Izwe laseMelika libambe iqhaza elingaziwa ekuqhunyisweni kwebhomu kuka-2017 ekamu labantu abafudukele ngaphakathi eNigeria okwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-160, iningi labo kuyizingane.
Indiza egadayo yazungeza ngaphezu kwekamu le-IDP laseRann, eyayihlalisa abantu abangu-43,000 futhi ibilawulwa amasosha aseNigeria, ngaphambi kokuthi kufike indiza eqhuma ibhomu endaweni lapho abantu bekha khona amanzi emgodini, kusho abasinde kulokhu kuhlasela. Indiza yabe isizungeza futhi yaphonsa elinye ibhomu ematendeni ezakhamuzi ezabalekile ezazikhosele lapho.
Umbutho wasemoyeni waseNigeria uzwakalise ukuzisola ngokwenza isiteleka sezindiza, nawo kwabulala abasebenzi abayisishiyagalolunye bosizo futhi kwalimala kabi abantu abangaphezu kuka-120. Kodwa lokhu kuhlasela kwabizwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi yase-US-Nigerian" embhalweni wezempi wase-US owawuyimfihlo owatholwa yi-Intercept kuphela.
Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi i-US yethule uphenyo lwangaphakathi olungakaze lubonwe mayelana nalokhu kuhlasela ngoba yahlinzeka ngezobunhloli ngasese noma okunye ukweseka amasosha aseNigeria, umnikelo owawuphawulwe yizikhulu zamasosha aseNigeria ngaleso sikhathi. Uphenyo lwase-US, okungakaze kubikwe ngalo phambilini, lwayalelwa ujenene waseMelika owengamele amasosha e-Afrika futhi lwenzelwe ukugwema imibuzo yokungalungi noma izincomo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe, ngokusho komqulu.
Kwenziwa njengengxenye ye-a umkhankaso omude wokulwa nokuvukela umbuso ngokumelene neqembu lamaphekula iBoko Haram, ukuhlaselwa kukaJanuwari 17, 2017, ekamu, eliseRann, eNigeria, eduze nemingcele yaseCameroon naseChadian, kuphinde kwacekela phansi izakhiwo ze-35, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokukhosela izisulu zempi ezazixoshwa emakhaya abo. .
Umbutho wasemoyeni waseNigeria uqhumise ngebhomu ikamu labantu abafudukele ngaphakathi - eyabe imiswe ngamasosha aseNigeria - ngoba "indawo ibingavezwanga ebalazweni elisebenza njengesizinda sokusiza abantu," ngokusho kombiko. UMaj. Gen. John Enenche, umqondisi wezokuvikela eNigeria. Ngakho-ke, kubonakale njengendawo engasetshenziselwa ngokulinganayo imisebenzi yesitha.
Izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu zaseNigeria kubuzwa amasosha angaba kanjani engayazi ikamu futhi kusolwa ukucasha. Amatende abebonakala emoyeni, ngokusho kwesithombe sesathelayithi. Ngonyaka odlule, u-Agnรจs Callamard - owayengumeluleki okhethekile we-United Nations ngaleso sikhathi mayelana nokubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kokwahlulela, isifinyezo, noma ukubulawa ngokungafanele - waphawula ubuwula besiteleka. "Ukuba khona kwamasosha eRann, indima yawo ekusunguleni ikamu kanye nokwenza lula ukusatshalaliswa kosizo lwabantu ngalolu suku, kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi," ebhala esitatimendeni. Umbiko we-2021. "Alukho uphenyo oluzimele olwenziwe."
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ngemuva kokuhlasela, i-US Africa Command yathumela ngasese Brig. Gen. Frank J. Stokes ukwenza "uphenyo ukuze kutholwe amaqiniso nezimo zesiteleka somoya esinyakazayo ('isiteleka') esiqhutshwa amasosha aseNigeria endaweni yase-Rann, eNigeria." Okutholakele akukaze kwenziwe obala.
I-AFRICOM ayizange iphendule imibuzo ye-Intercept mayelana nemiphumela yophenyo lukaStokes noma izinga lokubandakanyeka kwe-US ekuhlaselweni.
"Izisulu zomphakathi, kanye nomphakathi waseMelika nowaseNigeria, bafanelwe izimpendulo mayelana nanoma iyiphi indima yase-US kulesi siteleka esibi" kusho u-Annie Shiel, umeluleki omkhulu wase-United States e-Center for Civilians in Conflict, noma i-CIVIC. โKwakuyini ngempela ukuhileleka kwe-United States? Yimiphi imiphumela yophenyo - okuhlanganisa nokutholwa kobubi - futhi hlobo luni lwesibopho i-US evumayo ngomonakalo omkhulu odalwe?"
Okhulumela uMnyango uKelly Cahalan uthe i-AFRICOM โyayingabandakanyekiโ ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu ekamu le-IDP yase-Rann, kodwa izinhlelo eziyimfihlo nezisezingeni eliphansi ezwenikazi lase-Afrika zingenziwa yi-CIA noma i-Special Operations forces ngaphansi kwamaketanga abo okulawula. Ngenkathi i-AFRICOM ithwala umthwalo weziteleka ze-drone, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile zenziwa yi-Joint Special Operations Command, noma i-JSOC, ithimba labasebenzi.
UBrig osewathatha umhlalaphansi. U-Gen. Donald Bolduc, isikhulu se-Special Operations Command Africa ngesikhathi sesiteleka sase-Rann, utshele i-The Intercept ngo-2018 ukuthi nakuba i-JSOC kwakudingeka ixhumanise futhi ixazulule ingxabano ngendlunkulu yakhe, lokho akuzange kwenzeke njalo. โNgishayelwa ucingo othile athi, 'Wenzani kuleyo ndawo kuyilapho besingazi ukuthi ukhona?' futhi ngizothi, 'Bengingekho kuleyo ndawo, ngakho angazi,'โ kusho uBolduc ngaleso sikhathi. โKamuva, uthola ukuthi kwakuyinto ye-JSOC eyenza okuthile. Lokho kwehlisa ukwethenjwa. Akuyona into enhle.โ
Ukugadwa kwe-US nokuqoqa ubuhlakani bekuvame ukuqashwa eduze kwaseNigeria, okuhlanganisa Kundiza indiza edla izidakamizwa isuka kwamakhelwane i-Chad, ngaphezu kwe-Global Hawk ehamba ibanga elide kanye nendiza enomuntu, eyi-turbo prop, etshalwe eNigeria kusukela ngo-2014, ngokusobala ukuthungatha izingane ezithunjwe iBoko Haram.
Ezweni elingumakhelwane iNiger, i-US yandizisa ama-drones esuka Izindawo zokuhlala e- Dirkou futhi Niamey. Ngo-2016, i-Intercept yabika nge- isizinda se-drone esiyimfihlo eGaroua, eCameroon, eduze nomngcele waseNigeria, zisebenzisa ama-drones angahlola amahora angu-24, okuvumela "abahlaziyi bezobunhloli baseMelika ukuthi baqoqe imininingwane enemininingwane mayelana nokunyakaza kweBoko Haram, izimboni ezakha amabhomu, namakamu ezempi." Okuphinde kwashiwo ngamayunithi ezobunhloli aseBrithani, isiFulentshi, kanye ne-US - azinze e-Abuja, eNigeria; eMaroua, eCameroon; kanye ne-N'Djamena, e-Chad - "isebenza "njengezindawo zokuhlanza ezobunhloli ngeBoko Haram."
Ngawo lowo nyaka, inqubo i-US eyanikeza ngayo ulwazi - njengezithombe zokuqapha emoyeni - ukusiza impi yaseNigeria ngokumelene neBoko Haram yahlehliswa kusukela emasontweni amabili kuya ehoreni elilodwa, kubika i-New York Times, iphawula ngokuqondile ukuthi "izithombe ze-droneโ zanikezwa ibutho laseNigeria. Ngo-2017, i-Intercept iphinde yembula ukuthi kukhona isizinda sama-drone kanye nesikhungo sokuhlushwa esetshenziswa osonkontileka base-US eSalak, eCameroon, esifundeni somngcele osenyakatho phakathi kweNigeria neChad.
UCahalan, okhulumela i-AFRICOM, ugcizelele ukuthi i-AFRICOM ayinalo "imininingwane eyengeziwe" ngesiteleka sezindiza sase-Rann kodwa akazange aphendule umbuzo wokuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani njengoba umkhuzi wangaleso sikhathi we-AFRICOM, u-Gen. Thomas D. Waldhauser, wayeyalele isikhulu esiphezulu se-AFRICOM. ukwenza uphenyo olusemthethweni oluhlanganisa โukuqoqwa kwama-akhawunti esiteleka noma ulwazi โฆ kofakazi,โ ukuhlola imibhalo, nokuqoqa โulwazi oluzosekela noma yikuphi ukubuyekezwa kwesiteleka okulandelayo โฆ ziyakwenziwa.โ
Ukuguqulwa kombhalo, okutholwe ngaphansi koMthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi, kwenza kungenzeki ukuthola ukuthi i-US ihileleke kangakanani ekuhlaseleni kwezindiza zango-2017, kodwa imiyalelo esemthethweni kaStokes iphakamisa ukuthi i-US inikeze ubuhlakani noma okunye ukweseka amasosha aseNigeria. "Uzoqoqa futhi ulondoloze noma yiluphi ulwazi lwangemuva oluhambisana nokuqondwa okuphelele kwemisebenzi yase-US-Nigerian efana nalesi siteleka," ufunda lo mbhalo. Igunya likaStokes lalihlanganisa nophenyo lokuthi i-US yabelana kanjani ngolwazi namasosha aseNigeria, izimiso eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwayo, kanye โnezinqubo zokubika ngemva kwesenzo lapho ulwazi olwabiwe lusetshenziswa esitelekeni (isb, imibiko yokuhlola umonakalo wempi).โ
Uphenyo olusemthethweni lokuhlasela kwendiza kazakwethu wase-Afrika beluyivelakancane, uma bekungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili, futhi lukhombisa ukuthi lokhu bekungekona ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okujwayelekile kwaseNigeria okungahambanga kahle. Owayeyisikhulu sePentagon esinolwazi ekuphenyweni kwezigameko zokushona kwabantu, okhulume neThe Intercept ngesimo sokudalulwa, uthe akakaze ahlangane nophenyo lwase-US mayelana nokuhlasela kwezindiza kozakwabo.
Ku-2017 iphrojekthi ekhethekile yophenyo ye-The Cable yaseNigeria - Umthombo wezindaba osekelwa yiMacArthur Foundation - intatheli uMayowa Tijani ubike ukuthi umkhuzi wezempi wesifunda, Gen. Lucky Irabor (manje Isikhulu sezokuvikela eNigeria), "uvumile ukuthi wayala ukuba kuhlaselwe eRann, ngokusekelwe kulwazi olutholiwe." Nakuba u-Irabor engadalulanga umthombo wobunhloli, uTijani wabhala ukuthi โumthombo wezempi omkhuluโ uphakamise ukuthi uvela โkwelinye lamazwe anamandla entshonalanga.โ
"Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi i-US ivume futhi ibhekane nokulimala kwabantu okudalwe ekusebenzeni ngokubambisana," uBrian Finucane, umeluleki omkhulu we-International Crisis Group kanye nowayengumeluleki wezomthetho eMnyangweni Wezwe, etshela i-Intercept. "Uma amasosha ase-US ebambisene namasosha aseNigeria noma ehlinzeka ngosizo oluphathekayo, bebengaba nesizathu sokukhathazeka ngalesi siteleka."
Ekuqaleni konyaka, I-Intercept yambulwa indlela ukuhlolwa okuhloswe ngayo kwe-US kwelinye amasosha ahlangene kwaholela ekuhlaseleni kwezindiza zango-2015 efektri yebhomu ye-ISIS e-Hawija, e-Iraq, eyathinta ukuqhuma kwesibili, kwashona okungenani izakhamuzi ze-85. Ngemuva kwalokho kuhlasela kwezindiza zaseDashi, isikhulu esiqondiswe ku-US Central Command wagcizelela ukuthi ukuhlasela kwenziwe yile ncwadi, okuhlanganisa "isilinganiso somonakalo owenziwe ngaphambili," noma i-CDE. "Lolu bekuwucingo olunembe ngokuphelele lwe-CDE," egcizelela, egcizelela ukuthi "I-CDE Methodology ayibali ukuqhuma kwesibili."
Abekho abantu baseMelika abathweswe icala ngokufa kwabantu esitelekeni saseHawija, ngokuhambisana nenqwaba yokuhlaselwa okuvela Somalia kuya Libya futhi kusuka Syria kuya Yemen ukuthi i IPentagon yehlulekile ukuphenya noma uphinde uphenye naphezu kwezinsolo zokulimala kwabantu. Ngasekuqaleni konyaka, u-Rep. Sara Jacobs, D-Calif., ubuze ukuthi ngabe uMnyango Wezokuvikela uhlela ukubheka kabusha izinsolo zokulimala kwabantu emacaleni okuvele kuwo ubufakazi obusha.
โOkwamanje,โ kuphendula uNobhala Wezokuvikela u-Lloyd Austin, โasinayo inhloso yokuphinda simangalele amacala.โ (Maduze u-Austin kulindeleke ukuthi asayine Imemorandamu osekunesikhathi ilindelwe Yokuthuthukisa Ukuncishiswa Kokulimala Komphakathi kanye Nempendulo ayiyalile ngemuva kokuthi amahlazo okubulawa kwabantu ukuthi washaya iPentagon ngonyaka odlule.)
Mayelana nokuhlasela kwe-Nigerian ekamu le-IDP, uStokes wayalwa ukuthi angagxili โkunoma yimuphi umuntu noma inhlangano ebambe iqhaza kulesi sitelekaโ noma โenze izincomo mayelana nanoma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe okufanele zithathwe.โ Uphinde wafakwa ozankosi ngokusemthethweni mayelana nokuziphendulela. โAwunalo igunya lokuphoqelela ubufakazi obungaba yicala obuvela kunoma yiliphi ilungu Lesevisi, isisebenzi esivamile sase-US, izisebenzi zenkontileka ezeseka imisebenzi yase-US, noma ibutho lezempi lakwamanye amazwe,โ kufundeka igunya lakhe.
Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, i-US yavuma ukudayisa izindiza zempi zaseNigeria eziyi-12 zeSuper Tucano, okuhlanganisa nezinkulungwane zamabhomu namarokhethi, ukuze zisetshenziswe. $ 593 million, okwaba ukudayiswa kwezempi okukhulu kunawo wonke e-US e-sub-Saharan Africa. โLezi zindiza ezintsha zizothuthukisa ikhono laseNigeria lokubhekana namaphekula kanye vikela izakhamizi,โ kusho uTrump emhlanganweni we-White House wango-2018 noBuhari.
"Isiteleka ekamu le-IDP senzeka ngoJanuwari 2017, futhi vele ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, uhulumeni wase-US wagunyaza ukudayiswa kwezinye izindiza ... kuhulumeni waseNigeria."
"Umugqa wesikhathi uyamangaza," kusho uLauren Woods, umqondisi weSecurity Assistance Monitor eCentre for International Policy, etshela i-Intercept. "Isiteleka ekamu le-IDP senzeka ngoJanuwari 2017, futhi vele ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, uhulumeni wase-US wagunyaza ukudayiswa kwezindiza eziningi - indiza ye-Super Tucano nezikhali - kuhulumeni waseNigeria."
Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali noma ukubulawa kwabantu kwakungeyona i-anomalies yenkathi kaTrump. Ngo-Ephreli 2021, a Indiza enophephela emhlane yezempi yaseNigeria kubikwa ukuthi yethuliwe ukuhlaselwa kwemizi ngokungakhethi, amapulazi, nesikole ngomzamo wokuteleka โizigelekeqe.โ NgoSepthemba odlule, kulandela ukuphika kokuqala, iNigerian Air Force yavuma ukuthi yahlasela idolobhana eliseSifundazweni SaseYobe, kwashona abantu abangu-10 kwalimala abanye abangu-20. Kepha kule ntwasahlobo, i-US ivume okungenzeka $ 1 billion ukuthengiswa kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezihlaselayo eziyi-12 kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuhlobene nemishini eNigeria.
"Njengoba i-US iqhubeka nokujulisa usizo lwayo lwezokuphepha eNigeria, okuhlanganisa nokudayiswa kwezikhali kwakamuva, sidinga nokucaca okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuvimbela nokusabela ekulimaleni kwabantu kusetshenziswa usizo lwase-US," kusho uShiel we-CIVIC. โKuze kube manje, uhulumeni wase-US awukazinikezi izimpendulo ezanelisayo. ICongress kufanele ifune lezi zimpendulo esidlangalaleni. "
Ngalo Febhuwari, iNigerian Air Force ihlasela "izigelekeqe" eziningi ngaphesheya nje komngcele eNiger wabulala izakhamizi ze-12, eziyisikhombisa kubo izingane. Ngasekuqaleni kwale nyanga, iNigerian Air Force iphinde yaqhumisa izakhamuzi ngamabhomu edolobhaneni laseKakuna, kwashona okungenani oyedwa kwalimala abangu-13.
โUmcimbi obuhlungu we-Rann, nowesikhathi samanje air Izimpi, igcizelela isidingo sokuba amabutho ahlomile aseNigeria athuthukise ukukhomba kwawo kanye nokusebenzisana emoyeni ukuze ahlasele emoyeni ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi zabantu,โ kusho u-Will Meeker, umqondisi wase-Afrika ku-CIVIC. "I-CIVIC ikhuthaza amasosha ukuthi enze imikhuba yokunciphisa, ukulandela umkhondo kanye nokusabela ekulimaleni kwabantu, okuhlanganisa nokuhlinzeka izisulu nezisulu nemindeni yazo."
Naphezu kokubambisana kwezokuphepha okweminyaka engu-20, lapho iMelika ihlomile futhi yaqeqesha amasosha aseNigeria, umbutho wezokuphepha wezwe laseNtshonalanga Afrika uhlulekile ukunqoba iBoko Haram, ebilokhu ilwa kusukela ngo-2009; inhlangano ye-Islamic State; futhi ezihlukahlukene amaqembu โizigebenguโ amasosha. Amasosha aseNigeria nawo ajwayele ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu, ngokusho kwe-a umbiko okhishwe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka yiCentre for Human Rights and Humanitarian Studies yaseBrown University, i-Security Assistance Monitor e-Center for International Policy, kanye ne-InterAction.
"INigeria ibhekane nezingqinamba eziningi ngonyaka odlule, njengoba i-ISIS-West Africa iqhubeka nokubhekana nabezokuphepha, ishaqa impahla - okuhlanganisa izimoto ezihlomile, izikhali, nezinhlamvu - futhi yandise ukusebenza kwayo," kusho uMkhuzi we-AFRICOM ongena. ULt. Gen. Michael Langley muva nje utshele iSenate Armed Services Committee. "Lokhu kuphazamise ukulungela namandla ebutho laseNigeria." Around Bangu-350,000 abantu abashonile ngenxa yengxabano enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNigeria.
URyan Essman, iPhini lomkhulumeli ku-Bureau of State Department of African Affairs, uthe i-US "ijwayele ukuxhumana ne-Armed Forces yaseNigeria ukuze kuqiniswe ukuvikelwa komphakathi kanye nemikhuba yamalungelo abantu ngokusebenzisa imizamo yethu yombutho wezokuphepha efuna ukudala amandla esimanje futhi asebenzayo. .โ Kodwa uMnyango Wezwe wakamuva kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwamalungelo abantu ithole imibiko ethembekile yokubulawa kwabantu okungekho emthethweni nokube ingekho emthethweni, ukunyamalala ngenkani, kanye nempatho enonya, engenabuntu, noma eyehlisa isithunzi noma isijeziso, phakathi kobunye ubugebengu obuningi, obuqhutshwa uhulumeni waseNigeria.
U-Essman uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi i-US "yayingabandakanyeki" ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu eRann ngo-2017.
Abazibonele bachaza ngokuthola inqwaba yama-ball bearings kulandela ukuqhuma kwebhomu. Izithombe zabashonile nabalimele, ngokombiko kaCallamard, nazo โzabonisa amanxeba amakhulu namancane, ahambisana nokudutshulwa kwezinhlamvu ezisekelwe ngamabhola.โ Izinsolo zokuthi kwasetshenziswa lezi zikhali "zimbi kakhulu," kuphawula uCallamard, futhi "bekumele ziphenywe ngokuzimela."
Ochwepheshe bathi uhulumeni waseMelika udinga ukuphumela obala ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe esitelekeni sezindiza saseRann - nezinye izigameko ezifanayo emhlabeni jikelele okungenzeka ukuthi i-US igcina imfihlo.
"Ngicabanga ukuthi lesi sibonelo siphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi, lapho i-US ihlinzeka ngezikhali nemishini engasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela, futhi uma inikeza ubuhlakani obukwazisa lokho kuhlasela, yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo okufanele ibe nayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi lawo makhono nolwazi lusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele. futhi ngokucophelela?โ isikhulu sangaphambili sePentagon sitshele iThe Intercept. "I-US ihlinzeka ngezikhali eziningi emhlabeni wonke kunanoma ngubani futhi sinikeza ukuqeqeshwa nokweluleka ngokusetshenziswa kwazo, kodwa sisahlinzeka ngosizo oluncane kakhulu lokweluleka noma amakhono okusiza ozakwethu ukugwema ukulimaza izakhamuzi."
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