Greg, abantu abaningi badidekile ngalokho okwenzeka eVenezuela, nokuthi kungani. Ngempela usanda kubhala indatshana enokuqonda mayelana nayo yeTelesur English. Isimo sinzima impela kodwa ngithemba ukuthi kule ngxoxo singakwazi ukusiza abantu babone izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthatha igxathu lokuhlehla embonweni wezomnotho futhi sibhekane nayo yonke into ngendlela efanayo ehlobene nempilo yansuku zonke futhi engadingi ulwazi lwangaphambili. Okukhathaza kakhulu abanxele ababheka imibiko mayelana neVenezuela ukuntengantenga komnotho - hhayi ukwehla kwamandla emali ngo-2015 eduze namaphesenti angu-200, imigqa emide, ukushoda, njll. .
Ngakho-ke, ukuqala, lapho uChavez eqala iphrojekthi yaseBolivarian yokuhlela kabusha umnotho ngokuyisisekelo, yiziphi izimo abhekana nazo? Yayiyini “indawo yokuqala” yabantu nezikhungo, ngamafuphi?
Iphuzu lokuqala uChávez abhekana nalo ngesikhathi eqala ukuthatha izintambo kwaba yileso lapho intengo kawoyela yehle yafika ezingeni elingokomlando elilinganiselwa ku-$10 emgqonyeni ngamunye, kwaba nenkohlakalo enkulu, ukungalingani okukhulu, izinga lobumpofu elilinganiselwa ku-50%, zonke izikhungo zombuso. ezandleni zeqembu elincane elalibusa izwe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka iminyaka engu-40, kanye nenani labantu elase lize lenqaba isimiso sezombangazwe esinemibono eminingi - njengoba kuboniswa ngokwanda kwamazinga okuzithiba kanye nokunganaki okuvamile kwezombusazwe.
Iziphi izinguquko uChavez ayegxile kuzo - futhi imizamo yakhe yaba namuphi umthelela kubantu abaningi nasezikhungweni?
U-Chávez wafika ukuzobhekana nazo zonke lezi zinkinga ngesikhathi sokuphatha kwakhe, kodwa waqala ngalezo okungenzeka ukuthi zazithinta kakhulu izimfuno zezikhulu ezindala kwezombusazwe, okwakuyisikhungo somthethosisekelo omusha owakhukhula bonke abantu abadala. ephumile esikhundleni, ephishekela inqubomgomo yangaphandle yokuvuselela i-OPEC kanye nokubuyisela emuva lokho obekuyinto eyimfihlo kancane kancane kwenkampani kawoyela kahulumeni, kanye nokuqalisa uhlelo oluphelele lokushintshwa komhlaba. Kamuva waphishekela i-ajenda yenqubomgomo eyayigxile kakhulu ekwabiweni kabusha ingcebo kawoyela yezwe ngezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, eyayihlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu emkhakheni wezemfundo, kanye nokwandisa ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ekuzibuseni kwazo ngokusebenzisa imikhandlu yomphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuhoxiswe amashumi eminyaka yokunganaki kwezombusazwe.
Yaba yini impendulo yabaholi bezinkampani ku-ajenda kaChavez?
Impendulo ekususweni kwezikhulu ezindala ezikhundleni kanye nasekulawuleni izinsiza zikawoyela zezwe kanye nomhlaba yashesha kakhulu futhi yayihlanganisa nomzamo wokuketula umbuso ka-April 2002 kanye nokuvalwa kwemboni kawoyela ka-December 2002. Yiqiniso, phakathi naso sonke isikhathi esesikhundleni uChavez naye wabhekana nokuhlaselwa okungapheli okuvela kwabezindaba ezizimele zaseVenezuela.
U-Chavez uphinde wawina isikhundla sakhe, ngenxa yokusekelwa okuthandwayo, ehlehlisa imiphumela esobala kakhulu yokuketula umbuso, kodwa yimiphi eminye imiphumela abaphikisi ababa nayo?
Eminye yemiphumela emikhulu yangemva komzamo wokuketula umbuso kanye nokuvalwa kwemboni kawoyela kwaba ukwehla okukhulu kwezimali ngesikhathi salezi zenzo nangemva kwalokho. Kulokhu kwakusho ukuthi labo ababenempahla yezimali bashintsha imali yabo emadola ukuze bafake lezi kuma-akhawunti angaphandle.
Yimuphi umehluko owenze lokho, ngithi, ngenani leBolivar - imali yaseVenezuela - kanye nokunye okuguquguqukayo okuthinta impilo yansuku zonke?
Abalemali enengi – abatshalizimali, abamabhanga, abanikazi bamabhizimusi, njalonjalo – bangakhupha imali yabo elizweni ngezindlela ezitshiyeneyo, kusiya ngokuthi imali leyo ingeyemali yakuleli kumbe ngeyakwamanye amazwe. Nakuba zombili lezi zinhlobo ze-capital flight ziyinkinga, ngoba zisho ukuthi imali encane etholakalayo ezweni ukuze itshale imali ekhiqizayo, ukuyikhipha ngaphandle kwezwe uma ibanjwe ngemali yendawo kuyinkinga enkulu kakhulu ngoba kusho ukushintshaniswa kwendawo. imali, i-bolivar, ngamadola. Uma kuthengiswa izimali ezinkulu, okungukuthi, zilahlwe ukudayiswa, kusho ukuthi inani le-bolivar elihlobene namadola liyehla. Ngamanye amazwi, kuthatha amadola ambalwa ukuthenga inani elifanayo lamabholiva. Ngokunjalo, uma impahla ithengiswa ngamadola, kuthatha amaBolivars amaningi ukuyithenga. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kubiza kakhulu kubantu okufanele bazithenge ngamabholiva. E-Venezuela, ngaphezu kwe-60% yazo zonke izimpahla zingeniswa kwamanye amazwe - ngakho-ke amanani entengo e-Bolivars, imali yendawo ikhuphukela yonke into, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali. Uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kunganxeshezelwa ngemali engenayo ekhuphukayo, khona-ke ubumpofu buyanda. Ngemali engenayo eBolivars njengangaphambili, umuntu angathenga ukudla okuncane, izimpahla, njll.
Omunye umphumela wokudicilela phansi kwezepolitiki nezomnotho wukuthi bancane abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe abangaba nentshisekelo yokutshala imali yabo ezweni ukuze baqale amabhizinisi khona njengasembonini kawoyela ngokwesibonelo, okusho ukuthi bambalwa abantu bakwamanye amazwe abanentshisekelo yokuthenga amabholivari ukuze basebenze nawo eVenezuela. kwabo, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulise ukugcwala kwama-bolivar okubangela intengo yohlobo lwemali yehle nakakhulu.
Yayiyini impendulo kahulumeni yokuzama ukukhawulela indiza yemali? Kungani lingashongo nje ukuthi cha, awukwazi ukukhipha lowo mcebo? Izame kanjani, ikakhulukazi ukuzinzisa inani leBolivar? Ekugcineni, izinqubomgomo zika-Chavez zayisebenzela kanjani i-Bolivar, futhi yimiphi eminye imiphumela enayo ezinsizeni zikahulumeni kanye nasekubalekeni kwezimali ngokwazo, futhi ngani?
Impendulo kahulumeni kwaba, okokuqala, ukumisa ukwehla kwentengo ye-bolivar ngokuthenga ama-bolivars - ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukunikezwa kwe-bolivars emakethe - usebenzisa amadola avela emalini ye-dollar yeBhange Elikhulu etholwe ekuthengisweni kwamafutha. Kodwa lesi senzo, ukuze sanele, sibangele ukuthi imali egciniwe yedola yeBhange Elikhulu yehle ngokushesha okukhulu, ngaleyo ndlela yenze kube nokukhulu okuthe xaxa kundiza enkulu, njengoba ezimweni eziningi lawa bekungamadola akhishwa ngokoqobo ezweni. Kwakuyisimo esiyinqaba, ukumisa inkinga yezomnotho yokwehla kwenani lama-Bolivars alethwa yimali eyindiza enkulu, uhulumeni wayethenga ama-Bolivars ngamadola, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi - akhishwa ngaphandle kwezwe ngaleyo ndlela anezela ekubalekeni kwemali enkulu.
NgoNdasa wezi-2003 uhulumeni wabona ukuthi lesi simo asisimami futhi wanquma ukunciphisa imali yokundiza ngelinye iqhinga, ethula indlela yokulawula imali. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abantu baseVenezuela ababefuna ukukhipha imali yabo ezweni kwadingeka bafeze imibandela eqondile ukuze bathengise amabholiva abo namadola awusizo kwezinye izindawo. Impela, bangakwazi, ngombono, ukukugwema lokho ngokumane bakhiphe ama-Bolivars, kodwa uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-bolivar iyimali okungekho muntu oyisebenzisayo, lokho bekungaba yize. Lapho befika kwenye indawo babengeke babe nalutho, babengeke bakwazi ukusebenzisa ama-bolivars, e-Miami, ukusho, futhi babengakwazi ukushintshanisa ngamadola. Ngakho kwadingeka bathole amadola ngesikhathi beseVenezuela. Kulowo mongo ukulawulwa kohlobo lwemali kuba enye yezindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zezwe elinjenge-Venezuela ukukhawulela ukuhamba kwemali enkulu. Akhona amanye amaqhinga, njengokubeka imikhawulo ekukhishweni kwebhange, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi lokho bekuyoba inkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokulawula imali.
Liyini ngempela izinga lokushintshisana futhi zaziyini izinqubomgomo zikaChavez ngakho, kanye nezinhloso zazo? Ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso sokushintshisana, ubani othenga ngokukhethekile amadola futhi ngani? Futhi ubani othengisa amadola kubo?
Izinga lokushintshisana likutshela intengo yohlobo lwemali yasendaweni. Isibonelo, uma unama-bolivar futhi ufuna ukukhipha ingcebo yakho ngaphandle kwezwe, udinga ukuthengisa ama-bolivars ngamadola noma enye imali, njengoba i-bolivar ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kweVenezuela. Ngakho-ke izinga lokushintshisana likutshela ukuthi mangaki ama-bolivar okudingeka uyeke ukuze uthole idola noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngaphambi kukaMashi 2003, izinga lokushintshisana laseVenezuela laliguquguquka kuye ngokuthi yimalini ama-boliva ayethengiswa nokuthi mangaki amadola anikezwayo, Ukube ama-bolivar ayethengiswa kakhulu kunalabo ababenamadola alungele ukukhokha ngenani lokushintshanisa elidala, inani i-bolivar yayizokwehla. Ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni wayengena emakethe yemali ngokuthengisa amadola avela ezigciniwe zeBhange Elikhulu. Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukuhlinzekwa kwama-bolivar futhi kukhuphule ukuhlinzekwa kwamadola, ngaleyo ndlela kulwisane nokuthengiswa kwama-bolivar futhi kugcine izinga lokushintshisana lizinzile.
Incazelo eyodwa evamile futhi evame ukuhambisana nokwehla kwentengo emalini yendawo ukuthi kukhona "ukuntula ukuzethemba" emalini noma emigomeni kahulumeni yezomnotho ngakho-ke abantu bafuna ukukhipha imali yabo ngaphandle kwezwe.
Nakuba lokhu kungase kube yiqiniso endabeni yaseVenezuela, ngicabanga ukuthi igama elithi "ukuntula ukuzethemba" lifihla okungaphezu kwalokho elikuvezayo. Okwakwenzeka eVenezuela kwakuwukuthi uhulumeni wenza ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezibonakalayo zalabo abanemali eningi ngakho-ke, yiqiniso, lowo mkhakha wawufuna ukukhipha imali yabo, impahla yabo, ngaphandle kwezwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Babentula ukuzethemba, noma ukulahlekelwa okusatshwa ngokunembile, kodwa hhayi inani labantu. Ukungaphumeleli kwemizamo yokuketula umbuso kanye nokuvalwa kwemboni kawoyela kwakuyizimpawu ezinhlakeni ezidla izambane likapondo zokuthi ukushintsha uhulumeni ngeke kwenzeke esikhathini esifushane nokuthi uma befuna ukulondoloza impahla yabo kungcono bayikhiphe ezweni.
Kungani abantu bephule izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali ngisho nasekuqaleni - bazibandakanya ekuthengiseni ngamanani ahlukene? Yini edale ukuthi kube nelinye izinga noma izinga lemakethe emnyama? Kusho ukuthini nokuthi kukhona oyedwa, okungukuthi, empeleni, ohwebelana ngenani elisemthethweni, oshintshayo, emuva esikhathini esikhuluma ngaso, ngesilinganiso esihlukile - futhi bakwenza kuphi, uma zomthetho kanti enye ayikho? Kungani wonke umuntu engasebenzisi isilinganiso esisemthethweni?
Imakethe emnyama yamadola yenzeka ngoba akuwona wonke umuntu owayenentshisekelo yokukhipha imali ngaphandle kwezwe ongafeza izidingo eziqinile zokuthola amadola ngenani lokushintshisana elisemthethweni. Ngenxa yalokho, baqala ukuthengisa ama-boliva abo kunoma ubani owayezimisele ukuwathenga, okungenzeka ukuthi iningi lezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezidinga ukukhokha izindleko zama-bolivas eVenezuela noma abantu abaphumelele ukufinyelela izinga lokushintshisana elisemthethweni futhi bafuna yenza inzuzo enkulu ngokusebenzisa umehluko wamanani phakathi kwesikhulu kanye namazinga emakethe emnyama ye-bolivar. Uma kunjalo, uma behweba ama-Bolivars ambalwa ngedola, kodwa bangashintsha idola ngamaBolivars amaningi - ngokwemibandela yamaBolivars benza inzuzo enkulu.
Inqubo yangempela yokwenza ukuhwebelana kwezimakethe ezimnyama ilula kakhulu futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi uhulumeni ayilawule. Okungukuthi, njengomuntu waseVenezuela, okudingayo nje i-akhawunti yasebhange esegameni lakho ngaphandle kwaseVenezuela, mhlawumbe e-U.S. futhi uthola umdayisi wemali yemakethe emnyama evuma ukukwenzela umsebenzi. Okusho ukuthi, ake sithi ufuna ukuthengisa ama-X bolivar ngamadola angu-Y - uvele udlulisele ama-X bolivar ku-akhawunti yasebhange yaseVenezuela yomthengisi bese yena edlulisela ama-Y dollar esuka ku-akhawunti yakhe ese-U.S. i-U.S. Ayikho imali eke yeqe noma yimiphi imingcele yingakho kungenakwenzeka ngohulumeni ukulawula. Uhulumeni mhlawumbe angakhawulela inani lokudluliselwa kwebhange ebhange ngaphakathi kwezwe, kodwa ukulawula okunjalo akujabulisi neze futhi kungamela izinkinga ezinkulu emnothweni, njengoba ukukhokha okunjalo kuyadingeka nsuku zonke ukuze ukhokhe izikweletu.
Isebenze kanjani indlela yokusimamisa umnotho, naphezu kwezimali ezinkulu, iminyaka yayo yokuqala? Sasiyini isisekelo sokuphumelela kwawo?
Ukulawulwa kwemali kwasebenza kahle kakhulu phakathi neminyaka yokuqala, kusukela ngo-2003 kuya ku-2008, ikakhulukazi ngoba uhulumeni wayenamadola anele emalini engenayo kawoyela - ngoba intengo kawoyela yayiphezulu ngalesi sikhathi - ukugcwalisa noma kancane izifiso zaseVenezuela zokuba namadola. . Yiqiniso, labo abangakwazi ukusebenzisa isilinganiso esisemthethweni basebenzisa imakethe emnyama, kodwa ubukhulu bemakethe emnyama ngaleso sikhathi babuthobekile ngakho-ke akuyona inkinga enkulu.
Manje sifika ezinkingeni zomnotho zomhlaba wonke zika-2008. Kwakusho ukuthini ngeVenezuela futhi kungani ukwehla okukhulu kwamanani kawoyela kwaba nomthelela ekuthintekeni kwezinhlelo zezinga lokushintshisana? Yayiyini impendulo yaseVenezuela kumongo omusha, futhi yayiyini ingqondo nenhloso yayo?
Ukwehla kwentengo kawoyela kungazelelwe engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka wezi-2008, kwakusho ukuthi uhulumeni unemali encane yokuhlangabezana nesidingo sasekhaya samadola, iningi noma iningi lawo elalisetshenziselwa ukungenisa imikhiqizo ebalulekile. Impendulo kahulumeni kulesi simo yayiphindwe kathathu.
Okokuqala, yaqinisa izimo abantu ababengathenga ngaphansi kwazo amadola ngenani elisemthethweni. Okwesibili, yethula amanani okushintshaniswa asemthethweni amasha, lapho idola lalibiza kakhulu ukuthenga - kodwa lalingabizi njengoba lalinjalo emakethe emnyama. Okwesithathu, futhi ngenxa yemali engenayo enciphile, yaqala ukuboleka amadola ngokunye kwalokhu kuthengiselana. Umqondo walezi zenzo kwakuwukunciphisa inani lamadola uhulumeni okufanele alinikeze, kuyilapho esafeza izidingo eziyisisekelo zamadola zokungenisa iningi lemikhiqizo edliwa abantu baseVenezuela. Ezikhathini ezinengi uhulumende laye waqala ukungenisa impahla nqo kulokuthi alethe amadola ezinkampanini ezizimele ezabe sezingenisa impahla.
Yayiyini imiphumela yangempela yezinqubomgomo ezintsha? Angibheke izibalo kodwa incazelo yakho yomthelela njengoba uthinte impilo yansuku zonke?
Umthelela omkhulu wemikhawulo ekhuphukile ekufinyeleleni kumadola ngenani lokushintshisana elisemthethweni kwaba ukuthi ama-bolivar amaningi agcina edayisiwe ezimakethe ezimnyama, ngaleyo ndlela kwenze lolo hlobo lwentengiselwano lube yingxenye enkulu yomnotho. Futhi, njengoba imali eningi yayidayiswa emakethe emnyama lapho kunamadola ambalwa atholakalayo kwakusho ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwezimakethe ezimnyama kanye nezinga lokushintshanisa elisemthethweni liyenyuka. Okusho ukuthi, ngenkathi izinga lokushintshaniswa elisemthethweni lihlala ku-6.3 bolivars ngedola ngalinye, emakethe emnyama kwakudingeka ukhokhe kuze kufike kuma-boliva angu-18 ngedola - ngokuphindwe kathathu.
Leli gebe phakathi kwesikhulu kanye namazinga okushintshaniswa kwezimakethe ezimnyama kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi bazama ukusizakala ngalo mehluko wamanani, njengoba imivuzo yokwenza lokho yayikhula ngokuba mikhulu. Isibonelo, uma uthenga izimpahla zenani lama-bolivas angu-1,000 ebezingeniswa endaweni yokushintshisana ngokusemthethweni - okusho ukuthi zibiza cishe u-$160 ukuzithenga ngaphandle kwaseVenezuela (amabholiva ayi-1,000 ahlukaniswe ngo-6.3, inani lokushintshanisa elisemthethweni), ungazama ukuthengisa lo mkhiqizo. e-Colombia ngo-$160 bese ushintsha lawo $160 ubuyele kuma-bolivas ngenani lemakethe elimnyama lika-18 kuya ku-1, okusho ukuthi usunamabholiva angu-3,000 manje. Ngale ndlela uthole inzuzo engu-300% ekuthengeni kwakho kwasekuqaleni okubize ama-bolivar angu-1,000, ngokuvele uthenge okuthile e-Venezuela futhi ukuthengise e-Colombia.
Umehluko wezinga lokushintshisana ubuye uqhubekisele phambili ukwehla kwamandla emali ngoba abangenisi abaningi babona ithuba lokuthengisa imikhiqizo ngamanani alingana nezinga lemakethe emnyama eVenezuela, isibonelo, ukuthengisa umkhiqizo ngamabholiva angu-3,000, ngisho nalapho bethola umkhiqizo ngenani elisemthethweni, ezibiza ngamabholiva ayi-1,000 kuphela.
Omunye umphumela omkhulu kwaba ukushoda kwemikhiqizo. Njengoba imikhiqizo ingathengiswa ngenzuzo enkulu kakhulu emazweni angomakhelwane njenge-Colombia noma i-Brazil kunase-Venezuela, abantu bakhipha izimpahla ngaphandle kwezwe, okushiya imakethe yaseVenezuela ingahlinzeki kahle okubangela ukushoda. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokudla okuyisisekelo, njengobisi, ubhontshisi, inyama engakagayelwa, njll. ngoba ngaphezu kwenkinga eyisisekelo, uhulumeni waseVenezuela wethula ukulawulwa kwentengo kulokhu ukuze abantu ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo bangakwazi ukukhokhisa imali eningi ngabo eVenezuela. njengoba bengakhokhisa kwamanye amazwe, ngaphandle uma bewathengisa ngokungemthetho emakethe emnyama eVenezuela.
Lokhu kusiletha ekunqobeni okuncane kuka-Maduro kanye nemiphumela enodlame. Ingabe udlame beluvele lwanyuka futhi lwaphela, noma lwaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo, nakuba lusebenza ngokungabonakali kunodlame lwasemgwaqweni?
Udlame lube nomthelela ohlala njalo ngomqondo wokuthi luqhubekisele phambili idola elimnyama, ladala umjikelezo ononya. Okusho ukuthi, ngenkathi udlame kanye nokudilizwa kuka-2002 kubangele ukwethulwa kwezinga lokushintshaniswa okungaguquki ukuze kulawulwe indiza enkulu, ngo-2013 no-2014, imakethe emnyama yamadola yayisivele ibe yindawo enkulu yomnotho kanye nemizamo yokudiliza ngemuva kukaMaduro. ukhetho lwabangela ingcindezi entsha yokuqeda ama-bolivas, ukusunduza okungasakwazi ukulawulwa ngokulawulwa kwemali okwase kusendaweni. Ngenxa yalokho, inani le-bolivar elihlobene nedola lehla futhi, okusho ukuthi ubudinga ukuhlinzeka ngamabholivari amaningi ukuze uthole amadola njengembuyiselo. Ngokulandelayo, igebe phakathi kwezinga lokushintshisana elisemthethweni kanye nezinga lemakethe yabamnyama linyuke kakhulu, okwadala amathuba engeziwe kanye nezikhuthazo zokwenza imali ngegebe, okuphinde kwakhulisa usayizi wegebe phakathi kwalokhu kuhwebelana okubili. amanani.
Sicela uchaze, futhi, njengoba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda izenzakalo, kungani ukuba khona kwesilinganiso esisemthethweni - bekuyini ngaphezu kwe-6 Bolivares ukuthenga idola? - kanye nezinga lemakethe elimnyama elingaba ngu-18 ngedola ngalinye (ekuqaleni kuka-2013) - lidale cishe okungenakwenzeka ukugwema ukugqugquzela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenkohlakalo?
Hhayi-ke, inzuzo engu-300% ongayenza hhayi ngokukhiqiza noma yini, noma ukusebenza, kodwa ngokuthola amadola ama-bolivar ngenani elisemthethweni kodwa ama-bolivars amadola ngenani lemakethe emnyama iyisikhuthazo esikhulu sokushushumbisa noma ukudlala uhlelo. . Kodwa, ngakho konke okwenziwayo igebe phakathi kwezinga elisemthethweni kanye nezinga lemakethe yabamnyama liyakhula, ngaleyo ndlela likhulise umkhawulo wenzuzo kanye nesisusa. Lolu uhlobo lomjikelezo ononya oludala inhlekelele.
Futhi-ke kungani igebe phakathi kwamazinga lilokhu likhula lifinyelela izinga lemakethe elimnyama lama-bolivars ayi-100 ngedola ngalinye ngasekupheleni kuka-2014 kanye nama-bolivar angama-800 ngedola ngalinye ngasekupheleni kuka-2015 futhi yayiyini imiphumela yalokhu enkohlakalweni - futhi, kahle, lapho sikhuluma inkohlakalo sikhuluma ngobani?
Uma usunomjikelezo omubi, igebe liqala ukukhula ngokushesha, okuyinto esiyibona yenzeka ngo-2014 no-2015. Mayelana nokuthi ngobani abathintekayo enkohlakalweni, abantu bokuqala abathintekayo yilabo abaqapha umngcele futhi kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo ayishushumbiswa ikhishwe ngaphandle kwezwe. Iningi lalaba ngamasosha, asuke egwazelwa ukuze abukeke ngenye indlela. Nokho, akungabazeki ukuthi abaningi bayahileleka ekuhwebeni. Futhi, ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye namabhizinisi azimele, okuthi ngandlela thize akwazi ukufinyelela izinga lokushintshisana elisemthethweni nawo azobandakanyeka.
Okokugcina, amaholo kahulumeni, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nokuthi mangaki amadola abangawathola ngokuhwebelana ngemakethe emnyama asephansi ngendlela ehlekisayo, ngakho-ke noma ubani ongakwazi ukufinyelela amadola nganoma iyiphi indlela uzoba nesisusa esikhulu sokwenza kanjalo. Isibonelo, isisebenzi esihola ama-boliva angu-30,000 ngenyanga, okuyiholo elivamile, ngokuvamile asikwazi ukushintsha leli holo libe ngamadola ngenani lokushintshisana elisemthethweni. Uma ekwazi, bazoba no-$4,762 (30,000 / 6.3). Nokho, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi othile afinyelele leli zinga. Uma uhumusha leli holo ngenani lemakethe emnyama, elisondele ku-800 manje, lesi sisebenzi sizobe senza u-$37.50 kuphela ngenyanga. Akukho nokubalwa komholo okwangempela, nokho, njengoba kufanele ucabangele ukuthi izimpahla eziningi eziyisisekelo zingathengwa ngentengo ephansi kakhulu e-Venezuela, ikalwa ngenani lemakethe emnyama. Noma kunjalo, amaholo abephansi kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko ezikhulayo zokuphila.
Enye indlela yokuthola ama-dollar iwukubambisana nosonkontileka bangaphandle - okungukuthi, uma wenza inkontileka yenkampani yangaphandle ngohlobo oluthile lokutshala imali noma iphrojekthi yengqalasizinda, inzuzo evela ekubuyiseleni emuva kancane ngokwemigomo yedola ingaba nkulu ngama-bolivars, isihlobo. emholweni wesisebenzi sikahulumeni.
Kanye nakho konke lokhu, waba yini umphumela wezakhiwo zamanani zaseVenezuela? Mhlawumbe thatha izibonelo ezimbili, igesi yezimoto, nokudla, ngicabanga ukuthi ubisi lwaluyisibonelo esihle, akunjalo? Futhi, igebe phakathi kwamanani entengo ngaphakathi kweVenezuela nalabo abangaphandle libe namuphi umthelela? Futhi kungani la manani ayehluke kangaka?
Amanani ngokuvamile ahlukene ngokwedlulele. Imikhiqizo elawulwa amanani, njengobisi, ubhontshisi, irayisi, inyama engakagaywa, amafutha okupheka, ushukela, okungaba nzima ukuyithola noma okumele ume kulayini amahora ambalwa, izobiza ngendlela ehlekisayo - amapeni ambalwa ngeyunithi ngayinye. ngesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwemakethe emnyama yamanje. Uphethiloli umahhala. Abantu bavame ukucebisa isisebenzi segalaji likaphethiloli ngaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho okubiza ukugcwalisa ithangi. Ngakho-ke uyabona, ukwenza inzuzo ephindwe ka-10 ngokuthumela ngaphandle umkhiqizo oxhasiwe futhi olawulwa amanani, kuyisikhuthazo esikhulu kakhulu. Lesi sikhuthazo sibhebhezelwa nawukuthi noma yini engaxhasiwe ngezinga lokushintshisana ngokusemthethweni manje isibiza ngendlela ehlekisayo. Isibonelo, isidlo sakusihlwa endaweni yokudlela emaphakathi noma ifenisha noma isethi ye-TV sesibize kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa neholo elivamile labantu abaningi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle uma ufuna ukuyeka ukunethezeka okunjalo, unesinye futhi isisusa sokwenza imali eceleni. Kungokufanayo nasekuthengeni imoto, indawo yokuhlala, nanoma yini enye engalawulwa amanani.
Uyini umphumela wakho konke lokhu ekutholakaleni kwempahla emashalofini ezitolo? Emalini etholwa abantu? Ezingqondweni zabantu?
Imiphumela ehlukene inemithelela ehlukene emiqondweni yabantu, ngingasho. Isibonelo, omunye umthelela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali elingaphezu kuka-100% elinawo emqondweni wabantu ukuthola izindlela zokuguqula noma iyiphi imali engenayo ye-bolivar ibe into engalahlekelwa inani ngokushesha, njengezindlu, imoto, noma amadola. Lokhu-ke kukhuphula amanani entengo ngayinye yalezi zimpahla, kuqhubekisele phambili ukwehla kwamandla emali.
Ukushoda kunomthelela wokuthi noma nini uma kunolayini ndawana thize, uqale ungene kulayini bese uthola ukuthi yini edayiswayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - ngisho noma ungawudingi, ngoba ungaphinde uwudayisele umuntu ongenawo. isikhathi sokuma emgqeni. Futhi, kusho ukuthi kulahleka umkhiqizo omningi kabi - ngendlela yokulova emsebenzini - ngenxa yokulinda emigqeni, ngaphandle uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela othile ukuthi akumele.
Okokugcina, imali engenayo ephansi uma iqhathaniswa nenani lempahla engalawulwayo isho ukuthi uma ikhona indlela yokuthola imali eyengeziwe, uzozama ukwenza kanjalo.
Kufanele futhi ngiqaphele ukuthi ngizwile ukuthi lezi zimo zivame ukulimaza umqondo wobumbano othuthukiswe eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Manje sifika esimweni samanje kanye nombuzo ovame kakhulu - uma izinga lokushintshaniswa eliphansi elilinganiselwe liye laholela futhi liqhubeka liholela ezinkingeni eziningi zezomnotho, kungani uhulumeni engazange akhuphule izinga? Ithini isibalo sabo esamukela ukugudluka okukhulu nezinsongo, futhi, ekusekelweni kukahulumeni, esikhundleni sokumane baguqule izinqubomgomo zezinga lokushintshisana?
Ngicabanga ukuthi kunezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuthi alukho ushintsho olwenziwe kuze kube manje kule migomo yezomnotho. Sengikushilo lokho, uhulumeni uzame ukwethula inhlobonhlobo yezinye izindlela, njengezinga lokushintshisana elisemthethweni elisha, ukulawulwa kwentengo okwengeziwe, imithetho yenzuzo ephezulu, neminye imithetho, kodwa ayikho kulezi ekwazile ukunqanda igagasi lemiphumela. engikushilo lapha. Ngakho kubonakala kimi nakwabaningi abanolwazi ukuthi ukushintsha uhlelo lwezinga lokushintshanisa ezingeni elijulile kuwukuphela kwendlela yokubhekana nale nkinga.
Isizathu sokuqala engicabanga ukuthi alukho ushintsho olubalulekile olwethuliwe ukuthi umnyakazo wokulungisa ukuhwebelana okusemthethweni kokuthile okuseduze nezinga lemakethe yabamnyama kungasho ukwenyuka kwentengo okukhulu kwezimpahla eziyisisekelo ezingenisiwe nezilawulwa intengo. Lokhu kungadala isiyaluyalu esikhulu futhi ngaphandle kokulungisa okufanayo kungasho nokwehla kwezinga lokuphila kanye nokwanda kobumpofu.
Ngokombono ngicabanga ukuthi ukulungisa kokubili imali engenayo kanye nezinga lokushintshisana kungenzeka, kodwa kungaba umsebenzi omkhulu, lowo uhulumeni angafuni ukuzifaka engozini ngaphambi nje kokhetho olukhulu.
Isizathu sesibili sokuntuleka kokusebenza ukuthi ukulungiswa kwemali kungasho isimemezelo sokunqotshwa lapho uhulumeni akubiza ngokuthi impi yezomnotho. Futhi, isimemezelo esinjalo kungase kudingeke senziwe ngokushesha noma kamuva, kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kokhetho.
Mhlawumbe manje singakwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi ungakwazi ukunikeza umbono - uma isimo samanje eVenezuela siwumphumela, okokuqala, wokulawulwa kwezinga lokushintshaniswa okwakuhloswe ukuvikela imali ngokumelene nemizamo yokudiliza ka-2002, yona ngokwayo eyayiwumphumela we ukuhlasela kukahulumeni kaChávez ezithakazelweni zesigaba sonxiwankulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi, okwesibili, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushintshisana okuvele kuntekenteke kwaba kubi kakhulu ngemuva kokwehla kwentengo kawoyela ngo-2008 futhi futhi ngo-2014, futhi okwesithathu, ngoba lokhu kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu kuhulumeni. ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo samadola ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nezikweletu, futhi okwesine, imizamo emisha yokuphikiswa kokuphikisa ngokumelene nohulumeni waseMaduro ngemva kokhetho lukaMaduro ngo-April 2013 futhi futhi ekuqaleni kuka-2014, yashintsha ukuntengantenga komnotho okukhona kube umjikelezo ononya wokwehla kwamandla emali, ukushoda, ukwehla kwezimakethe ezimnyama, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamandla emali, ucabanga ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe nguhulumeni waseMaduro, noma yimuphi uhulumeni waseBolivarian, ukuze babuyele endleleni yokuthuthukisa iVenezuela ngendlela yobuntu neyokuhlanganyela?
Ngicabanga ukuthi ayikho indlela ezungeze ukulungiswa kwemali. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi kungani uhulumeni efuna ukuxhasa izimpahla eziyisisekelo, okuyinani lenani lokushintshisana elisemthethweni lamanje, kodwa ukuba nomehluko omkhulu kangaka wamanani ezweni uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe angomakhelwane bakhe kudala amathuba amaningi kakhulu kanye nezisusa zokudicilela phansi umnotho, ngoba inkohlakalo, kanye nokushushumbiswa. Ukube iVenezuela ibiyisiqhingi mhlawumbe ibingase ibaleke negebe elikhulu kangaka phakathi kwamanani asekhaya kanye nalawo omakhelwane bayo, kodwa akusona isiqhingi ngakho-ke kufanele ifike ekulinganeni kwentengo phakathi kwalezi zimakethe ezimbili.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, ngenxa yezizathu zobulungiswa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokulungiswa kwezinga lokushintshisana kufanele luhambisane nokwabiwa kabusha kwezibonelelo, kusukela ezimpahleni eziyisisekelo kuye kumaholo ukuze kunqandwe ukwanda kobumpofu. Emkhakheni kahulumeni, osebenzisa ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yabantu kufanele kube lula ukushintsha uxhaso lwezinga lokushintshisana lube amaholo. Futhi emkhakheni ozimele, kufanele kwenzeke futhi, njengoba isivele ikhokhisa amanani aphezulu wezimpahla ezingalawulwa futhi izokwazi ukunyusa amanani ezimpahla ezilawulwa amanani. Izinzuzo zizokwehla futhi kufanele zehle, kunjalo, kodwa kungenzeka.
Ngokufanelekile, izinguquko ezinjalo zizohambisana nenqubo yokubonisana nomphakathi jikelele, ukuchaza izindaba kanye nokunquma indlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa lezi zinhlobo zezinguquko. Lokho, ngeshwa, kungase kuthathe isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuthi kube noguquko lwenqubomgomo okumele njengamanje luqaliswe ukusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu.
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