Umthombo: The Intercept
Ngo-September 19, 2001, Amaphoyisa e-CIA aqoqa amakhadibhodi agcwele $ 3 million in izikweletu ezingabalulekile ze-$100 ukuthenga izinduna zempi zase-Afghan, ukuqala impendulo yezempi yaseMelika ekuhlaselweni kwe-9/11. Ngemva kosuku, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wema phambi kweCongress futhi wamemezela “ukulwa nokuthuthumela” lokho “bekungeke kuphele kuze kube yilapho wonke amaqembu amaphekula afinyelela emhlabeni wonke esetholakele, emiswa, futhi enqotshiwe.”
Eminyakeni engu-20-plus eyalandela, ithebhu yaleyo ngxabano, eyaqala e-Afghanistan kodwa yasakazeka emhlabeni wonke ukuze Burkina Faso, Iraq, Libya, Mali, Niger, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, kanye Yemen, selifinyelele ngaphezu kwalokho $ 6 isigidintathu. Umvuzo ube mubi: Kuze kube manje, impi isibulele cishe 900,000 abantu, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-350,000 XNUMX; baxoshwa abaningi njengoba 60 abayizigidi ezingu; futhi kwaholela ku izinhlekelele zobuntu futhi ukunqotshwa okubi kakhulu kwezempi yase-U.S kusukela ngeMpi yaseVietnam. Imali yaseMelika yakhe amabutho anawo Ukuwad or sekuhwamukile lapho bephonselwa inselelo; Okwamanje, inani lamaqembu amaphekula angaphandle emhlabeni wonke has ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kusuka ku-32 kuya ku-69.
"Amasu okulwa nobuphekula abhekana nezimbangela zobuphekula, hhayi izinhlangano nabantu abawenzayo, angaqeda amagagasi odlame lwamaphekula."
Akumele kube ngale ndlela, ngokusho kocwaningo olusha lwezindlela zokulwa nobushokobezi ezivela ku-Brown University's Costs of War Project. “Ubuphekula buyisenzakalo sezombangazwe,” kubhala umcwaningi uJennifer Walkup Jayes kwethi “Ngale KweParadigm Yempi: Yini Umlando Ositshelayo Ngokuthi Imikhankaso Yamaphekula Iphela Kanjani,” okwabelwane ngayo ngokukhethekile ne-The Intercept ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwayo ngoLwesibili. "Amasu okulwa nobuphekula abhekana nezimbangela zobuphekula, kunezinhlangano nabantu abawenzayo, angaqeda amagagasi odlame lwamaphekula."
Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kubonise ukuthi kunezindlela ezifakazelwe, ezisebenzayo zokusheshisa ukushabalala kwezinhlangano zamaphekula, ngokusho kombiko kaWalkup Jayes. Kepha "i-paradigm yempi," obekuwukusuka endleleni yangaphambilini yokuphoqelela umthetho yaseMelika yokulwa nobushokobezi, akuyona enye yazo.
Okunye ukuhlola okusha kwamaqembu ezidlamlilo angu-648 okwashiwo yi-Walkup Jayes kuphawula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela amaqembu amaphekula anqotshwa ngemizamo yezempi. Imaphi ama-eggheads enhliziyo eyophayo, wesokunxele, wezinyo lendlovu afinyelela kulesi siphetho? I Ucwaningo lwe-2008 yaqhutshwa yi-RAND Corporation, ithangi lezempi lokucabanga, lapho izindleko zempi yokulwa namaphekula zazisencane. $ 752 billion.
"E-Iraq nase-Afghanistan," uBush wathi ngawo lowo nyaka, “sibeka incazelo ecacile yempumelelo: Impumelelo izofika lapho i-Al Qaeda ingenayo indawo ephephile kulawo mazwe futhi abantu bengazivikela ebuphekula. Impumelelo izofika lapho i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan sezisebenza kahle kwezomnotho. Impumelelo izofika lapho i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan kuyimibuso yentando yeningi ezibusa ngempumelelo futhi isabela entandweni yabantu bayo. Impumelelo izofika lapho i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan zibambisene abanamandla nabanamandla empini yokulwa namaphekula. "
Namuhla, i-Al Qaeda namanje okwamanje e-Afghanistan. Umlandeli wayo, i-Islamic State, iyasebenza Afghanistan futhi Iraq. Futhi akukho kulokhu izizwe is a intando yeningi or umnotho, njengoba i-Afghanistan manje inyakaza onqenqemeni lokuwa komnotho futhi ibuswa ngu kakhulu umbuso ukuthi uBush wamsusa esikhundleni ngo-2001.
Ongoti bathi lesi sigameko sokwehluleka besingagwenywa kakhulu. "Ungasibona ngeso lengqondo isimo, ngemuva kwe-9/11, lapho ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwathathwa njengenkinga yobulungiswa bobugebengu," kusho uStephanie Savell, umqondisi-jikelele we-Costs of War Project, ephawula ukuthi i-FBI kanye ne-CIA kungenzeka. wahola umzamo ngomgomo wokubopha, ukushushisa, nokubopha u-Osama bin Laden nabanye ababehlela ukuhlasela.
Ngenkathi ephawula ukuthi Umbiko Wezindleko Zempi ugqamisa izithiyo kule ndlela, u-Savell utshele i-Intercept ukuthi bekungaba nezinguquko. “Ubungeke ubone iminyaka engu-20 yezingxabano kanye nalokhu kumoshwa kwezinsiza ngendlela emangalisayo,” kusho yena. "Ukusabela kwe-US bekungeke kuholele kulokhu kwanda, kwempi nodlame oluzala impi nodlame olwengeziwe."
Imali esetshenziswe ku-paradigm yempi esikhundleni salokho yabelwa izinkinga ezinkulu zokuphepha zezwe. I-Walkup Jayes idonsela ukunaka engcupheni yenkinga yesimo sezulu emhlabeni, iqiniso lokuthi ukuntuleka komshwalense wezempilo kubulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-45,000 ngonyaka, kanye nobhubhane lweCovid-19 olungagcinanga nje ngokuholela ekufeni kwabantu abacishe babe yisigidi saseMelika kodwa. futhi yembula isimo esidabukisayo sokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwase-U.S. “Iqiniso liwukuthi ubumpofu, ukucwasa, nokunye ukungalingani kwesakhiwo kubangela usongo olukhulu kakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu kunokuhlasela kwamaphekula. "Lezi zinsongo ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu abaningi kakhulu kunamaqembu ezidlamlilo asebenzisa amaqhinga amaphekula, futhi kunezinqubomgomo ezingenzeka zokubhekana nazo."
Konke kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi bekungaba yini ukube isabelomali sempi yokulwa namaphekula besiphinde sahloswa. “Ukube uhulumeni wase-US usebenzise ngisho ingxenye yezigidigidi eziyisi-8 zamaRandi asetshenziswa futhi wabophezeleka ezimpini zangemva kwe-9/11 kwezinye izinqubomgomo zasekhaya ukukhuthaza impilo nenhlalakahle yomphakathi noma ukunciphisa imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, lokho bekuzoholela ekutheni ukuphepha kwabantu okunenjongo kakhulu kuleli lizwe,” kusho u-Savell etshela i-Intercept.
"Ngaphandle KweParadigm Yempi" ibeka izindlela eziyi-10 ezihlukile, nakuba kwesinye isikhathi zigqagqene, zokulwa nobushokobezi esikhundleni sezempi yaseMelika. Lokhu kubandakanya imodeli yokugcinwa komthetho, ethembele emaphoyiseni kanye nohlelo lwezobulungiswa; ukusebenzisa imiyalezo yomphakathi nemikhankaso yabezindaba ukufiphaza imibono eqinile; ukubhekana nezimbangela zobuphekula ngokuxhasa ngezimali imiklamo yentuthuko kanye namaqembu osizo; kanye nemodeli “yokuphepha kwabantu” ephelele, "ehlose ukunika amandla amaqembu ancishwe amalungelo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ... okwenza ubuphekula bube yisu elingaphoqeleli kakhulu lokwenza izinguquko."
UHeather Brandon-Smith, umqondisi wezomthetho wezempi kanye namalungelo abantu weKomidi Labangane Lemithetho Kazwelonke, iqembu lamaQuaker, uthi "Beyond the War Paradigm" ibalulekile ekufundiseni amalungu eCongress, amaningi awo angena kuhulumeni ngemuva kwe-9/11, mayelana nezinye izindlela zesu laseMelika elingasebenzi kodwa osekunesikhathi eside likhona. "Sibe neminyaka engama-20 yokulwa nobuphekula kubonakala ngempi," etshela i-Intercept. “Lo mbiko omusha wethula izinketho ezahlukene futhi ukhombisa ukuthi izixazululo zesikhathi eside, ezingezona ezezempi yizona ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukwenza ucwaningo nobufakazi bubekwe ngendlela ecace kangaka kubaluleke kakhulu. Ihlinzeka ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze ube nengxoxo neCongress kanye nabaphathi be-Biden mayelana nokuthi bangawathola kanjani la mathuluzi angewona awezempi, abalulekile ekulweni nobuphekula ngempumelelo. "
Ngonyaka owodwa odlule, i-White House yabeka imikhawulo yesikhashana ezitelekeni ze-drone kanye nokuhlasela kwama-commando ngaphandle kwezindawo zempi ezivamile. Abaphathi baqalise ukubuyekezwa kwemishini enjalo futhi baqala ukubhala “ibhuku lokudlala” elisha ukuze lilawule imisebenzi yokulwa nobuphekula. Leyo nqubomgomo, okwakuhlelelwe ukuthi izokhishwa eminyakeni engama-20 ka-9/11, ibambezelekile njengoba I-White House ibhekane nenkinga yokuhoxiswa kwesiphithiphithi kwamasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan kanye nesiteleka sokugcina “sokulunga” sendizamtjhini. izwe ukuthi IPentagon yaphoqeleka ukuthi ivume ukuthi kubulawe izakhamizi kuphela, iningi labo izingane.
I-White House ngeke inikeze ngisho nolwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesimo sokubuyekezwa kokulwa nobushokobezi nokuthi nini - noma - abaphathi bangase baveze izinqubomgomo zabo ezintsha. "Silokhu sihlola isimo sethu sokulwa nobushokobezi emhlabeni wonke futhi senza izinguquko njengoba kudingeka," kusho isikhulu esiphezulu sezokuphatha sitshele i-Intercept.
Muva nje, amaReps. Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., noBarbara Lee, D-Calif., babize okungaphezu “kokulungisa.” "Izinsongo ezinkulu kwezokuphepha zaseMelika - izifo eziwubhubhane, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukugunyazwa - azikwazi ukunqotshwa ngombhobho wesibhamu. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi uyeke ukuthembela encwadini yokudlala endala futhi esikhundleni salokho sakhe inqubomgomo yezangaphandle esebenzela abantu bansuku zonke,” babhale encwadini. esihlokweni bememezela isinqumo sikaKhongolose abasethule. “Izinselelo ezinkulu zokuphepha zanamuhla azikwazi ukuxazululwa nge-adventurism yezempi. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuxoxisana, intuthuko, kanye nokwakha ukuthula - hhayi amabhomu - kufanele kube amathuluzi wenqubomgomo yangaphandle izwe elifinyelela kuzo kuqala. "
Abanye ochwepheshe bacele inqubomgomo eyingxube egcina amandla akhona ezempi kodwa egcizelela kakhulu ezinye izindlela. U-Luke Hartig, umqondisi ophezulu wokulwa nobuphekula kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke e-Obama White House futhi manje osebenza naye ohlelweni Lokuvikeleka Lwamazwe Ngamazwe lwaseNew America, ucele “indlela yawo wonke amathuluzi wokulwa nobuphekula” ehlanganisa umthetho, ukuphepha emngceleni, ubuhlakani, okuqondiswe kuxhaso lwamaphekula, ubambiswano lwangaphandle, nokuphikisa imibono eyingozi, kanye nemisebenzi yezempi.
"Sisebenzise izinsiza ezingaphezulu kwezimpendulo zethu zezempi futhi sasebenzisa izinsiza ezingaphansi ngezinhlelo zethu zomphakathi."
“Sisebenzise izinsiza ezingaphezulu kwezimpendulo zethu zezempi futhi sasebenzisa izinsiza ezingaphansi ngezinhlelo zethu zomphakathi,” etshela i-Intercept. "Angicabangi ukuthi ukuqeda impi yaphakade kusho ukuqeda yonke imisebenzi yezempi ngokumelene namaqembu amaphekula, kodwa kusho ukushintshela kumbono oholwa abantu. Lokho kusho ukutshala imali eningi ezintweni ezifana nokulwa nobudlova nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo. Kusho ukuthunyelwa kwe-savvy diplomacy ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinjongo zokulwa nobuphekula. Futhi kusho ukuzimisela ukuthembela ezivikelweni zethu ukuze sivikele izwe kunokuba sibhekise ngokubulala zonke izinsongo esizibona emhlabeni. "
I-"Beyond the War Paradigm" igcwele imiphumela ethokozisayo evela ezifundweni zezempi, njengokuxhumana phakathi kwesilinganiso sobulili obungalingani phakathi kwabantu abasha kanye nobuphekula kanye neqiniso lokuthi imfundo enhlanganweni yabantu "inganikeza ukugonywa ngokumelene nemibono enobudlova, ikakhulukazi leyo eqondiswe kubo. abanye ngezizathu zobuzwe noma zenkolo,” kanye nokusikisela kokuthi ucwaningo olunjalo lungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yomhlaba wangempela wokulwa nobuphekula. Sekukonke, igcizelela lokho okubonakala kusobala okuvela embikweni weWorld Bank weWorld Development ka-2011, oqokonyiswe ngu-Walkup Jayes, ukuthi nokho kubonakala sengathi baphunyukile ezikhundleni zokuphatha zomongameli abane kanye namakhulu abashayamthetho eminyakeni engaphezu kwengama-20: Udlame lombuso ngendlela yokuhlasela. , umsebenzi, nengcindezelo iwumgogodla wesizathu samaqembu amaphekula.
"Besisendaweni ehluke kakhulu ukube sashushisa ukuhlaselwa kuka-9/11 njengezenzo zobugebengu futhi sikubiza ngokuthi usuku," kusho u-Walkup Jayes etshela i-Intercept. “Umbono wempi ubangele ukuthi abantu abengeziwe bathathe izikhali balwe ne-United States futhi bandise nokusekelwa kwamaqembu amaphekula impi eyayihlose ukuwaqeda. Ngakho-ke uma inhloso yakho kuwukuvimbela ngempela ubuphekula, ukubheja kwakho okuhle ukusiza ukukhuthaza ukuphepha namalungelo abantu, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi abantu banokufinyelela izinsiza abazidingayo. "
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