Ungaliphuca ilungelo ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, kodwa kulukhuni kakhulu ukususa ukukholelwa kulelo lungelo. Ukuxokozela ngesinqumo senkantolo esihlasimulisayo sokukhishwa kwezisu kuyisikhumbuzo sendlela esingathandwa ngayo.
As kwenzeka, ngangise-Edinburgh ngosuku Roe v Wade yagingqika, futhi ngakusasa ngagibela isitimela esibuyela eLondon futhi ngenza lokho engivame ukukwenza lapho ngifika noma yikuphi eduze nesiteshi saseKing's Cross. Ngithathe uhambo olufushane oluya egcekeni lesonto elidala lase-St Pancras ukuze ngivakashele itshe lethuna likakhokho omkhulu wesifazane uMary Wollstonecraft, umbhali walowo mqulu wokuqala omkhulu wamalungelo abesifazane A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.. Ukuba khona ngalolo suku kwakuwukukhumbula ukuthi ubufazi abuqalanga muva nje - u-Wollstonecraft washona ngo-1797 - futhi akazange ame ngo-24 Juni.
Abesifazane e-US bathole leli lungelo esikhathini esingaphansi kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule - isikhathi esifushane lapho umbono usuka esikhumbuzweni sika-Wollstonecraft. Ngiye ngezwa njalo imibono emashumini eminyaka amuva nje yokuthi ubufazi behlulekile noma abuzange buzuze lutho noma sebuphelile, okubonakala kungenalwazi ukuthi umhlaba (noma ingxenye enkulu) usuhluke kangakanani kwabesifazane kunaleyo ngxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule nangaphezulu. Ngithi mhlaba, ngoba kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ubufazi yinhlangano yomhlaba wonke futhi uRoe v Wade nokuguqulwa kwayo kwakuyizinqumo zezwe kuphela.
I-Ireland ngo-2018, i-Argentina ngo-2020, iMexico ngo-2021 futhi Colombia ngo-2022 bonke baye bahushula izisu ngokusemthethweni. Ziningi izinto ezishintshile kule ngxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule kwabesifazane emazweni amaningi kangangokuthi kungaba nzima ukuzibhala zonke; kwanele ukusho ukuthi isimo sabesifazane sishintshwe kakhulu ukuze sibe ngcono, sisonke, kulesi sikhathi. I-Feminism iyinhlangano yamalungelo abantu ezama ukuguqula izinto ezingewona nje amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ezimweni eziningi izinkulungwane zeminyaka ubudala, futhi ukuthi kusekude ukuthi kwenziwe futhi ibhekane nezingqinamba kanye nokumelana akushaqisi noma isizathu sokuyeka.
I-Wollstonecraft ayizange iphuphe ngisho namavoti abesifazane - amadoda amaningi eBrithani ngesikhathi sakhe ayengenawo amalungelo okuvota - noma amanye amalungelo amaningi manje esiwathatha njengejwayelekile, kodwa akudingeki ubuyele emuva ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili ukuhlangabezana nokungalingani okukhulu ngokwesisekelo sobulili. Bekukuyo yonke indawo ngezindlela ezinkulu nezincane emashumini eminyaka amuva nje - futhi ngokwesiko kusaphikelela emizamweni esabalele yokulawula nokuqukatha abesifazane kanye nokucwasa abesifazane abasabhekana nakho mayelana nekhono labo lobuhlakani, ubulili, nokulingana.
Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule kwakusemthethweni e-US ukuxosha abesifazane ngoba bekhulelwe - kwenzeka ku-Elizabeth Warren, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguthisha osemusha. Ilungelo lokufinyelela ekulawuleni inzalo - kwabashadile - laqinisekiswa kuphela yisinqumo sika-Griswold sango-1965 le nkantolo ephakeme ekhohlakele okungenzeka nayo idubula. Ilungelo lokufinyelela ngokulinganayo ekulawuleni inzalo kwabangakashadi laxazululwa kuphela enkantolo ephakeme ngo-1972. Umthetho we-Equal Credit Opportunity Act ka-1974 wakhipha ngokungemthetho ukucwaswa abesifazane abangashadile ababenenkinga yokuthola izikweletu kanye nokubolekwa kuyilapho abesifazane abashadile babedinga njalo ukuba abayeni babo basayine. kubo.
Umshado ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba kuhlanganise eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, kwaze kwaba muva nje, wawuwubuhlobo lapho umyeni ethola khona ukulawula ngomthetho nangokwesiko phezu komzimba womkakhe cishe nakho konke ayekwenza, akushoyo nanakho. Ukudlwengulwa komshado kwakungewona neze umqondo kwaze kwaba yilapho ubufazi bukwenza kwaba yinto eyodwa ngawo-1970, futhi i-UK ne-US bakwenza kwaba semthethweni ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Isazi sezomthetho saseNgilandi sangekhulunyaka le-17 uMatthew Hale saphikisana ngokuthi “umyeni wowesifazane akanakuba necala lokudlwengula umkakhe, ngenxa yemvume yomshado ayinikezile, futhi angeke akwazi ukuyihoxisa”. Okusho ukuthi, owesifazane owake wavuma wayengeke aphinde athi cha, ngoba wayevumile ukuba umnikazi wayo. Phela, isinqumo samanje senkantolo ephakeme esihoxisa amalungelo okuzala sicaphuna ngokuphindaphindiwe u-Hale, owaziwa kakhulu ngokugwebela ukufa abafelokazi ababili asebekhulile ngokuthakatha ngo-1662.
Wollstonecraft, owahlanganyela ekuVukeleni KwaseFrance, wabhala: “Ilungelo laphezulu labayeni, njengelungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, kungase kuthenjwa ukuthi, kulenkathi yokukhanyiselwa, lingaphikiswa ngaphandle kwengozi.” Kwabangwa, kodwa kwaze kwaphela cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Njengokulawula okuphoqayo kanye nodlame lwasekhaya, amadoda asabeka ukulindela kwawo ukubusa futhi ajezise ukuzimela, kuyilapho amaRiphabhulikhi alungile efuna ukubuyisela abesifazane esimweni esiphansi ngaphansi komthetho nangokwesiko, becaphuna lowo mbhalo wasendulo weBhayibheli njengegunya labo.
Inkantolo yabo ephakeme ingase ilandele ukulingana komshado ngokulandelayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ngicabanga ukuthi ukulingana emshadweni okusho ukufinyelela okulinganayo kwabashadile bobulili obufanayo bekungeke kwenzeke, ukube umshado njengesikhungo ungazange uqedwe, ngenxa ye-feminism, njengobudlelwane obuxoxisana ngokukhululekile phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo. Ukulingana phakathi kwabalingani kusongela ukungalingani okukhona emshadweni wendabuko wezinzalamizi, yingakho - kanye ne-homophobia, vele - beyizonda kakhulu. Futhi, kunjalo, nayo yintsha; inkantolo ephakeme ehluke kakhulu yaqaphela leli lungelo ngoJuni ka-2015, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kuphela edlule (futhi iSwitzerland neChile bakwenza lokho kuphela ngo-2021).
Ishumi leminyaka elidlule kube yi-rollercoaster yezinzuzo nokulahlekelwa, futhi ayikho indlela ehlanzekile yokukuhlanganisa. Izinzuzo bezijulile, kodwa eziningi zazo bezicashile. Kusukela cishe ngo-2012, inkathi entsha ye-feminism yavula izingxoxo - ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, emithonjeni yendabuko, kwezombusazwe kanye nezimfihlo - mayelana nobudlova obubhekiswe kwabesifazane kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zokungalingani nokucindezelwa, kwezomthetho namasiko, okusobala nokucashile. Ukuqashelwa komthelela wodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane kwanda kakhulu futhi kwaletha imiphumela yangempela. Inhlangano ye-Me Too ibihlekwa usulu njengesekisi yosaziwayo kodwa bekuwukubonakaliswa okukodwa kokuhlinzwa kwabesifazane okwaqala eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, futhi yasiza ekuholeleni ezinguqukweni emithethweni yesifunda sase-US kanye neyombuso elawula ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi nokuhlukunyezwa, okuhlanganisa. umthethosivivinywa owaphasisa ithimba lezigele ngoFebhuwari futhi umongameli wasayina waba umthetho ekuqaleni kukaNdasa.
Ukugwetshwa kwaleli sonto kuka-R Kelly iminyaka engu-30 ebhadla ejele kanye noGhislaine Maxwell engu-20 kuwumphumela wokushintshwa kokuthi ubani ozolalelwa futhi akholwe, okusho ukuthi ubani ozohlonishwa futhi amalungelo azovikelwa. Ngokwabantu abafakwa ezingxoxweni ezinkantolo zomthetho ababengakaze balalelwe lapho. Abenzi bobubi ababekade bebalekela ubugebengu amashumi eminyaka - uLarry Nassar, uBill Cosby, uHarvey Weinstein phakathi kwabo - balahlekelwa ukujeziswa, futhi imiphumela esanda kwenzeka yawela phezu kwabo. Kodwa isiphetho sedlanzana lamadoda aphakeme akusona esibaluleke kakhulu, futhi isijeziso akuyona indlela esenza ngayo umhlaba.
Izingxoxo zimayelana nodlame nokungalingani, mayelana nokuphambana kwezinhlanga nobulili, mayelana nokucatshangelwa kabusha kobulili ngale kwama-binaries alula, mayelana nokuthi inkululeko ingabukeka kanjani, isifiso esingaba yini, ukuthi ukulingana kungasho ukuthini. Ukuba nalezo zingxoxo nje kukhululekile. Ukubona abesifazane abasebasha befinyelela ngaphezu kwalokho isizukulwane sami esikubone futhi sathi kuyajabulisa. Lezi zingxoxo zisishintsha ngezindlela umthetho ongeke wakwazi ngazo, zisenze siqonde thina kanye nabanye ngezindlela ezintsha, siphinde sithole uhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, kanye nokwenzeka.
Ungaliphuca ilungelo ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, kodwa awukwazi ukususa ukukholelwa kulelo lungelo kalula kanjalo. Izinqumo zenkantolo ephakeme uDred Scott kanye noPlessy v Ferguson ekhulwini le-19 azizange zibonise abantu abaMnyama ukuthi babengakufanelekeli ukuphila njengezakhamuzi ezikhululekile nezilinganayo; kwamane kwabavimbela ekwenzeni kanjalo ngendlela engokoqobo. Abesifazane ezifundazweni eziningi zase-US balahlekelwe ukufinyelela kwabo ekuhushuleni izisu, kodwa hhayi ukukholelwa kwabo emalungelweni abo okukhipha isisu. Isiyaluyalu esiphendulwe yisinqumo senkantolo siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi asithandwa kanjani, nokuthi sizoba nomthelela omubi kangakanani ekhonweni labesifazane lokukhululeka futhi balingane ngaphansi komthetho.
Kuwukulahlekelwa okukhulu. Akusibuyiseli ngempela emhlabeni ngaphambi kuka-Roe v Wade, ngoba kuzo zombili izimo ezicatshangwayo nezisebenzayo umphakathi wase-US wehluke kakhulu. Abesifazane banokulingana okwengeziwe ngaphansi komthetho, ekufinyeleleni imfundo, ukuqashwa, nezikhungo zamandla, kanye nokumelwa kwezombusazwe. Sikholelwa kakhulu kulawo malungelo kanye nombono oqinile wokuthi ukulingana kubukeka kanjani. Ukuthi isimo sabesifazane siguquke kakhulu lapho sasikhona, sithi, 1962, ingasaphathwa eye-1797, kuwubufakazi bokuthi ukusebenzelana kwabesifazane kuyasebenza. Futhi isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme esihlasimulisayo siqinisekisa ukuthi usemningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe.
Source: The Guardian
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