Umthombo: The Guardian
I-Bolivia ingene obishini lwengcindezelo yezombusazwe kanye nodlame lwezifundazwe olucwasa ngokwebala kusukela uhulumeni owaketulwa ngentando yeningi u-Evo Morales waketulwa amasosha ngoNovemba 10. Leyo nyanga “kwakuyinyanga yesibili ekufeni kwabantu, uma kubhekwa ukufa kwabantu okwenziwa amasosha ombuso, kusukela iBolivia yaba umbuso wentando yeningi cishe eminyakeni engama-40 edlule,” ngokusho kwe-a cwaningo yi-Harvard Law School's (HLS) International Human Rights Clinic kanye ne-University Network for Human Rights (UNHR) ezikhishwe enyangeni edlule.
UMorales wayengumongameli wokuqala woMdabu waseBolivia, enephesenti elikhulu labantu boMdabu kunoma yiliphi izwe emazweni aseMelika. Uhulumeni wakhe wakwazi ukunciphisa ubumpofu ngamaphesenti angu-42 kanye nobumpofu obudlulele ngamaphesenti angu-60, okwazuzisa ngokulinganayo aboMdabu baseBolivia. Ukuketula umbuso ngoNovemba bekuholwa abamhlophe namamestizo abanomlando wokucwasa, befuna ukubuyisela amandla ombuso kubantu ababewuphethe ngaphambi kokhetho lukaMorales ngo-2005. Ukucwasa kodlame lombuso kugcizelelwe embikweni we-HLS/UNHR. , okuhlanganisa nokulandisa kofakazi bokuzibonela bebutho lezokuphepha abasebenzisa “ulimi olucwasayo nolumelene noMdabu” njengoba behlasela ababhikishi; kuyacaca futhi eqinisweni lokuthi zonke izisulu zezibhicongo ezimbili ezinkulu ezenziwa amasosha ombuso ngemuva kokuketulwa umbuso kwakungaboMdabu.
Okuthole ukunakwa okuncane, kodwa okubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuqonda ukuthi intando yeningi yaseBolivia yacekelwa phansi kanjani ngoNovemba odlule, yiqhaza leNhlangano Yamazwe aseMelika kulobu bugebengu obunyantisayo.
Njengoba i-New York Times ekugcineni kubika ngo-June 7, ukuhlaziya “okunamaphutha” kwenhlangano ngokushesha ngemva kokhetho lwango-Okthoba 20 “kwabhebhethekisa uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezashintsha umlando wezwe laseNingizimu Melika.” Njengoba i-Times yaphawula, ukuhlaziya kwe-OAS "kuphakamise imibuzo yokuqolwa kwamavoti - futhi kwasiza ukuphoqa umongameli ...."
Izinsolo ze-OAS zaziyisisekelo esikhulu sezombusazwe sokuketula umbuso okwalandela ukhetho lwango-Okthoba 20 emasontweni amathathu kamuva. Futhi baqhubeka izinyanga eziningi kulandela ukuketulwa umbuso. E-Bolivia, iziphathimandla zokhetho zibika ukubalwa kwamavoti okuqala, okungekho emthethweni futhi okungasho umphumela, ngenkathi kubalwa amavoti. Ngesikhathi kubalwa amavoti angama-84% kulesi sibalo sokuqala, uMorales ube namaphesenti angama-45.7 amavoti, kanti ubehola othole amavoti aphume isibili ngamaphesenti angu-7.9. Ukubika kulesi sibalo esingekho emthethweni, esingabophi kwaphazamiseka amahora angama-23, kwathi lapho kuphinda kuphinda, ukuhola kukaMorales kunyuke kwafinyelela kumaphesenti ayi-10.2. Ekupheleni kokubala okusemthethweni, kwakungamaphesenti angu-10.5. Ngokwemithetho yokhetho yaseBolivia, umuntu ozongenela ukhetho onamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-40 amavoti futhi okungenani abe namaphuzu ayi-10 ahamba phambili uyawina emzuliswaneni wokuqala, ngaphandle kokhetho lokuphindaphinda.
Abaphikisayo bathi kunokukhwabanisa base bengena emigwaqweni. I-OAS Electoral Observation Mission (EOM) ikhiphe abezindaba isitatimende ngosuku lwangemva kokhetho ezwakalisa “ukukhathazeka okujulile nokumangala ngoshintsho olukhulu nokunzima ukuluchaza endleleni yemiphumela yokuqala ngemva kokuvalwa kokuvota.” Kodwa abanikezanga bufakazi obusekela lezi zinsolo ― ngoba babungekho.
Lokhu selokhu kwaba njalo Esungulwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngochwepheshe abaningi izibalo izifundo, kuhlanganise naleyo eyakha i isisekelo yesihloko se-New York Times kaJuni 7. Njengoba ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka lapho izinombolo ziba isihloko sempikiswano yezombangazwe, izifundo zezibalo zazidingeka kakhulukazi ukuze phikisa okunye ― kulokhu, kuvame ukuba mbumbulu ― ukuhlaziya kwezibalo. Kodwa iqiniso lalisobala futhi kulula ukubonakusukela kudatha etholakala kuwebhu ngokushesha ngemva kokhetho. Futhi ngempela iSikhungo Socwaningo Lwezomnotho Nenqubomgomo ― lapho nginguCo-Director ― sasebenzisa leyo datha ukuze phikisa izinsolo zokuqala ze-OAS ngosuku olulandelayo, futhi kulandelelwe nenani lokuhlaziywa kwezibalo namaphepha ezinyangeni ezilandelayo, okuhlanganisa ukuphikiswa kombiko wokugcina wokucwaningwa kwamabhuku we-OAS.
Alukho ushintsho olungachazeki kuthrendi. Konke okwenzekile ukuthi izindawo ezibikwa kamuva zaziyi-Morales kakhulu kunalezo ezibikwe ngaphambili, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zendawo kanye nezibalo zabantu. Yingakho ukuhola kukaMorales kwenyuka ngesikhathi kufika u-16% wamavoti okugcina, njengoba kade kwenzeka okwandayo kukho konke ukubala kokuqala. Lokhu kuyinto evamile okhethweni emhlabeni wonke.
Kepha ngemuva kokukhishwa kwayo kwabezindaba okokuqala, i-OAS ikhiqize eminye imibiko emithathu, okuhlanganisa nayo ukuhlolwa kokuqala yemiphumela yokhetho, ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izindawo ezibikwe kamuva zazihlukile ngokwezombangazwe kulezo lapho amavoti angena khona ngaphambili. Lokhu kukodwa kuwubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi izikhulu ze-OAS azimane zenze iphutha ezinsolweni zazo zokukhwabanisa eziphindaphindiwe, kodwa empeleni zazi ukuthi izinsolo zazo zingamanga. Kudelela umcabango wokucabanga ukuthi le ncazelo elula ― okuyinto yokuqala ezokwenzeka kubantu abaningi, futhi kwavela ukuthi iyiqiniso ― bekungeke kuvele ngisho kochwepheshe bokhetho, phakathi nenqubo yezinyanga zophenyo.
NgoDisemba 2, izazi zezomnotho nezibalo eziyi-133 zashicilela incwadi ethi Incwadi ku-OAS, iphawula ukuthi "umphumela wokugcina ubungabikezelwa ngokwesisekelo samavoti okuqala angu-84% abikiwe" futhi icela i-OAS "ukuba ihoxise izitatimende zayo ezidukisayo mayelana nokhetho."
Amalungu amane eKhongolose yaseMelika, eholwa nguKhongolose uJan Schakowsky, nawo athola isisindo Incwadi ku-OAS ebuza imibuzo eyi-11 eyisisekelo mayelana nokuhlaziywa kwe-OAS. Omunye ukhathazekile ngokuthi ngabe bake bacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izindawo ezibikwa kamuva “zahluke nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingabenza bakwazi ukuvotela u-Evo Morales, ngenani elibanzi, kunabavoti endaweni evamile kumaphesenti angu-84 okuqala okubikiwe. amavoti?” Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye, i-OAS ayikaphenduli.
NgoJulayi, iCongress yaseMelika yabamba izithangami nezikhulu eziphezulu ze-OAS, futhi yabhekana nazo ngeminye yemibuzo efanayo; abanikezanga izimpendulo ezibambekayo.
Njengoba izinsolo zokukhwabanisa zangempela neziwujuqu kwezombusazwe ziya ngokuya zingahlonishwa, i-OAS yaphendukela “kokungalungi” okhethweni ukuze igcine ukuhlasela kwayo ekubeni semthethweni. Kodwa kwavela ukuthi lezi zinsolo, njengalezi ezisekelwe ezibalweni zezibalo, azikwazi ukumelana nokuhlolisisa. I-OAS ibonakala izimisele ngokuthethelela izinsolo zayo zokuqala, futhi ezingamanga ngokusobala, zesenzo esingalungile esidale ukuketula umbuso.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iBolivia inomongameli weqiniso, uJeanine Áñez, osenayo esibizwa Imikhuba yenkolo yomdabu “ekaSathane;” ngoJanuwari uxwayise abavoti “ngokuvumela ukubuyiswa ‘kwabasenzi’ emandleni, okubhekiselwa kumlando wendabuko kaMorales kanye nabaningi babasekeli bakhe,” ngokusho kuThe Washington Post. Okwakhe bekumele kube nguhulumeni “ophethe,” kodwa ukhetho olusha ― oseluhlelelwe u-Okthoba 18 ― seluhlehliswe kathathu.
Amasondo obulungisa agaya kancane kakhulu ngemuva kokuketula umbuso okusekelwa yi-US. Futhi ukwesekwa kwabaphathi bakaTrump sekuvele obala: i-White House ikhuthaze ukulandisa "kokukhwabanisa", kanye nesitatimende sayo se-Orwellian kulandela ukuketulwa umbuso. udunyiswe ukuketulwa: “Ukuhamba kukaMorales kulondoloza intando yeningi futhi kuvula indlela yokuba abantu baseBolivia bezwe amazwi abo.”
USenator Marco Rubio ungomunye obaluleke kakhulu amathonya ngenqubomgomo yokuphatha kukaTrump eLatin America. Kulokhu, ungene esenzweni ngisho nangaphambi kokukhishwa kwabezindaba kwe-OAS yokuqala: "E- #Bolivia zonke izinkomba ezithembekile zithi u-Evo Morales wehlulekile ukuthola imajini edingekayo ukuze agweme umzuliswano wesibili okhethweni lukaMongameli," wabhala ngosuku olulandela ivoti, futhi kwakukhona "ukukhathazeka okuthile ngokuthi uzophazamisa imiphumela noma inqubo yokugwema lokhu."
Ngokusho ku-Los Angeles Times, "UCarlos Trujillo, inxusa laseMelika e-OAS, ubeqondise ithimba leqembu eliqapha ukhetho ukuthi libike ukukhwabanisa okusabalele futhi wacindezela abaphathi bakaTrump ukuthi basekele ukuketulwa kukaMorales."
Kuleli sonto, Abameleli baseMelika u-Jan Schakowsky no-Chuy Garcia esibizwa ukuze i-US Congress "iphenye indima ye-OAS eBolivia onyakeni odlule, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi amadola abakhokhi bentela awafaki isandla ekuketulweni kohulumeni abakhethwe ngokwentando yeningi, izingxabano zomphakathi, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu."
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Besazi ukuthi yilokhu okwenzekile, akudingi ukuqonda okukhulu noma amakhono okubika ukuze ube nalolu lwazi. Kuyiphethini emisiwe futhi i-OAS, isikhathi eside ibuswa yi-US, ihlezi ibandakanyeka ezindabeni ezinjalo. Ngavakashela eBolivia phakathi neminyaka ka-Evo Morales. Kwakuyizwe elimangalisayo. Ubandlululo luphinde luphumelele, iphethini yase-US yokubusa iyinto yonke, kodwa hhayi konke, okubangelwa yi-US, kodwa izandla zayo ezingcolile nezinegazi zihlala zikhona ndawana thize.