Isazi sezomnotho sikaMarxist uMichael A Lebowitz washonela ekhaya ngo-April 19. Ngokufa kwakhe, i-international left ilahlekelwe omunye wezihlakaniphi zayo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi zasekuqaleni, amagalelo akhe ekuvuseleleni umbono ka-Karl Marx we-socialism iwukufunda okubalulekile kuzishoshovu.
U-Lebowitz wakhela emsebenzini wakhe obalulekile, Beyond Capital: I-Marx's Kwezepolitiki Umnotho of the Ikilasi Lokusebenza, ukuze kuhlanganiswe iqoqo elibalulekile lemibhalo yama-socialists ekhulwini lama-21, eminingi yayo ehunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi. Lokhu kwakusukela ezincwadini zethiyori ezinikezelwe ekuhlaziyeni kabusha amaphutha e-socialism yamakhulu amabili eminyaka, njenge The ukuphikisana of Real Sokusebenzela: The Conductor futhi The Kwenziwe, ngokusebenzisa amapheshana emfundo amafushane ahloselwe izishoshovu ezintsha, njenge Yazi yakho Isitha: Kanjani kuya ukunqoba i-capitalism.
Green Kwesobunxele abafundi bazomazi u-Lebowitz ezihlokweni zakhe nasezingxoxweni ezivele ephepheni nasekushicilelweni kwalo okungudadewabo, LINKI International Journal of Socialist Ukuvuselelwa. Bangase bamazi uMike ekuvakasheni kwakhe okubili e-Australia ukuyokhuluma eMhlabeni ka-2009 engqungqutheleni ye-Crossroads kanye nengqungquthela ye-Socialism ka-2016 engqungqutheleni ye-21st Century, yomibili ibanjwe GL.
UMike wayephuma kusizinda sabasebenzi. Engxoxweni noMark Fischer, esanda kushicilelwa kabusha LINKI, wachaza indlela okuhlangenwe nakho kwasebuntwaneni okwavusa ngayo isithakazelo sakhe kuMarx: “Njengabasebenzi abaningi besigaba sabasebenzi, ngangizimisele ukwenza imali ngisemncane. Ngaya esikoleni sebhizinisi [ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950] - nakuba ukuntula imali kwakusho ukuthi kufanele ngisebenze emini futhi ngiye esikoleni ebusuku.
“Ngangenza izifundo ze-Economics ngigxile ocwaningweni lokumaketha, ngagcina sengingena enkampanini ekhiqiza ugesi ngenza ucwaningo lwemakethe ngokugcwele. Ngenkathi ngenza lokhu, ngabona ukuphikisana okuningi… Lapho, ngithatha amakilasi ezomnotho ebusuku, ngifunda i-neo-classical orthodoxy mayelana nokuthi amanani ahlelwa kanjani ngokuncintisana okuphelele nakho konke lokho. Nokho phakathi nosuku ngangisebenza enkampanini eyayibambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwamanani entengo...
“Sonke leso senzakalo sangenza ngaphetha ngokuthi ngangiqanjelwa amanga… ngaqala ukufunda iMarx. Nokho, ngangingakabi isishoshovu: kwakuwukulahla iqiniso lokuthi ngangitshelwa amanga ngendlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo.”
Ngemva kokubhalisa eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin ngo-1960, uMike wanambitha okokuqala ubushoshovu ne-Wisconsin Socialist Club, imikhankaso yobumbano yase-Cuba nokubamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kwe-Students for a Democratic Society. Uphinde wasebenzisana nejenali Entsha Yesokunxele Izifundo kwesokunxele. Njengezishoshovu eziningi e-United States, uMike wasebenzisa iminyaka yokuqala yama-60s ekhankasela iMpi YeVietnam futhi esekela inhlangano yamalungelo abantu.
“Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami kokusebenza nezinhlangano zabafundi neminye imikhankaso,” etshela uFischer, “ngibone iqiniso eliyisisekelo lokuthi abantu bayaziguqula ngokuzabalaza kwabo. Lowo mbono waba yindaba eyinhloko yombono wami wezwe lezombangazwe - ubafaka kanjani abantu ekuhambeni; uwathuthukisa kanjani amandla abo okuziguqula?"
Ngo-1965, uMike wathuthela e-British Columbia, eCanada, lapho athatha khona umsebenzi wokufundisa ezomnotho nomlando wezomnotho e-Simon Fraser University, wahlala lapho kwaze kwaba yilapho ethatha umhlalaphansi ngo-2000. Lapho, wahlanganyela ekuhleleni umphakathi wendawo kanye naseqenjini lesobunxele i-Social Democratic Party (NDP).
Ekhuluma ngalesi sikhathi njengoSihlalo Wenqubomgomo Yeqembu le-NDP, uMike uthe: “Ngangingusihlalo wenqubomgomo ngesikhathi sikahulumeni eBritish Columbia, ngihlale ngiphusha imithetho ezoholela abantu ekuqondeni indima yemizabalazo yabo.
“Ngakho-ke, angizange nje ngithi, ‘Masenze imboni yamahlathi ibe ngaphansi kobuzwe.’ Ngalwela ukuba izincwadi zemboni yamahlathi zivulelwe uhulumeni futhi zihlolwe yisigaba sabasebenzi, ukuze kutholwe izinhlobo zokulawula kwezisebenzi embonini. Ngamanye amazwi, izindlela zomzabalazo engazibona zivumela abantu ukuba bahlakulele ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngendlela umphakathi owawusebenza ngayo futhi benze ezinye izimfuno, kunokuba bamane bamemeze isiqubulo esithi, ‘Fakanisa yonke into ngaphansi kolawulo lwabasebenzi,’ kubo.”
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uMike wayishiya i-NDP, ephetha ngokuthi “kwakungomunye umshini wokhetho esikhundleni sendlela yokuzikhulula kwesigaba sabasebenzi”. Wathuthukisa ezinye zezifundo azifunde ngesikhathi sakhe ku-NDP esahlukweni esiphathelene nentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle encwadini yakhe yangowezi-2006, ethi, Yakha It Manje: Socialist ngoba the Twenty-Okokuqala Century.
Esikhundleni salokho, uMike wakhetha ukuzinikela ekuvuseleleni imibono kaMarx yokuzikhulula kwesigaba sabasebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kanye nokwenza izinguquko. Ngo-2009 interview noChristopher Kerr GL, uLebowitz wachaza inkolelo yakhe ngesidingo "sokuvuselelwa kabusha kweMarxism", okusekelwe ekubuyeleni "emuva kwesisekelo nomgomo kaMarx, okwakuwumqondo wokuthuthukiswa komuntu".
“Akuyona ingozi ukuthi Manifesto wamaKhomanisi, eyabhalwa ngo-1848 noFrederick Engels, yakhuluma ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa okukhululekile komuntu ngamunye kuncike kanjani ekuthuthukisweni okukhululekile kwabo bonke. Ngokuthuthuka kwamahhala, babesho ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono omuntu kanye namakhono. Emibhalweni kaMarx kusukela ngo-1844 kuya ku-1858, futhi Capital, wayelokhu ekhuluma ngokuthuthukisa ubuntu obucebile kanye nabantu abacebile. Wayegomela ngokuthi ubunxiwankulu buhlanekezela intuthuko yomuntu, kuyilapho i-socialism iyadingeka kukho.
“Silahlekelwe yilokho ekhulwini lama-20. I-Marxism yahunyushwa ngokuthi ihlobene nendlela yokuthuthukisa amandla okukhiqiza, lapho umbuzo wokuthuthukiswa komnotho waba yiyo yonke into. Umbuzo wobunjalo bobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ekukhiqizweni komnotho, ubunjalo besimo esisebenza ngaphansi kwaso, wakhohlwa noma washaywa indiva.
“Enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zokugcizelela kukaMarx ekuthuthukisweni komuntu ukuthi kwenzeka kuphela ngokwenza. Lowo ngumqondo wokwenza izinguquko - ukushintsha kwezimo kanye nokuzishintsha. "
Ngo-1973, uLebowitz waqala umsebenzi wokubhala phansi imibono yakhe kanye nokubhekana ngqo nalokho akubiza ngokuthi "i-Marxism yohlangothi olulodwa". Umphumela waba Beyond Capital, eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1992 futhi eyawina ngo-2004 Umklomelo weSikhumbuzo weDeutscher ngohlelo lwayo lwesibili.
Kulo msebenzi obalulekile, u-Lebowitz wayehlose i-Marxism eyayigxile kuphela ekuthambekeni kwenhloko-dolobha futhi ebheka abasebenzi njengezisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo - into ephakathi komjikelezo wokukhiqiza kabusha imali - kunabantu abanezidingo zabo. Ngokuphambene nale Marxism yohlangothi olulodwa, uLebowitz wabhala ku "Amakati kanye namadoda: Ukulinganisa okungalungile kukaMarx”, “U-Marx wayeqonda kahle ukuthi imali ayikhiqizi nje kuphela phakathi [komsebenzi wezimali] kodwa futhi kukhona nomkhiqizo wesibili, umkhiqizo womuntu okhubazekile.”
Ngakho-ke okudingekayo, watshela uFischer, “ukugxila ezinhlangothini eziningi zesigaba sabasebenzi. Kufanele sizame ukuqonda zonke izici zayo ngaphansi konxiwankulu. Uma wenza lokho, awugxili nje emzabalazweni wezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Ubheka zonke izidingo nemizabalazo yabasebenzi, zonke izindlela abazama ngazo ukwanelisa izidingo zabo njengabantu kulo mphakathi ongenabuntu”.
Kwakuyisifiso sabasebenzi ukwanelisa izidingo zabo zobuntu, kanye nekhono labo lokuguqula ngomzabalazo - hhayi indawo yabo ekukhiqizweni konxiwankulu - okwanika abasebenzi amandla abo okuguqula iLebowitz. Ku-“Ini kwenza isigaba sabasebenzi sibe yisifundo soguquko?” wabhala: “Imizabalazo iyinqubo yokukhiqiza: ikhiqiza uhlobo oluhlukile lwesisebenzi, isisebenzi esizikhiqizayo njengomuntu onekhono lakhe selikhulile, o ukuzethemba kwakhe kuyathuthuka, ikhono lakhe lokuhlela nokuhlanganisa liyakhula. Kodwa kungani kufanele sicabange ukuthi lokhu kukhawulelwe emizabalazweni yamaholo?
“Yonke imizabalazo abantu abazibophezela kuyo, yonke imizabalazo lapho bephusha khona ubulungiswa emphakathini, yonke imizabalazo yokufeza amakhono abo kanye nesidingo sabo sokuzithuthukisa, yakha amakhono abadlali. Futhi, leyo mizabalazo isikhuphula ngokumelene nenhloko-dolobha. Kungani? Ngoba imali iyisithiyo esimi phakathi kwethu nentuthuko yethu.”
Kwakuyinkolelo ehlanganyelwe emandleni oguquko kanye nobuchule babantu abajwayelekile ababesemzabalazweni owahlanganisa uMike noMarta Harnecker ngeminyaka yawo-90. Bejatshuliswe yizinguquko ezenzeka eVenezuela, kanye nesimemo esivela kulowo owayengumongameli u-Hugo Chavez, bathuthela eCaracas ngo-2004.
Ngaqala ukuhlangana noMike eCaracas ngo-2005, lapho yena noMarta bangamukela ngokufudumele njengokungathi kwase kuyiminyaka eminingi singamaqabane. Lemfudumalo, ngathola ngokushesha, yenaba kubo bonke ababehlangana nabo, njalo bezimisele ukuqala izingxoxo nokulalela.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngangisebenza nabo e-Miranda International Centre (CIM), indawo abasize ukuyilungiselela ongqondongqondo baseVenezuela nabamazwe ngamazwe ukuze banikele ngemibono yabo ekuvukeleni umbuso.
Eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela, sabelana ngezigigaba eziningi sizungeza iVenezuela sihlangana nemiphakathi ehleliwe kanye nabasebenzi ukuze bafunde emizabalazweni yabo, bese sibamema kaningi ukuthi babuyele e-CIM ukuze baxoxisane nezihlakaniphi ezivela eVenezuela naphesheya kwezilwandle. Ngaso sonke leso sikhathi, uMike uqhubekile nokubhala phansi, okuhlanganisa nenqwaba yamaphepha kaChavez nongqongqoshe bakhe ayeguqulwa abe amapheshana mahhala, asatshalaliswa ngobuningi futhi kuxoxwe ngawo ohlelweni lukaChavez lwe-TV lwamasonto onke.
Bobabili babuyela eCanada ngo-2011. Ukusuka lapho, baqhubeka nokubhala futhi basiza ukusungula uhlelo lweSocialism lwekhulu lama-21 eCuba. Kepha ngokudlula emhlabeni kukaMarta ngo-2019, ukuqala kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kanye nezinkinga zezempilo zikaMike, izinga lakhe lomsebenzi lehla.
Iminyaka yakhe embalwa edlule wayezinikele ekulandeleni imisebenzi ye-Vancouver Ecosocialists kanye nokudlula emaphepheni amadala ukuze athole imibhalo engase ibe wusizo kuzishoshovu ezintsha. Ngosizo lomngane wesikhathi eside kanye nozakwabo uBill Burgess, uMike wasungula iwebhusayithi lapho aqoqa khona le mibhalo, michaelalebowitz.com.
Kanye naleli qoqo lombhalo eliyigugu, uMike ushiya udadewabo, uGloria, amadodakazi amabili, uJessica noRachel, kanye noCamila Piñeiro Harnecker, indodakazi kaMarta.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela