Umthombo: The Intercept
Ipheshana liyabonisa ukuhlasela kwezindiza kuyaqhubeka, nezidlamlilo zihlakazeka njengomcibisholo uzulazula phansi.
Ngaphambili, umlwi ogqoke iyunifomu yezempi, ephethe isibhamu, uzama ukubaleka. Ubukeka ethukile. Amagama-ncazo, abhalwe ngesiSomalia, afundeka kanje: โUkuphila kuyisipho.โ
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yona le ndoda iboniswa ingenasikhali futhi igqoke izingubo ezingezona ezivamile, imoyizela ingane emamatheka kanye nowesifazane olule izingalo. โUngadlali ngalesi sipho,โ ufunda umbhalo.
Elinye ipheshana libonisa impisi ebukeka inolaka isongela imbuzi ngaphezu kombhalo: โUma impisi iba umahluleli, izimbuzi ngeke zithole ubulungisa.โ Olunye uhlangothi lufundeka kanje, "Yiba yingxenye yokuqeda ukungabi nabulungiswa ngokubika ukunyakaza kwe-al-Shabab."
Ipheshana lesithathu libonisa abesifazane abahlanu nentombazane bemi ndawonye phambi kwefulegi laseSomalia. โUkuphepha kwethu kuwumthwalo wethu,โ kufundeka uhlangothi olungaphambili. Ingemuva licela imininingwane nge-al-Shabab, iqembu lezidlamlilo laseSomalia.
La mapheshana amathathu, atholwe yi-The Intercept ngoMthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi, abeyingxenye yohlelo lwezempi lwase-US olwalungabikwanga ngaphambili futhi oluphumelele ngendlela exakile oluklanyelwe ukuqoqa ubuhlakani kubantu baseSomalia. Umkhankaso wenkulumo-ze okuhloswe ngawo ukuqeda amandla i-al-Shabab ubusebenza kahle futhi ukhiqize abahlubukile abaningi, ngokusho komkhulumeli we-US Africa Command uJohn Manley, ukuthi kwakhungathekisa iziphathimandla zaseSomalia futhi kwadingeka ukuthi imiswe. UManley akazange anikeze ngezinsuku eziqondile zohlelo lwamapheshana ngaphambi kokushicilelwa, kodwa amarekhodi abonisa ukuthi lenzeka phakathi kuka-2017 no-2020.
Impumelelo yala mapheshana, nokho, igcizelela ukwehluleka kolunye uhlelo oluklanyelwe ukubandakanya abantu baseSomalia: ingosi ye-inthanethi engacacile abangayisebenzisa manje ukubika abantu abalimalayo ezitelekeni zezindiza zaseMelika.
"Amaflaya akubeka kucace ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uyakwazi ukuxhumana ngempumelelo nabaseSomalia ezindaweni ezilawulwa yi-al Shabaab uma ethanda," u-Daphne Eviatar, umqondisi wohlelo lwe-Security With Human Rights e-Amnesty International USA, etshela i-Intercept. "Ukuthi i-US ayizange idale izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuthi abantu baseSomalia abalinyazwe yizenzo zamasosha ase-US bakhulume ngezinto abahlangabezana nazo kanye nezidingo zabo kuhulumeni wase-US kuphakamisa ukuthi ukufunda nokuphendula ngendlela eyakhayo emthelela wezenzo zase-US akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ezikhulwini zase-US."
Okungaphezu kwalokho Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kokuthi i-US iqale ukuhlasela kwezindiza zokulwa nobushokobezi eSomalia, ibingekho indlela yokuthi abantu bendawo babike ngokufa kwabantu ngqo ku-Africa Command. NgoJuni odlule, lokho kwashintsha lapho i-AFRICOM ekugcineni idala i- ingosi yewebhu yezinsolo zenkundla. Kodwa kwakukhona ukubamba - empeleni, eziningana.
Udinga ikhompuyutha noma i-smartphone kanye nokufinyelela ku-inthanethi ukuze uxhumane ne-AFRICOM. Kepha iSomalia iyona izwe elinezintambo ezincane eMhlabeni, nge nje Amaphesenti amathathu abantu besebenzisa i-inthanethi njalo ngo-2017, unyaka wokugcina lapho izibalo ezinjalo zitholakala khona, ngokusho kwe-International Telecommunication Union, inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene. Lapho i-al-Shabab ibamba khona amandla, kukhona cishe akukho ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi njengoba leli qembu "linqabele izinkampani ekunikezeni i-inthanethi futhi laphoqa izinkampani zokuxhumana ukuthi zivale izinsiza zedatha ezindaweni ezilawulwa yi-al-Shabaab," ngokusho eMnyangweni Wezwe LaseMelika.
Umyalo wengeze isici kuwebhusayithi yawo esivumela ukuthi ifundwe ngolimi lwaseSomalia, kodwa โ ngaphezu kokufinyelela ku-inthanethi โ udinga ukwazi igama lesiNgisi elithi โhumushaโ futhi ulibeke kubha yamathuluzi encane phezulu Iwebhusayithi.
Imiphumela yalolu hlelo ibilokhu imbi kakhulu: I-AFRICOM ithole cishe izimpendulo ezingama-70 onyakeni odlule, okuyisikhombisa kuphela kuzo, ngokusho kukaManley, okuhlobene nokulimala kwabantu. "Ayisithupha bekumayelana nesigameko esisodwa ebesivele sisihlola, kanti esinye besimayelana nesinye isigameko ebesivele sisihlola," etshela iThe Intercept. "Zombili lezi zigameko zihlolwe ngaphandle kobufakazi."
Ubunkimbinkimbi benqubo ye-AFRICOM yokubika ngokubulawa kwabantu ku-inthanethi buhluke kakhulu endleleni elula esetshenziswa ukwenza abantu baseSomalia babe abagqugquzeli nezimpimpi zikahulumeni. Eminyakeni yakamuva, i-Special Operations Command Africa, noma i-SOCAFRICA, yaqala ukukhiqiza amapheshana enkulumo-ze ayehloselwe ukunxenxa amalungu e-al-Shabab ukuthi ahlubuke futhi akhuthaze abaseSomalia ukuthi banikeze ulwazi mayelana nezidlamlilo. Zonke zibhalwe ngesiSomalia futhi zifaka izinombolo zocingo zasendaweni ukuze uxhumane neziphathimandla.
"Lawa mapheshana akhiqizwe yi-SOCAFRICA ukuze azise abantu ngemigqa yamacebiso futhi athonye abantu bendawo ukuthi basebenzise i-tip-line," uManley etshela i-Intercept.
I-SOCAFRICA ikhiqize izinguqulo ezine kuya kwezinhlanu zamapheshana ahlukene ayisishiyagalombili, ngalinye liqondiswe ezindaweni ezithile futhi linikeza izinombolo zocingo zasendaweni zeziphathimandla zasemadolobheni aseBosaso, Galkayo, Kismayo, Mogadishu, noma Wanlaweyn. Amanye amapheshana aze anikeze nenombolo yesibili ukuze abantu bayishayele noma babhalele โusizo.โ
Ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-AFRICOM kanye ne-SOCAFRICA kutholwe ukuthi amaflaya โayesebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa babebaningi kakhulu abantu ababenamaphutha, okuholele ekumitheni ezindaweni zokuhlubuka,โ ngokusho kukaManley. "Lolu hlelo lugcine lumisiwe nguHulumeni waseSomalia kwaze kwaba yilapho izikhungo zokuhlubuka sezikwazi ukuphatha isibalo esikhulu sabahlubukile."
UManley utshele iThe Intercept ukuthi lezi zikhungo zizovulwa kabusha โuma sezigunyazwe ngokugcwele nguHulumeni waseSomalia kanye neNxusa laseMelika.โ Okhulumela uMnyango Wezwe uGregory W. Pfleger wenqabile ukuphawula, wengeza ngokuthi: โUkudluliselwa koMbuso kumele kube yiphutha.โ
Amasosha ase-US akavamile ukuvakashela isayithi ngesikhathi kuphenywa ngeziteleka zezindiza noma ukuhlasela komhlaba, futhi i-AFRICOM, kusho uManley, ayikaze ixoxisane nelungu lomndeni wesisulu sesiteleka se-drone njengengxenye yophenyo mayelana nezisulu zabantu. Amasosha cishe awakaze achaze izizathu zawo zokubalekela ukuvakashelwa kwezindawo, kodwa uma sekwenzekile, ngokusho kwabacwaningi abavela e-Columbia Law School's Human Rights Institute kanye neCentre for Civilians in Conflict, "imvamisa icaphuna izinsongo zokuphepha emabuthweni ase-US futhi. abantu bendawo. "
โOFakazi bangase benqabe ukubambisana [nophenyo] ngoba besaba ukujeziswa,โ kufunda omunye umqondisi wezempi ophathelene namasosha. ukuvikelwa kwezakhamuzi. "Imithombo yomuntu ngamunye yase-US kanye nezwe elibamba iqhaza kufanele ivikelwe ekuziphindiseleni okungenzeka."
Ubungozi kubantu abubonakali buyinkinga kakhulu ngesikhathi iSOCAFRICA isungula uhlelo lwamapheshana ecela abantu ukuthi bashayele amacebiso angabeka engcupheni yokukhishwa njengabathumbi. "Sizwile [ngamasosha ase-US] ukuthi ukuxhumana nezakhamizi mayelana nokufa kwabantu kungazibeka engcupheni yezokuphepha, okuyingozi yokuphindiselwa yi-al Shabaab," kusho uDaniel Mahanty, inhloko yohlelo lwaseMelika eCentre for Civilians. ku-Conflict, noma i-CIVIC. โFuthi lapha sinohlelo olukhuthaza lokho kanye.โ
Yize i-SOCAFRICA ikhiqize amapheshana angama-39 akhuthaza ukwethembeka kuhulumeni waseSomalia, ekhuthaza amalungu e-al-Shabab ukuthi ashiye iqembu, futhi inxusa izakhamizi zaseSomalia ukuthi zazise ngamaphekula, kubukeka sengathi zehlulekile ukukhiqiza ngisho nelilodwa ukuze kwehliswe ukubikwa kwezisulu zabantu abasuka kundiza yaseMelika. iziteleka. Izakhamizi zaseSomalia, esikhundleni salokho, zisele nengosi ye-inthanethi enzima, ngokuka-Abdullah Hassan, uMcwaningi waseSomalia kwa-Amnesty International, abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithintekile mancane amathuba okuba bazi ngayo, ingasaphathwa eyokuyisebenzisa.
Ochwepheshe babona ku-inthanethi ukubika kokulimala kwabantu njengomzamo wokuqala omuhle kodwa ithi i-United States kumele yenze okwengeziwe. "Abantu abaningi baseSomalia abakwazi ukungena kwiWebhu," kusho uChris Woods, umqondisi we-Airwars, iqembu eliqapha ukuhlasela kwezindiza ezinze e-UK, etshela i-Intercept. "Ngakho-ke kuzoba nenzuzo ku-AFRICOM ukusebenzisa imizila yendabuko efana namaflaya ukufinyelela imiphakathi ethintekile."
U-Hassan we-Amnesty futhi ubona ingosi ye-inthanethi yabantu abalimalayo ye-AFRICOM njengenzuzo kodwa waphawula ukuthi abantu abaningi abathintwe ukusebenza kwe-AFRICOM eSomalia bahlala ezindaweni ezilawulwa yi-al-Shabab, lapho iqembu livala khona ama-smartphone, okwenza kube nzima kubo ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi ngokuphepha.
"Lokhu kwenza ingosi yokubika eku-inthanethi ibe wusizo engxenyeni encane yabantu baseSomalia," kusho u-Hassan.
Ngokuphambene, amapheshana โabhalwe ngolimi lwaseSomalia futhi aqukethe izinombolo zocingo lapho amalungu omphakathi engathintana kalula neziphathimandla ukuze abike futhi abelane ngolwazi. Lokhu kuyinkomba ecacile yokuthi i-AFRICOM, kusukela ekuqaleni, yayingenaso intshisekelo yokusungula izindlela eziphephile nezifinyelelekayo zokubikela imindeni nezisulu zokusebenzela eSomalia.โ
U-Hassan uphakamise izinyathelo ezengeziwe ezengeziwe i-AFRICOM engazithatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubikwa kwabantu abalimala, okuhlanganisa nenombolo yocingo evikelekile, yamahhala evumela abantu baseSomalia ukuthi banikeze izinsolo zokulimala kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile emyalweni, kanye nendawo ebonakalayo endaweni elawulwa uhulumeni - njengenhloko-dolobha, iMogadishu - lapho kungathunyelwa khona imibiko. Uphinde wanxusa i-AFRICOM kanye nehhovisi lenxusa laseMelika eMogadishu ukuthi bafune futhi baqoqe izinsolo zokulimala komphakathi kumalungu ephalamende, abamele imindeni, nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zendawo.
I-Africa Command yenze izinyathelo zakamuva mayelana nokubeka izinto obala mayelana nemibiko yokulimala kwabantu. Ngo-Ephreli 2020, i-AFRICOM yaqala ukukhipha imibiko yekota ye-Civilian Casualty Assessment elandisa ngezinsolo nezibuyekezo. Ukuhlolwa kwakamuva komyalo, okushicilelwe ngoMashi, kuphawule ukuthi i-AFRICOM ibingakayitholi imibiko emisha yabantu abalimala phakathi nekota ephela ngoDisemba 31, 2020, futhi yavala amacala ayo amabili kwamathathu avuliwe โnjengangenabufakazi.โ Ngemuva kokuthi umbiko usuqediwe, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ukhululwe esidlangalaleni, kwavela okungenani izinsolo ezimbili zokulimala kwabantu, eziphathelene neziteleka ezenziwa ngoJanuwari 1 nangoJanuwari 19, 2021. I-AFRICOM njengamanje ihlola leyo mibiko.
"Ngisho noma siqhubeka nokucindezela amaphekula e-al-Shabaab, siyaqhubeka nokunciphisa ubungozi kubantu ngesikhathi somkhankaso wethu," kubhala uGeneral Army wase-US uStephen Townsend, umkhuzi we-AFRICOM. okokugcina umbiko wekota. "Ukwenza izinto obala, ukuthobela umthetho, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuphepha nokuzinza kuyisisekelo endleleni esisebenza ngayo."
Noma kunjalo, i-AFRICOM ike yavuma ukuthi kushone abantu abahlanu kanye nokulimala okuyisishiyagalombili okubangelwe ukuhlasela kwezindiza ezine. I-Airwars, ngokuphambene, ibika lokho kufike ku-143 izakhamizi ezibulewe ezihlaselweni ezihlukene ezingama-30 eSomalia kule minyaka engu-14 edlule.
"I-Airwars kanye nozakwethu bacele i-AFRICOM ukuthi ibuyele emuva futhi ibuyekeze kabanzi inqwaba yezinsolo zomlando ezibhekiswe kumasosha ase-US eSomalia kusukela ngo-2007," kusho uWoods. "Ukwenza kanjalo, sikholwa ukuthi, kuzothumela umyalezo ocacile wokuthi i-AFRICOM ithatha ngokungathi sรญna ukukhathazeka komphakathi waseSomalia nokuthi izimisele ukuvuma amaphutha amanje nawesikhathi esidlule."
Ukungafihli kanye nokuziphendulela bekungachazi izici zemizamo yezempi yase-US e-Afrika, kusukela ekubaleni ukulimala nokufa kwabantu kuya kumapheshana adonswa emoyeni. Ngo-2016, isibonelo, i-The Intercept yafaka isicelo se-Freedom of Information Act yamapheshana asetshenziswe emkhankasweni omelene noJoseph Kony kanye ne-Lord's Resistance Army yakhe ebulalayo. I-Special Operations Command itshele i-Intercept ukuthi ayikwazanga ukuthola noma yiziphi izimpukane, esikhundleni salokho ukuthumela iqoqo lezithombe ezincane ezilufifi. Ngaleso sikhathi, amanye amaflaya ayehleli endaweni yase-US e-Afrika, lapho ashiswa khona esikhundleni sokukhululwa ngaphansi kwe-FOIA.
Uma ukuziphendulela ngokulimala komphakathi kuyinto esemqoka ngempela, ongoti bathi i-Africa Command idinga ukulahla uhlelo lwayo lokubika olunezigaba ezimbili bese ithuthukisa okwenza kube lula kubantu baseSomalia ukutshela amasosha ase-US uma isibulele noma ilimaze izakhamuzi njengoba yenza yazisa ku-al-Shabab.
"Ngokombono wethu," u-Mahanty we-CIVIC utshele i-Intercept, "i-US kanye nohulumeni waseSomalia, futhi ngokungananazi bonke abadlali bamazwe ngamazwe abahlomile eSomalia, kufanele babe nendlela ebumbene, noma okungenani ehambisanayo, eyenza, futhi empeleni. ikhuthaza, izakhamuzi ukuthi zibike ngokuphephile izisulu zezakhamuzi futhi zilindele impendulo efanele, kuhlanganise nezinkokhelo zenduduzo lapho kunesizathu nalapho izakhamuzi zikhetha kanjalo.โ
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