Ngasekupheleni kuka-1936, uGeorge Orwell, njengabanye abaningi abasebasha abavela eYurophu nase-USA, wahamba wayokulwa nobufascism eSpain. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1937 waqaphela ukuthi wayesempini engenazo izinhlangothi ezimbili kodwa ezintathu. I-USSR yayibambe inguquko egcwele yaseSpain ngenkathi ihlasela ama-socialists kanye nama-anarchists ngaphandle kokulawula kwayo.
Ebhekene nejele kanye nokubulawa okungenzeka ngokwakhe, hhayi kuma-fascists, kodwa amabutho ahlangene namaSoviet, u-Orwell wabaleka eSpain. Umkhuzi wakhe oseduze, uGeorges Kopp, waboshwa, futhi umholi webutho lakhe lezempi, u-Andres Nin, wahlushwa futhi wabulawa inxusa lamaphoyisa omshoshaphansi kaStalin. U-Orwell wayezochitha impilo yakhe yonke ezama ukucacisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sakhe kwesokunxele kwakusho kokubili izinhloso ezizibophezele kumalungelo abantu, ukulingana, nobulungiswa kanye nabasekeli be-Stalinism eyayiphikisana nazo zonke lezo zinto.
Wabhala ngemva kokubuyela e-England:
Ngesikhathi ngisuka e-Barcelona ngoJuni amajele ayegcwele amathafaโฆ Kodwa iphuzu okufanele siliqaphele ukuthi abantu ababoshiwe manje akubona amaFascist kodwa bangamavukelambuso; bakhona hhayi ngoba imibono yabo ingaphezu kweKunene, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bakwesobunxele kakhulu. Futhi abantu abanesibopho sokuwabeka lapho kukhona... amakhomanisi.
Abanye be-pro-Stalin kwesokunxele bakholelwa inkulumo-ze enelanga nge-USSR futhi abanye babo babazi kangcono kodwa bahamba nombono we-Stalinist wokuthi kufanele uphule amaqanda ambalwa ukuze wenze i-omelet, ukuthi ama-gulags namanga nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwakuyinani lentengo. yethikithi lokuya kuhlobo oluthile lwe-utopia olwaluzofika ngokushesha ngemva kokuba konke okunye sekuchithiwe. Kukhona ukungezwani okufanayo ngakwesobunxele sesikhathi sethu, okusobala futhi okungavamile ukukhulunywa ngaso.
Siyini isinxele? Ngifisa ukwazi. Lapho iRussian Federation ihlasela i-Ukraine ngoFebhuwari 24, 2022, iqiniso lokuthi umkhakha othile walokho okufanele kube ngakwesobunxele uxolelwe, ulungisiswe, noma ugxiliswe umbuso kaPutin, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwakuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi โushiyeโ sekuyisikhathi eside. kwakusho isikhwama sokubamba esigcwele ukuphikisana. Kamuva kwafika โamamashi okuthulaโ ayephikisana ngokuthi i-US kufanele ihoxise ukwesekwa futhi i-Ukraine kufanele izinikele.
Izindaba zakamuva mayelana nale mikhakha yesokunxele kuhulumeni waseShayina kanye nokubukela phansi ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu ziyisikhumbuzo sokuthi lena inkinga eqhubekayo ethatha izinhlobo eziningi. Ngibone ukuphikwa kokubulawa kohlanga phakathi kwalokhu kwesokunxele: ukuthethelela amaShayina endabeni yabantu base-Uyghur, ethethelela ukuhlasela kanye nokunqotshwa kweTibet, ephika iHolodomor - ukubulawa kwabantu baseSoviet ngendlala eyabangelwa indlala ngawo-1930 e-Ukraine - ngisho ukugezwa okumhlophe enkathini yePol Pot eCambodia, futhi ehambisana no-Assad njengoba elwa impi enonya nabantu baseSyria.
Kufanele kube isicelo esinesizotha ukucela ukuthi โabashiyweโ bangasho abasekeli bemibuso yobukhosi abacwile egazini labantu babo. Kepha abantu namaqembu nama-ajenda aqoqwe ndawonye njengoba kwesobunxele akuqukethe nje ukuphikisana kodwa nezitha ezifungayo. Abanye abantu abakhuluma kakhulu ngo-Pro-Putin manje sebeyingxenye yelungelo; abanye baqhubeka nokubanga ingubo yesokunxele, bebuza umbuzo wokuthi yini inxele.
Lokhu ungakubiza nje ngenkinga ye-nomenclature. Beka kanjalo, kungase kubonakale kuyinkinga encane, kodwa ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa nokuchaza umehluko kungaba enkulu. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule ngasho endodeni esebenzela umkhankaso ka-Elizabeth Warren wokuba umongameli, ngesikhathi yona kanye nomkhankaso bebhekene nokuhlaselwa okuningi okuvela kubantu ababezithatha njengesahlulelo sangempela, โKunjengokungathi sabiza umlilo namanzi igama elifanayo.โ
Mhlawumbe igama lesinxele/lesokudla elisuka kuNguquko yesiFulentshi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kamuva, selidlulile ekubeni nalo. (E-French National Assembly ka-1789, amalungu obukhosi ayehlala kwesokudla, ama-radicals ngakwesobunxele, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwavela imigomo.) Inxele engiyithandayo lizibophezele ngentshiseko kumalungelo abantu bonke kanye nokulingana okuphelele futhi ngokuvamile ligxile ukunyakaza kwamalungelo, okuhlanganisa nenhlangano yamalungelo abantu abamnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi ngike ngicabange ngenguqulo yamanje yase-US njengenguqulo yezinsuku zokugcina ye-Rainbow Coalition ka-Jesse Jackson.
Uthingo lwashiya itende elikhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokuvamile lamukeleka kakhudlwana, ake sithi, izinto ezifana nenkoloโphela, isonto labaNsundu laba nendima enkulu kuleyo nhlangano, uCesar Chavez noDorothy Day babephakathi kwabalandeli benkolo bamaKatolika abashisekayo emlandweni waseMelika. , futhi ingokomoya Lomdabu liwumgogodla emikhankasweni eminingi yamalungelo omhlaba nesimo sezuluโkuyilapho abaningi abashisekeli bendabuko ngokuvamile beyidelela inkolo ehleliwe.
Ngingaphikisa ukuthi ngenxa yokuqonda kwayo okuhlanganayo kwazo zombili izinkinga nezisombululo, lokhu okusele kugqame kakhuluโokubandakanya wonke umuntu, ukulingana ngokwedluleleโkunalabo abaphatha ubuhlanga nobulili njengento engafanele noma iziphazamiso (okuhlanganisa namadoda, asuka kuRalph Nader ngo-2000 kuqhubeke. , abebekade bengawathandi amalungelo okuzala njengobulungiswa obubalulekile bezomnotho kanye nendaba yamalungelo). Mhlawumbe kubhekwa njengento encane kakhulu ngoba i-bellicosity ivame ukubhekwa njengesilinganiso sokuqina komuntu.
Ngokunjalo, lolu thingo olushiyiwe luvamise ukuba nezinhloso ezinqala kodwa lunengqondo mayelana nokuthi lungazifeza kanjani. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi kuhlanganisa abantu abaningi okubaluleke kakhulu kubo izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle kanye namalungelo ayisisekelo ukuze baphile, abantu abasetshenziselwa ukuyekethisa, njengokungatholi abakufunayo noma ukukuthola ngokwandayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Konke noma lutho ukuhlanzeka ngokuvamile kusho ukukhetha into engeyona esihogweni kwabasengozini futhi ngikutshele-ngakho kwabakhululekile.
Leyo yi-Rainbow Coalition-ish esele; enye esele inokuphikisana okuthile nonxiwankulu bezinkampani kanye nezempi yase-US, kodwa izimiso zokusebenza ezihluke kakhulu. Ivamise ukuzizwa ihlehla ezinhlosweni zayo nasemibonweni yayo, okuhlanganisa lokho engikucabanga njengokuyisisekelo sezomnotho, umbono wokuthi isigaba sikweqa konke okunye (futhi ngokuvamile umbono ophusile wesigaba sabasebenzi njengomsebenzi wezimboni wamadoda kunokuba abokufika yonke indawo kusukela kumasaluni ezinzipho kuya kuhlelo lokusebenza. -imisebenzi yokulethwa kwezidingo ezindaweni zezolimo).
Leli elinye elisele livame ukugxila ezonweni ezinkulu ze-United States futhi lingazinaki noma liphika lezo zezinye izizwe, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingqubuzana ne-USA, zigxeka impiriyali ekhaya kodwa ithethelela phesheya (futhi ngokusobala ibona usizo lwase-US e-Ukraine ngokusebenzisa I-lens yokuhlasela kweMelika e-Iraq naseVietnam kunendima ebaluleke kakhulu yase-US kumbimbi lwaseYurophu ngokumelene neJalimane ne-Italy eMpini Yezwe Yesibili). Ivamise ukwamukela noma yimuphi umbuso noma umholi ophikisana ne-US, noma ngabe lokho kusho ukuhambisana nokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu okungathi sรญna nokungalingani, njengokungathi izono zomunye zisuliwe noma zasusa izono zomunye. Ivamise ukufuthelana ngokumelene namaDemocrats ngaphezu kwamaRepublican.
Lokhu kuba ukwehla okushelelayo lapho amanye amadoda amhlophe anomsindo eminyakeni embalwa edlule aye ashibilika ukuze abe sobala kunokuba abavikeli abaqondile belungelo. Bavame ukwenza kanjalo ngokuhlasela abamelene belungelo egameni lesimiso esithile esingacacile esivele senzeka ukuze sikhonze okulungile; ngaleyo ndlela bangenza sengathi abalisebenzi i-Republican Party kodwa bathola iphutha, ngokuphindaphindiwe, kuwo wonke umuntu oliphikisayo.
Ukuhlasela kombuso kaPutin e-Ukraine kwaveza ezinye zezingxabano zakudala kulokho okuyikho nekufanele kube yikho. Abambalwa abantu abathi bagqoke ingubo yesokunxele sekunesikhathi eside bengabalandeli bakaPutin naseRussia. U-Putin, yiqiniso, ungumgunyazi, i-oligarch efuthelwa nge-petroleum okungenzeka kube nguye umuntu ocebe kakhulu emhlabeni, isithiyo esenzweni sezulu, umholi we- international white Christian nationalist imvuselelo, umhlukumezi ononya wamalungelo abantu onezitha zasekhaya ezinomkhuba wokufa ngokuzumayo, i-homophobe, mfazemnyama, Futhi antisemitic, futhi uhileleke empini yama-impiriyali ukuze athathe isizwe esizimele sase-Ukraine. Awukwazi ukuqhubekela phambili kwesokudla.
Kodwa abaningi kule nguqulo yesobunxele bagcizelela ukuthi ngandlela-thile i-US yaphoqelela isandla saseRussia, noma konke kwakuyiphutha le-NATO futhi i-NATO yayiyi-puppet yase-US, futhi iRussia ngandlela-thile yayiyisisulu esizivikela. UJan Smoleลski futhi UJan Dutkiewicz babephakathi kwabagxeki abaningi baseMpumalanga Yurophu ababiza lokhu โku-westsplaining,โ bebhala ukuthi nakuba lezi zimpikiswano kufanele zimelene nama-imperialist...
โฆeqinisweni baqhubekisela phambili amaphutha ombuso lapho beqhubeka nokuphika amazwe angewona awaseNtshonalanga kanye nenhlangano yezakhamizi zawo kupolitiki yezwe. Okudidayo ukuthi, inkinga nge-American uniqueism ukuthi nalabo abaphonsela inselelo izimfundiso zayo eziyisisekelo futhi banqwabelanisa indelelo ngezempi yaseMelika ngokuvamile bagcina sebephinde benza okuhlukile kwaseMelika ngokubeka i-United States phakathi ekuhlaziyeni kwabo ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe.
Yebo konke lokhu kuxokozela ngeRussia akukusha. Abashisekeli baseNtshonalanga bathandana neRussia ngesikhathi soguquko okwavela kulo iSoviet Union. Abanyeโi-anarchist u-Emma Goldman phakathi kwaboโbadumazeka kusenesikhathi, kodwa kwabanye, akukho okwakunganyakazisa ukuzinikela. Kuwo wonke umlando we-USSR, yayinabavikeli bayo entshonalanga, lapho lokho kwakusho ukuphika ama-gulags, ukuvivinywa kombukiso nokubulawa, umzamo wokulawula konke okwenziwa noma okushiwo yiwo wonke umuntu, ukuhlanzwa kobuhlanga kanye nokuqothulwa kwamasiko futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwangempela kwabaningi. abantu abangewona amaRussia kusukela kumaTatar aseCrimea kuya kubalusi benyamazane baseSiberia kuya kumaKazakh angamaMuslim. Ngenkathi ingumfelandawonye phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iNtshonalanga evamile yasekela uStalin kanye ne-USSR (eyayihlanganisa ne-Ukraine ngaleso sikhathi). Lokhu kucashunwe esikweletini sabo, imvamisa ngenkathi kushaywe indiva iqiniso lokuthi uStalin wayekade esayine isivumelwano sokungalwi nohulumeni wamaNazi, esahlukanisa iMpumalanga Yurophu phakathi kwalokhu kokubili.
Ngenkathi abanye ontanga yakhe abadunyazwa ngamaKhomanisi kanye namaStalin bashintsha kwesokudla, u-Orwell wayethembekile ngakwesobunxele futhi wabuyela emuva kuma-Conservatives ababezama ukummangalela yena nezincwadi zakhe. Ipulazi lezilwane futhi Ishumi Nesishiyagalolunye Amashumi Ayisishiyagalombili Nane. Kodwa wayephazanyiswe ukuphila kwakhe konke ngenxa yokungqubuzana nokungqubuzana kwalokho okushiye kusho ukuthini.
Ngiyazibuza manje ukuthi ngabe ukushushiswa okunonya kwama-leftists, amakhomanisi, ama-socialists, kanye nabathuthukayo ngamalungelo angemva kwempi yaseMelika, kwenza abantu bagweme ukuhlaziya kanye nezitatimende ezinganciphisa noma zihlukanise uhlangothi lwabo. Okusho ukuthi, ngabe ubungekho uMcCarthyism, ngabe inxele ngokwalo beliyihlanza indlu futhi licacise izikhundla zalo? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi kwathatha iphutha elisabalele lokusekela uStalin nezinye iziphathi-mandla?
Ayikho impendulo kulokho, ngoba kwakukhona uMcCarthy futhi kwakunonya. Kusishiye namafa aqondile, okuhlanganisa nalokho indoda yesandla sokudla kaMcCarthy, u-Roy Cohn, ayifundise umsizi wakhe u-Donald Trump mayelana nonya, ukukhohlisa, ukuqamba amanga, kanye nokuwina ngazo zonke izindlela. (Okunye okuxakayo kulokhu engikubiza ngokuthi ngamadoda angakwesokudla kwaba ukusho kwabo njalo ukuthi ukukhuluma ngokungenelela kweRussia egameni likaTrump kwakunguMcCarthyism, sengathi ngandlela-thile i-anticommunism yayihlangene namaqiniso ecaleni noma ukuhlolwa uhulumeni wamanje waseRussia.)
Kodwa lokhu kuswelakala kokucaca mayelana nokuthi kwesokunxele kuyini nokuthi yiziphi izimiso ezibalulekile kukho ukuqhubeka nokudala ukudideka nokusabalalisa isikweletu nokusola phakathi kwamakamu amabili ahlukene. Kuyindida endala kodwa mhlawumbe isisombululo silula njengeqiniso ekulebeni nasekucaciseni ngezigaba.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 Amazwana
Selokhu kwasungulwa imiqondo yeNxele neKunene kwezombusazwe - Kwesokunxele kuqondene nokulingana nokuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu, futhi Kwesokudla kulabo ababemelene nokulingana noma ukuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu - Inxele selisungule ukuhlehla okuningi kwamaqhinga namasu kangangokuthi isiko noma ubuwena. lifiphele impela. Mhlawumbe kufanele siyeke ukukhuluma ngokuthi โKwesobunxeleโ. Amanye amahlelo ezepolitiki nawo enze angabi nanjongo phakathi neminyaka - i-republic, i-husite, i-patarian noma yini engekho - futhi mhlawumbe kufanele sakhe amasha ahlakaniphile ezindabeni zempi zanamuhla.
Ezinye zezivumelwano eziyingozi kakhulu zeNxele kwaba 1. ukuvumelana noMbuso, i-mafia umcabango wakwesokunxele ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuphikisa amandla onxiwankulu kodwa ekugcineni ayikwazanga, futhi 2. ukuvumelana nemibono yaseNtshonalanga, a isiko elakhelwe ukubandlulula abantu basemakhaya kanye namakholoni. Ungangihumushi kabi - angiyena umuntu we-anarchist kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi amandla kufanele alele kwenye indawo, futhi angiyona inkolo kodwa ngiyakholelwa ngempela, njengo-Craig Calhoun, ukuthi abantu abavamile yibona kuphela abangaba abavukeli, ngoba ziboshwe nobukhona obubhubhayo: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo12274786.html.
Ngakho-ke kufanele kube mayelana nani?
Ngikholwa ukuthi kunezindaba ezintathu kuphela ezibucayi kakhulu ukuthi umuntu angafela, noma abeke impilo yomuntu engcupheni - umhlaba olingana kakhulu, umhlaba ongenabo ubuthi, nokuthula. Okunye okuwubukhazikhazi.
Kulokhu okulandelayo:
Ngivumelana nawe ukuthi labo abathethelela uhulumeni waseRussia bayizilima. Ngeke kuthethelelwe. Kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi impi eqhubekayo izokwenza i-Ukraine ingahlali muntu. Izobulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi idingise izigidi, izolayisha i-Ukraine ngesikweletu esikhula njalo, futhi ekugcineni izonikeza ukunqoba eRussia - ngenxa nje yokuthi inezigidigidi ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ngoba alikho elinye izwe elizovumela. ngokwayo izopha ngenxa ye-Ukraine. Ngakho-ke inketho engcono kakhulu kubo bonke ngaphandle kwabathengisi bezikhali ukuthula ngokushesha okukhulu. Bekungafinyelelwa eminyakeni emibili edlule, ukube uZelensky oyisiphukuphuku akazange ahlukane nezingxoxo zokuthula ngenxa yesithembiso esibuhlungu esivela ku-Boris Johnson.
Akunandaba ukuthi lesi noma leso simo siyazuza noma siyalahlekelwa ukuthula. Amazwe angama-mafia, kusho uCharles Tilly, https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4239309/mod_resource/content/0/AULA%202%20-%20C%20-%20Tilly%20-%20warmaking%20and%20state%20making.pdf, futhi umuntu akufanele azivumele ukuthi abuthwe njenge-ejenti yanoma iyiphi yazo. Okubalulekile izimo zabantu. Impi ebandayo esibonakala siyingena izokwenza kube nzima ngathi sonke ukulwela izimpilo ezingcono - hhayi okungenani ngasohlangothini lwaseRussia, ngendlela. Njengasempini yokugcina ebandayo sizohlanjalazwa njengamanxusa esitha uma sizama, nhlangothi zombili zokwahlukana. Ngaleso sizathu kuyodingeka sidambise ukungezwani phakathi kwezifundazwe futhi senqabe ukuvuma ukugxekana, futhi kuyodingeka sethule ubuhle besigaba sezombangazwe, nhlangothi zombili, njengobuzenzisi nobumnene njengoba bunjalo.
Okungenani akufanele sicele inqwaba yamafioso - iqoqo lezifundazwe - ukuthi lijezise elinye. Lokho kuzodala usizi olwengeziwe; ngempela, uma kuyiqoqo lamandla amakhulu enuzi cishe kuyosho ukuphela kwempucuko yabantu.
Ngaphandle kokuthula nokuwohloka kwezinxushunxushu zamanje lincane kakhulu ikusasa lethu kunoma ubani wethu. Akukho futhi uma ama-elite amanje e-rentierist evunyelwe ukuxega - kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi lokuhlukaniswa.