinkolelo zase-US eziphikisana nokuqaphela njengoba i-US yayingakaze ibe umhlaseli omubi) aye emandleni okuthi i-Iran ihlasele i-Afghanistan (okulula ukuthi ikhulele othile ovela e-US). Ubezoshintsha ekuhloleni ubugebengu be-US ejezisa sonke isibalo sabantu base-Afghanistan ngenxa yezwe labo izindlu zamaphekula ahlasele i-US (edidekile, ngemuva kwakho konke, singaba kanjani ubugebengu) aye eBrithani (uma yenze njalo) ejezisa i-US ngezindlu kanye ukuxhasa ngezimali izenzo ze-IRA eBrithani (kulula ukuzihlaziya njengoba vele noma ubani omunye angaba ubugebengu). Noma angaqhathanisa abezindaba egcizelela i-9/11 njengobuphekula kodwa engaboni ukuthi i-US embargo yase-Iraq njengempi yamakhemikhali neyemvelo elwiwa izakhamuzi. Wayezosuka ekuxoxeni ngezindaba ze-US media Dynamics axoxe nge-dynamic media yaseSoviet endala, noma axoxisane nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US axoxe ngokuziphatha kwama-Mafia dons, njalonjalo. Izifaniso zizokweqa ukuchema okudidayo ukuze kwembule izici eziyinhloko bese ebuyela emuva ukuze azibone zisebunzimeni obukhulu ukwamukela izimo ezifana nososayensi bokuhlola ukucabanga ngokujwayelekile.
UNowam, njengazo zonke izihlakaniphi, naye wasebenza kanzima. Ingabe uye washayelwa, uphoqelekile, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma kuziwa emsebenzini? Ngezindinganiso zansuku zonke, yebo, ngokungangabazeki unayo. Uma uqambe abasubathi abavelele abangamashumi amabili, abalingisi, nabaculi kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule, uNowamu cishe ngabe uke wezwa ngababili noma abathathu, noma mhlawumbe abahlanu kakhulu, futhi ubezokwazi ukunikeza ulwazi olungekho mayelana nanoma yimuphi wabo. Ayikho inkumbulo yalokho. UNowam wayebona amafilimu amabili noma amathathu ngonyaka. Wayebona amahora ambalwa e-TV ngaphandle kwezindaba ngonyaka. Ubengalalela cishe umsakazo. Wayekwazi ayefuna ukukwazi, futhi kuleyo ndawo ulwazi lwakhe lwalungenasici.
UNoam wayejwayele ukuba nekhaya lasehlobo e-Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Kwakukhona isikebhe esinenjini kanye nesikebhe esincane, futhi yena nomkakhe wangaleso sikhathi uCarol babehlala echibini ehlobo nasekhaya eLexington, Massachusetts ekupheleni konyaka. Phakathi nehlobo ngalinye yena noCarol babephumela olwandle nganoma yisiphi isikebhe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwedlanzana. Babevakashela ulwandle oluncane lwechibi ababehambisana nalo ngokuhamba ibangana izikhathi eziningi, kuhlanganise nezivakashi, futhi mina noLydia sasiba lapho izikhathi eziningi. Ikakhulukazi, nokho, uNowam wayemukelekile ekufundeni kwakhe, ekufundeni nasekubhaleni ehlobo njengaphakathi nonyaka wonke. Ihora nehora wayefunda futhi abhale. Hlanganisa lokhu kukhuthala nekhono lakhe lokuqala ngokushesha kanye nokuhlela okuncane kakhulu okudingekile njengoba ukubhala kwakhe kuphelile, ngiyaqagela ngalokhu, ngendlela ephuma ngayo kuqala, futhi uthola okuphumayo okuningi, futhi empeleni uthola okuphumayo okwengeziwe. kunokuba abantu abaningi abajwayele ukukhiqiza kwakhe kwezombangazwe noma ezesayensi, noma ngisho nakho kokubili, abakuqaphelayo.
Uyabona, uNowam wayevame ukuphendula ngisho nezinhlamvu ezimfushane ezivela kubantu abangaziwa ezinezinhlamvu ezinde ezibuyela ezingeni lenani lencwadi encane yezincwadi nyanga zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNowam waguqula indlela yolimi kanye nalokho okubizwa ngesayensi yokuqonda—hhayi kanye empilweni, kodwa izikhathi eziningi. Impela, amashumi eminyaka e-MIT, uNoam wayefundisa isemina yezilimi njalo ngoLwesihlanu ukuthi abantu babeqhamuka eduze kodwa futhi ukude nje ukuzothamela. Kungani? Ngoba isonto ngalinye uNowam wayekhuluma ngokwaziswa ayekulungise ngesonto eledlule. Lokhu kukodwa, nangaphandle kokunye ukubandakanyeka kwakhe, kwakuyijubane elingaqondakali lokukhiqiza.
Kodwa phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwakukhona okunye ukuhileleka. Omunye u-Noam ukhulume amazwi ashubile enqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, wathakasela ubuqili obuvamile bemidiya, futhi wacacisa kabanzi ngezimo zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene. U-Noam wayekhuluma obala izikhathi eziningi ngonyaka futhi nomaphi lapho ayeya khona wayekhuluma ngomlando waleyo ndawo kanye nezenzakalo zamanje cishe ngendlela efanayo nangendlela entsha eqanjwe ngayo njengoba ayezonikeza ngezingxoxo ze-US Noam zazivame ukuqhubeka amahora amaningi. Wenza izingxoxo eziningi, ngokuvamile ezimbalwa isonto ngalinye. Ingxenye ngayinye yokuphila kwakhe yayibonakala ingenakwenzeka, nokho zonke izingxenye zenzeka, futhi zenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngakho, ababili, abathathu, abaningi bakaNowamu?
Ukuzikhandla kwanoma ubani kufanele ukutuswa nakuba mhlawumbe emhlabeni ofiselekayo akekho ongashukunyiswa njengoNowam emhlabeni wethu. Ngempela, ezweni elifiselekayo, nakuba uNowam wayesazosebenza ngokuzikhandla kwisayensi yakhe ngenxa yentokozo nokufeza kwayo, ngokungangabazeki wayezophuma ehamba ngomkhumbi kaningi, ehlakula engadini yakhe kaningi, futhi ehleka namafilimu kaningi. kunalokhu akwenzile emhlabeni wethu. Ngakho umhlatshelo wakhe wokuthatha isikhathi esingaka ukuveza ngokungakhathali ukungalungi ufanele ukutuswa. Kepha uNowamu oncomeka kakhulu, obekuhlale kubonakala kimina, kube nguNowam othembeke ngokucophelela. UNoam elinye igama lobuqotho ngobuningi obukhulu. UNowam oncomeka kakhulu uyahlonipha kodwa akazehlisi kwabanye. Uyakhathalela.
Ukwethembeka kulula ukukuqonda. UNowam uhlale esho okusengqondweni yakhe, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko. Ngempela, okubi kungavela kokuhle. Ukubambelela ngokuqinile kuNowamu eqinisweni kuye kwaphazamisa, ngezinye izikhathi, nezinye izici ezinhle, njengokuzwela ngethonya amazwi akhe angase abe nalo kwabanye. Ukuhlola othile osesikhundleni sikaNowam, ngivame ukucabanga ukuthi ukukhuluma iqiniso kufanele kaningi kuze kuqala kunalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuzwela kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kungaphezu nje kokuyekethisa noma ukuzenzisa—yize abanye bengase bangavumelani ngalokhu, futhi ngokuqinisekile akuwona usayizi owodwa olingana konke. .
Ubuqotho kunzima ukubucindezela. Ngokunokwenzeka kusho ukuba qotho ezimisweni zomuntu, lapho umuntu enezimiso angaba yiqiniso kuzo. UNowam ubenezindinganiso futhi ube neqiniso kuzo. Lokhu nakho kungafinyelela amazinga adala izinkinga. UNowam wagwema noma ubani othinta ukukhetha komunye nganoma yini enye ngaphandle kokucabanga nobufakazi. Ungayibona imiphumela yalokhu endleleni yakhe yokukhuluma nasemibhalweni yakhe, futhi kubangele ukuba uNowam axwaye kakhulu futhi ezikhathini eziningi aze aphike nokuduma kwakhe. Uhlale ekhathazekile ngokuthi izilaleli zakhe zizomthola ngokungadingekile amazwi akhe. Lokhu kuye kwenza uNowam akwenyanya ukunikeza iseluleko kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi angagodla amazwi okungenzeka ukuthi ayezwakele.
Ukuhlonipha abanye kwaba nolunye uhlobo logibe kuNowamu. Wayelokhu ebuzwa njalo abantu ababengazi lutho ngalokho ababekubuza. Umuntu osesikhundleni esifana nesikaNowam uyazijwayela le mibuzo. KuNowamu, ukuhlonipha ababembuza kwakusho ukubathatha ngokungathi sína futhi abaphendule ngokwethembeka ngesineke nangokunaka ekukhulumeni ngokucacile. UNowam wakwenza lokho, futhi ezingeni elibhekisiswa kahle kungase kubonakale kungenakwenzeka ngokomuntu. UNowam wayezothola izincwadi ngokungalindelekile. Abanye bangaba namafomula ahlekisayo noma babuze imibuzo ayiphendule izikhathi eziyinkulungwane. Akunandaba. Wayephendula wonke umuntu kube sengathi uphendula umuntu asebenza naye onolwazi noma oxoxa naye. Kodwa futhi ngokunengqondo wayefuna ukuxoxisana okunjalo kuqhubeke ngakho-ke inkinga ngezinye izikhathi yayiphakama ngoba uNowam naye usho isifundo esisheshayo.
Lapho othile eqala ukubuza uNowam okuthile akuvamile, ngezinye izikhathi uNowam wayevame ukugcwalisa izikhala. Ngemva kokuzwa amazwi ambalwa, uNowam wayethola inhloso yomuntu futhi amphazamise ukuze aqale ukuphendula ngisho nangaphambi kokuba umuntu awuqede umbuzo wakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungase kuphambukise uNowamu ekuzweni lokho empeleni okwakubuzwa ngenjongo yokonga isikhathi ngisho nokubeka nokunemba lapho kunesixuku sabantu esasifuna ukunaka kwakhe ngemva kwenkulumo ukuze kuqhubeke kubalulekile ukushintshanisa. Isipiliyoni siyakha futhi ezikhathini eziningi uNoam wayesiza ababuzayo ngokwenza imibuzo yabo inembe futhi iphelele. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, uNowam wayegxuma ngokushesha futhi angawuqondi umbuzo wombuzo ngenxa yokucabanga ukuthi uyalazi iphuzu lombuzo kuyilapho eqinisweni engazange alazi. Ngamanye amazwi, ngezinye izikhathi umuntu obuza uNowam noma ongavumelani naye wayenephuzu elihlukile kunalabo abake basebenzise amagama afanayo. UNowamu angase aphuthelwe yilo mehluko, ngaleyo ndlela abonakale enganakile izinhloso zangempela zomuntu kanye nokuqonda kwakhe. Bekungemnandi uma kwenzeka kuwena, kodwa bekungakaze kukhuthazwe okubi.
Ukuqonda ukunakekela kunzima. Kunabantu abavame ukukhuluma ngokuzwelana nokukhathalela abanye—bathi nibe nosuku oluhle—kodwa, okungenani ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, abanganikhiphi ngobuqotho. Kukhona okuthile okubukeka nokuzwakala njengokukhathalela, futhi abantu abaningi bahlabeke umxhwele kakhulu ngokubukeka kwayo, kodwa ngemva kwemizuzu noma imizuzwana ukukhathazeka okubonakala kungasekho. Ukubukeka ngaphandle kwengqikithi kunamandla amancane noma awanawo nhlobo kanye nemithelela embalwa ngale kokuvela okungamanga. KuNowam, ukunakekela bekungabonakali, kungabonisi kangako, kunombukiso omncane, kodwa kwahlala futhi kwaba nemithelela.
U-Noam ukholelwa kakhulu ekuziphatheni okuhle nakuba ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi abake bangena ezingxoxweni naye futhi imibono yabo yahlakazwa—ngezinye izikhathi ngamagama anjengokuthi “okuncane” aphawula ukuhlukaniswa—bangathola ukukholelwa ekuziphatheni okunzima ukukukholelwa. Kodwa kuNowam, ukubiza isimangalo njengento encane akukhona ukuhlonipha kodwa kuthembekile. Kuwukuphawula ngomcabango hhayi ukuphawula ngomuntu owethule umcabango. Kulokhu, uNowam wayengusosayensi ngomqondo wokuthi ososayensi bahlala bephikisana futhi ngokungenaluzwela bahlanekezela imibono yomunye nomunye. Futhi ososayensi abakhubeki ngalokho, noma baqonde ngisho nokucasuka ngalokho. Ukuthola iqiniso nokubalekela amanga, okuyisizathu sososayensi sokuba khona, kufuna lokhu kuziphatha. Ngike ngibone uNowami ephumela obala ethi kunombono oyisimungulu—hhayi okungenani owami—kodwa angikaze ngimbone obala ethi umuntu uyisimungulu.
UNowa akazange alulaze abanye ukuze azakhe noma awise abanye phansi. Ngokufanayo, uNowam akazange afakaze uhlobo lokuzeyisa nokuzithuthukisa noma ukukhathazeka ngokukhulula icala kwabanye okuvamile emibuthanweni eminingi. Ukunakekela kukaNowam kwakungokoqobo. Kwakungekho ubukhazikhazi noma isimo. Akazange akhiphe isililo noma aphuphuke. Futhi ukunakekela kwakhe akuzange kulandele umugqa ovela kwenye indawo, kodwa kwakuvela ngaphakathi. UNowa wakhumbula izidingo zabantu. Wazifeza izicelo. Wabona ubuhlungu futhi wazama ukwenza izinto zangempela ukuze abuqede. Wayesesikhathini sokungachithi isikhathi sabanye. Wayenobuntu. Ungakwazi ngisho nokubiza uNowam ngokulondoloza ezicini zempilo yansuku zonke. Uma kwakunophawu lokungaphumi otshanini, uNowam wayelalela ngisho noma ewela utshani kuzomyisa lapho ayebheke ukuya khona ngokushesha. Impela, ngike ngabuka uNowam ehlala ehlala cishe yonke imithetho ngaphandle kwalapho amanani aphezulu eza kuqala. UNoam futhi elinye igama elisho okuyimfihlo. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ngiye ngambona ekhuluma ngokuzithandela ngalokho ayekubheka njengezindaba zomuntu siqu kuphela. Ngicabanga ukuthi bambalwa asebebone okwengeziwe.
Ngosuku lokuzalwa lukaNowamu lweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule kulo Zibandlela, njengesipho ngihlele uhlobo oluthile lokukhokhwa kobufakazi. Ngafaka ku-inthanethi indlela abantu ababengabhala ngayo umyalezo uNowam azowuthola ngevolumu ehlanganisiwe ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa. Cishe abantu abayinkulungwane bafake imilayezo ku-inthanethi. Iningi lalaba kwakungabantu uNowamu ayengakaze abaze eduze noma ngisho nhlobo kodwa ababewufundile umsebenzi wakhe, noma bemuzwa ekhuluma futhi ethinteke kakhulu kuye futhi bafuna nje ukubhalisa ukubonga kwabo. Abanye abanikeli abaningi babemazi uNowam, futhi babefuna ukusho ingxenye yabo kumngane wabo, umlingani wabo, umfundi, uthisha, osebenza naye, noma yini onayo.
Ngenkathi ngihlanganisa imilayezo ehambisana nemizwa, okubhalwe ngathinteka kakhulu kwabhalwa uFred Branfman, naye owayengummeli ophumelelayo wamalungelo abantu kanye nomsekeli wabantu base-Indochinese ngokumelene nodlame lwase-US olungenalusizo ngendlela engenakucatshangwa. UBranfman wabhala:
“Lapho ungivakashela eLaos ngo-1970, ngangicindezeleke ngempela, ngicindezelwe ukuqhuma kwamabhomu futhi ngizizwa nginesizungu ngokuphelele. Uthando lwakho, ukuzibophezela kwakho kanye nobuhlungu obabiwe mayelana nesidingo sokumisa ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, futhi ukusekelwa okufudumele, komuntu siqu nokunakekela, kwakusho okukhulu kimi kunalokho oyoke wazi. Kuphinde kwasho lukhulu kimina ngezizathu engingeke ngikwazi ukuzichaza ukuthi emashumini nenqwaba yabantu engibakhiphele emakamu ngiyoxoxisana nababaleki ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu uwena wedwa, ngaphandle kwami, obekhala. I-athikili yakho elandelayo ye-New York Review of Books nakho konke okunye ukubhala nokukhuluma okwenzile e-Laos, futhi bekuwukuphela kwendikimba yomsebenzi eyenze yalungela ngokuphelele. Kunginikeze ukholo oluthe xaxa ezinhlobonhlobo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukwazi ukuthi zikhiqize umuntu oqotho, onothando nobuhlakani. Ngizizwa ngikuthanda kakhulu ngosuku lwakho lokuzalwa—futhi nginikina ikhanda ngimangele ngokwazi ukuthi ngeke uyeke.”
Mina noNoam siye saba nezingxabano ezimbalwa phakathi neminyaka edlule. UNowam angaba nenkani esezingeni lomhlaba, ngisho noma engabonisi noma eshaya indiva ngakho. Bese kuba nenkani uma uqinisile? UNowam wayelindele ukuthi ulungile ngoba cishe wayeqinisile ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi mhlawumbe nangenxa yokuthi lapho egomela okuthile okwakungeyona into eguquguqukayo, wayecabangisise ngakho. Kodwa naye wayengathandi ukuba nephutha. Endabeni yakhe, lokhu kungase kufane nomuntu ongathandi ukuwela phansi lapho ewela igumbi, noma engathandi ukushelela kubhavu. Ngamanye amazwi, wayengathandi ukuhlupheka ngento eyayingajwayelekile futhi enesici esibi. Kwabanye abantu lokhu kungase kuzwakale kucasula, kukhungathekisa, ngisho kulimaza. Sekukonke, nokho, angikaze ngazi noma ubani ohlakaniphe kakhulu, onenkumbulo engcono, onekhono elikhulu lokubalekela imingcele yemicabango eyamukelekayo, noma, ngokuncomeka nakakhulu, ngokwethembeka okwengeziwe, ubuqotho, inhlonipho ngabanye, ukukhathazeka kwangempela kwendawo yonke. , nokuzinikela ekwenzeni lokho okudingeka kwenziwe. Njengawo wonke umuntu, uNowam unezinhlangothi eziningi. Ukuthi nje ohambweni lukaNowamu bebembalwa kakhulu izinhlangothi eziphansi, futhi izinhlangothi eziphezulu bezinkulu. Futhi ungakholwa, naye uyinsizwa ehlekisayo.
Naphezu kokwazi kwami ukufunda okwanele kuNoam ngakho-ke ngangivame ukuzithola ngivumelana naye, ngezinye izikhathi mina noNowam sasibona okusemhlabeni ngokuhlukile futhi sizizwe izimpendulo kufanele zibe nezimfanelo ezihluke kancane. Izikhathi ezimbalwa saba nokungezwani okukhulu nakakhulu. Nazi ezimbili, ngayinye yazo embula izimfanelo zikaNoam ekuziphendukeleni kwazo, ngicabanga.
Eyokuqala yayimayelana nalokho esingakubiza ngokuthi umphumela wokuminyana, ukuboleka leyo lebula kosomnotho. UNowa waphuma futhi wakhuluma inani elikhulu ezilalelini eziningi kakhulu. Izindawo eziningi bezifuna ngokuhlakanipha ukuthi uNowam eze azokhuluma. Izindawo eziningi ezimbalwa zaziziba ezinye izikhulumi eziningi ezitholakalayo okwathi, nakuba zingezinhle njengoNoam, ezazizoba ngaphezu kwenani elikhulu. Umphumela waba ukuthi uNowam wakhuluma ivolumu enkulu kodwa ngisho nangemvamisa yakhe enkulu, izindawo eziningi zazingeke zihlale komunye umuntu ngaphandle kukaNowam ngakho wayengenaso isikhulumi. Umphumela obungahlosiwe kwaba ukuthi izikhulumi ezifanele ebezingenalo udumo lukaNowam, zingazitholi izimemo obekufanele zithole ngoba uma zimenyiwe bezingeke zihehe izethameli ezanele. Okufanele ngikwenze?
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, nganxusa uNowam ukuba atshele labo ababemcela ukuba eze bakhulume ukuthi ngeke akwenze lokho ngaphandle uma kungase kube nesikhulumi sesibili esikanye naye azomkhetha. Ngaso sonke isikhathi wayephuma kuleso simo, kanjalo noSteve Shalom, noma uHolly Sklar, noma uCynthia Peters, noma uPeter Bohmer, noma uClarence Lusane, noma uRobin Hahnel, njalonjalo. Ngale ndlela, abanye babeyobonakala, kusakazeke umlomo ngezinga lezinkulumo zabo, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi labo abanye abantu bathole izimemo eziqondile. Khona-ke labo bantu abengeziwe, njengoba sebaziwa kangcono, bangenza into efanayo, okwenza izikhulumi eziningi zibonakale. Ngemva kwesikhashana, abantu abaningi abengeziwe, abahluka kancane kancane ngezizinda nolwazi, babezohamba bekhuluma futhi kuzonikezwa futhi kuzwakale izinkulumo eziningi.
U-Noam cishe akazange akwenze lokhu futhi saphikisana ngakho izikhathi ezimbalwa. Ukuphikiswa kwakhe ngokwengxenye kwakungokwemibono futhi ngokwengxenye kwakungokomuntu siqu. Ngokombono wakhe, wayengafuni ukusebenzisa “amandla akhe okuxoxisana” ukuze abeke imibandela kulabo ababengase babe abasingathi—futhi wayevame ukuphika ukuthi angathola ukusabela okuhle ngokwenza lokho okufunwayo, okwakuwukuthobeka kokukhuluma iqiniso. Naye, ngokwami, ngiyasola, ubengafuni ngokweqile ukuhlanganyela inkundla nesikhulumi, ngoba lokho bekuzokwenza ukuthi yena ahambe ibangana nje, athathe isikhathi esingako komunye umsebenzi, kodwa akhulume futhi abhekane nemibuzo isikhathi esincane kakhulu. Mina selokhu saqala ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nalolu daba sakhulunywa kakhulu esidlangalaleni nakuba siyingxenyana kaningi njengoNoam, futhi ngokwenza lokho ngiye ngaliqonda kangcono uhlangothi lwakhe lwale ngxabano. Ngempela, ngaqonda futhi ngakujabulela ukungafuni kwakhe ukuphoqelela intando yakhe. Futhi nami ekugcineni ngithole engafuni ukumehlisa ngohhafu isikhathi sakhe somoya. Manje ngicabanga ukuthi okudingekayo akukhona ukuthola izikhulumi eziqavile ukuthi zifake izimfuno kubasingathi, kodwa ukuthi izikhungo zezikhulumi zibeke imibandela egameni lomphakathi wezikhulumi.
Ukungaboni ngaso linye kwesibili kube ngezindaba zombono, ikakhulukazi ezomnotho, kodwa nokunye. Lokhu kube yinkulumo-mpikiswano futhi ngisho nokuphikisana lapho kufanele ngisho ukuthi, futhi, njengoba iminyaka ihamba ngenkathi emodareyitha ngandlela-thile, ngengamela ngaphezu kokuthi. UNowamu wazizwa kudala ukuthi ukuzama ukuchaza umphakathi wesikhathi esizayo kwakungeqa imingcele ekhona yolwazi. Kungase futhi kumise ubuciko ngokusungula izinhloso ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Futhi kungase kuthambekele ekuhlukaniseni amahlelo. Wazizwa izindinganiso ezibanzi zekusasa elingcono yikho konke ebesikudinga ukuba sikunikeze, kanye nokuzilolonga, ukuzilolonga, kanye nokuzijwayeza okwengeziwe okuzoveza izinto ezintsha zansuku zonke ezingaholela ekusebenziseni izindlela ezintsha zokuba kusukela phansi kuya phezulu. UNowam waba nomuzwa wokuthi ukucabanga kusengaphambili nokubeka umbono wesikhungo kusenesikhathi kunganqanda lokho kuhlola. Esikhundleni salokho ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi konke lokhu kuhle futhi kuhle njengesixwayiso esifanelekile mayelana namathuba amabi okufanele ngiwabuke, ngaphandle kokuthi ngemva kwamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka yemizamo enjalo, kufanele sibe nokunye esingakubonisa. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi izifundo zokucabanga kanzima, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokuhlola zibe yingxenye yomnyakazo obanzi, ngazibuza, uma ngabe awethulwanga, aphikisananga, acwengisiswa, futhi ekugcineni akhuthazwa ukunyakaza okubanzi?
Kimina, kwabonakala kusobala ukuthi sasidinga izimpendulo zombuzo othi “ufunani” owawungaphezu nje kokunikeza izindinganiso ezifanele. Besidinga izimpendulo ezinganikeza ithemba, isiqondiso, kanye nephimbo elihle elikwazi ukwazisa kokubili ukuhlaziywa namasu, futhi ngacabanga ukuthi lokhu kuhilela okungaphezu kokunikeza uhlu lwamanani abanzi nezifiso kuphela. Bengicabanga ukuthi idinga izinto zesikhungo. Ukukhathazeka kukaNowam, ngokuphambene, kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokugwema ama-elite avelayo ukuze abeke umbono ngokunyakaza. Ngavumelana nenhloso yakhe kodwa futhi ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi sizothola lokho uNoam ayekwesaba uma singenazo ukunyakaza okugcwele abahlanganyeli abaqondayo, abamelayo, nabaqhubeka becwenga umbono osebenzayo okwazi ukugqugquzela kanye nokuqondisa ukubamba iqhaza okuzinzile. Ngacabanga ukuthi enye indlela yombono we-elitist yayingenawo nhlobo umbono wesikhungo, kodwa inombono ofinyeleleka kakhulu, okwabelwana ngawo kabanzi, ophoqelelayo, nonemininingwane eminingi kodwa engenamininingwane eminingi futhi kunoma yisiphi isenzakalo esivumelana nezimo umbono wesikhungo esingawubhala, phikisana, cwenga, futhi ukhulume. Ngamafuphi, ngangicabanga ukuthi ngiqinisile. Kodwa njengoba isikhathi sihamba ngathola ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngobuqiniso bezinkinga zikaNowam kanye nesidingo sokubhekana nazo njengoba ngangisakholelwa ekubalulekeni kokuba nombono owumongo wesikhungo. Liyini iphuzu? Ngisho nasezikhathini ezingavamile lapho uNowam ayengalungile ngokuphelele, ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi lokhu kwakunjalo, wayehlale eqinisile ngokwanele ukuba anake kakhulu futhi angachithi. Okungukuthi—ukungavumelani noNowam ngaphandle kokucabangisisa kahle amaphuzu akhe kanye nokuwahlalisa ngokucophelela ngokuvamile kuvela kuwubuwula. Ngamafuphi, lo mfana ulungile noma enephutha.
Ngikhumbula isikhathi ngisehhovisi likaNoam ophikweni lwe-MIT oluxhaswe kakhulu ngezimali kusukela nge-WWII yiPentagon. Kwakungo-1969 noma cishe. Mina noRobin Hahnel sasibuthwa yinhlangano ye-Weatherman. Ngabuza uNowamu iseluleko sakhe. Khumbula, uNowam wayengathandi ukunikeza iseluleko sempilo yomuntu siqu. Naye wayezizwa enokuncane angakunikeza mayelana namasu futhi wayengafuni amazwi akhe abe nesisindo. Ukuthuka kabili ekuphenduleni. Kodwa kulokhu waphendula noma kanjani. Uthe, cishe, uMichael, abantu Besimo Sezulu babonakala benesibindi futhi beqotho, kodwa bazoqhumisa izinto ezithile futhi mhlawumbe nabo ngokwabo, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo bazolimaza kunokuba basize ushintsho. Mina noRobin sisilalela iseluleko sakhe. Akekho kithi ojoyine i-Weatherman.
Ngake ngabhala ucezu olugqugquzelwa isipiliyoni sokufunda uChomsky nomthelela wayo kubantu ikakhulukazi kimina, futhi nangokuzibuza ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi uNowam akwazi ukuhlala egxilile olwazini oluningi kangaka mayelana nobuhlungu benhlalo nokungabi nabulungisa ngaphandle kokuthi yena adinwe. Akukhona ukuthi ukugebha kwakhe emathuneni agcwele igazi lokungabi nabulungisa akuzange kumthinte. Kwenza. Kunezikhathi lapho uNowam wehliswa khona yizindaba azihlinza kanye nezikhathi lapho exhunywe izintambo zaba nzima. Ukuthi umndeni omzungezile wabhekana kanjani nakho konke lokho kungase kumangalisa njengezinye zezinto uNowam azifezile. Kunoma ikuphi, indaba engiyibhalile igqugquzelwa yile micabango yomuntu siqu futhi nenkinga yokushintsha umhlaba yayibizwa ngokuthi “Stop the Killing Train.” Kimina, kwakuwumzamo ongavamile wokuba izinkondlo. Ibhalwe ngaphambi kweMpi YaseGulf yokuqala, ngicabanga ukuthi indaba ifika ngesikhathi manje kunangenkathi ibhalwa ngayo okokuqala ngqa ngoba izifundo eziphuma kuNowamu azisoze zaba ngaphansi kunesikhathi esifanele. Umyalezo waleso siqeshana wawuthi izinto nxazonke zimbi. Udlame lukhulu kakhulu kunalokho obukucabanga. Ukungalungi kubi kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala. Isidingo sokumelana nokufuna okungcono siyabonakala futhi sibalulekile. Ngakho-ke musa ukukhala, funa okungcono. Futhi mhlawumbe lowo mlayezo, umlayezo wakhe, uyindlela enhle yokusuka ekuxoxeni ngoNowamu ngesehlo, uye ekuphawuleni ukuthi uNowam uzophendula athini kule ndaba. Wayengitshela ukuthi ngiyeke ukukhuluma ngaye nangempilo yakhe, kodwa uma kufanele wenze lokho, angase athi, okungenani thola izifundo ngezwe njengoba unjalo nangalokho okungenzeka.
Ngakho-ke ekugcineni, mayelana nokwazi uNoam, ngingananela lokho uBob Dylan ayekusho ngoDave Van Ronk: “Akekho izintambo zopopayi kuye, nanini. Wayemkhulu, ephakeme isibhakabhaka, futhi ngabheka kuye. Uvela ezweni lamazimuzimu.”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
8 Amazwana
“UNowa akazange alulaze abanye ukuze azakhe noma awise abanye phansi.”
Into ethakazelisayo ongayisho ngomfana ogama lakhe lokubiza abanye abantu ngokuthi "ama-charlatan," "ukukhwabanisa," kanye "nabaqambimanga" liyamandulela kuwo wonke amagumbi.
Ukumqhathanisa no-Einstein kuyadabukisa. Umsebenzi ka-Einstein uqinisekiswa ngokuhlola kanye nokuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe. UChomsky akanalo i-squat ngokobufakazi bokuqinisekisa izimangalo zakhe. Eqinisweni, unayo yonke i-diatribe e-pre-pepared mayelana nokuthi kungani engadingi ubufakazi (kodwa wonke umuntu, ngokusobala, uyabudinga). https://chomsky.info/responsibility02/
I-athikili ehlakaniphile - ngihlala ngicinga le mininingwane eyivelakancane endodeni elawula amagama.
UChomsky waba nomthelela omkhulu kimina ngemva konyaka wami wokuqala ngiseNyuvesi. Amazwi akhe asiza ukuhlanganisa izwe elibuhlungu elingizungezile futhi angishukumisele esenzweni. Lokho kamuva kwangithatha ukuba ngisize ekutholeni i-Extinction Rebellion.
Ngiyazibuza ukuthi mangaki amanye amaphrojekthi amahle avuswe amazwi akhe?
Sawubona Robin.
Noma ngabe ziningi kangakanani impendulo yombuzo wakho, ngokuqinisekile i-Extinction Rebellion ingenye yezinhle kakhulu!
Yeka inhlonipho enhle. Mhlawumbe engxoxweni yakhe yokugcina nabezindaba ngaphambi kwesikhathi samanje sokungafinyeleleki, uPiers Morgan wabuza uChomsky ukuthi uzobeka ini ku-epitaph yakhe. Impendulo kaChomsky yathi “Nangu elele uNoam Chomsky. Uzame konke okusemandleni akhe.” Ulayini ongikhalisa njalo uma ngiwufunda. Ngicabanga ukuthi umugqa obamba ubuqotho bakhe kangcono kakhulu. Ubheka emuva emagalelo akhe amakhulu, nokho uqonda ezingeni elijule kakhulu ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungokwezilimi noma ezindabeni zabantu, izindaba zibaluleke kakhulu.
Mike, ngiyabonga ngalokho kuzindla okumangalisayo kwe-Noam yama-95. Imicabango embalwa iza engqondweni ngezansi. ngokuthula nobumbano, doug
1. Ngaba nenhlanhla yokuhlala ngifundele i-Noam's Philosophy of Mind class amasemesta amabili e-MIT emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Yonke iminyango yezazi zezilimi namafilosofi asemanyuvesi asogwini olusempumalanga yayishayela isonto ngalinye ukuze ibe phambi kobuhlakani bukaNowam, ifunde kuNowam, futhi mhlawumbe ukuze imangele nje. Abantu babefika ngendiza bevela ogwini olusentshonalanga naseYurophu ngezikhathi ezithile. Kwakukhona cishe abafundi ababhalisiwe abayishumi nambili, kodwa abantu abangaba ngu-200 ekamelweni. Ifilosofi Yengqondo ihlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezikhathazayo, kusukela emlandweni wemibono, isayensi yengqondo, ifilosofi, ingqondo, ulimi, njll, njll. Igumbi laligcwele abantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu (ngangingeyena omunye wabo - Benginethemba lokuthi mhlawumbe okuncane kungahle kungiphathe ngandlela thize - akwanele, mah!). Kulawo masemesta amabili ('96 kanye no-'97) abantu bebengabuza imibuzo nezindatshana eziyinkomba nezincwadi ezihlokweni eziningi. Akukaze kube nakanye lapho uNowam engazange ayifunde incwadi ekhonjiwe noma i-athikili, futhi wayenikeza ikilasi umbono ocacile wamaphuzu abalulekile, aqaphele ukuthi umbhali/ababhali bathini okulungile nokuthi benzani iphutha, futhi wayenikeza intuthuko kaChomskyan. , zikhathi zonke. Ngikhumbula ngicabanga ukuthi “Akunakwenzeka ukuba umuntu ufunde yonke into.”
2. Ngaphambi komcimbi owawuse-Sinking Springs, PA, emuva cishe ngo-1994, uNoam no-Ed Herman (uprofesa wase-U. Penn owayebhale izincwadi ezimbalwa noNoam) babethola umklomelo wempumelelo yesikhathi eside ngokuzinikela kwabo isikhathi eside ekuthuleni, iqiniso, nobulungiswa emphakathini. Ngaphambi komcimbi ngibe nenhlanhla yokuba nengxoxo noNoam kanye no-Ed. Ngesinye isikhathi, uNowa wabizelwa kwenye ingxoxo. Ngaqhubeka ngixoxa no-Ed futhi ekugcineni ngambuza umbuzo: “Kungenzeka kanjani ukuhambisana nazo zonke izincwadi ezibalulekile ezilokhu ziphuma?” U-Ed wathi, “Uqinisile – izincwadi ezibalulekile zilokhu ziphuma. Ngithola izincwadi eposini masonto onke abantu abafuna ngizibuyekeze noma ngibhale amazwi afingqiwe, njll..” Ngathi, “Yebo, uqhubeka kanjani?” U-Ed wathi: “Kulungile, ngizokwabelana nawe ngemfihlo yokufunda zonke izincwadi ezibalulekile.” Bengicabanga “Hawu, akekho owake wabelana nami ngemfihlo! Ngithathe amanothi lapha?" Nokho, ngalalela ngokucophelela okukhulu, ngethemba lokuthi ngizokhumbula “imfihlo.” U-Ed wabelane ngemfihlo. Wathi, “Nakhu okumele ukwenze. Thola ibhokisi elikhulu, faka zonke izincwadi ofuna ukuzifunda ebhokisini. Vala ibhokisi. Thumela ibhokisi kuNoam Chomsky. Akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani uNowam eselitholile leli bhokisi, uzoshayela ucingo akutshele ukuthi yini ebalulekile encwadini ngayinye oyithumele.”
3. ngo-1992, ngangiseGirona, eCatalonia (Spain) ngiyoqopha isonto likaNoam enikeza izifundo zezilimi eNyuvesi. Usuku ngalunye ngaphambi kokuba izinkulumo ziqale ngo-9:00, othile wayekhona ovela ephephandabeni, esiteshini sethelevishini, esiteshini somsakazo, njll., ezoxoxa noNoam (wayeqala isonto ngomkhuhlane omubi). Ube esenikeza isethulo samahora amathathu (ehlale egcwele imibuzo eminingi evela kwababekhona - ngikhumbula omunye wezazi zezilimi/izazi zefilosofi ezidume kakhulu eSpain ephawula: “Nowam ngifunde iphepha lakho lakamuva “ngohlelo oluncane.” Izigaba ezimbili zokuqala I ngaqonda ngokuphelele. Ngemva kwalokho, ngangilahlekile ngokuphelele.”). Lapho nje uNowam eqeda inkulumo yasekuseni, kwakuzoba nomuntu olindele ukuzoqhuba inhlolokhono. Abantu babelindele ukumyisa esidlweni sasemini. UNowam wayezodla isidlo sasemini abuye esimisweni santambama esasiqala ngehora lesi-2 kuze kube ihora lesi-5. Ngemva nje kweseshini yantambama, kwakukhona othile ozoxoxa noNowam. Kuzobe kukhona abantu abalindele ukumyisa esidlweni sakusihlwa. Lapho nje isidlo sakusihlwa siqeda, uNowam wayephithizela endaweni lapho ayezonikeza khona inkulumo yakusihlwa ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezindaba zebhizinisi, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, ubudlelwano baseNyakatho/seNingizimu, njll., njll., inkulumo ehlukile ubusuku ngabunye kwabahlanu. ubusuku (ubusuku bokugcina e-Barcelona). Izikhathi zakusihlwa zazivame ukuqala ngo-8 kuye ku-11. UNowam wayehlala exoxa nabantu ngamaqembu amancane. Bese kuthi-ke abantu bakhiphe uNowam baye esitolo sendawo ukuze bathole iseshini yasebusuku. Wayezolandwa ukuze adle ukudla kwasekuseni ngo-7:00 ekuseni futhi kwakulandela inqubo efanayo, izingxoxo ngaso sonke isikhathi, izinkulumo, nezingxoxo zamaqembu amancane (isidlo sasemini nesidlo sakusihlwa kwakubuye kube izikhathi zezingxoxo - mina noJohn Holder sake saba nesidlo sasemini noNoam. ehhovisi lakhe e-MIT: isihloko sengxoxo yesidlo sasemini: izikhali zenuzi kanye nosongo lokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi…silalele…Ngicabanga ukuthi izisu zethu bezithe ukungazinzi kahle). Okwakumangalisa eGirona ukuthi ngesikhathi sezinkulumo zakusihlwa uNoam wayehlale efaka imininingwane emisha evela emaphephandabeni asemhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganisa namanye amaphepha endawo eSpain. Ngikhumbula ngicabanga “kodwa asikho isikhathi sokuqoqa ulwazi olusha.” Ngandlela-thile wakwenza). Mina noJohn Holder sambuza kanye uNoam ukuthi uke alale yini. Wathi “Imvamisa cishe amahora ayisikhombisa.” Umsizi kaNoam iminyaka eminingi, u-Bev Stohl, usibonise indlela uNoam azifunda ngayo izincwadi. Angikwazi ukukuchaza, kodwa kuyashesha...futhi ngemininingwane ethusayo ukhumbula akufundayo. Ngaphandle kwakho konke ubuhlakani, uNowamu uphana ngokwedlulele ngesikhathi sakhe, unomusa futhi uyanakekela, futhi uzibophezele emzabalazweni wokulwa nobushiqela, udlame lwezempi, nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nokuzabalazela ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, ukuthula, intando yeningi ebambekayo, nesithunzi somuntu. noma ubani engake ngahlangana naye. Viva Noam!
Ngiyalithanda lelo phuzu lesibili! Kudingeka ngithuthukise amakhono ami okufunda nenkumbulo ukufanisa impumelelo enkulu kangaka.
Isiqephu esifundisayo nesisuka enhliziyweni esisisiza ukuthi simqonde kangcono uNoam Chomsky.
Nansi enye, indatshana yakamuva, enempikiswano kakhulu:
https://aeon.co/essays/an-anthropologist-studies-the-warring-ideas-of-noam-chomsky
Lesi sihloko sinomusa kakhulu ku-Chomsky. Ipolitiki yakhe ivamise ukusangana futhi iphambene njengolimi lwakhe.
https://www.e-flux.com/notes/470005/open-letter-to-noam-chomsky-and-other-like-minded-intellectuals-on-the-russia-ukraine-war
https://www.newsweek.com/noam-chomsky-says-ukraine-desire-heavy-weapons-western-propaganda-1706473
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCcX_xTLDIY