Lapho kubhekene nokuzamazama komhlaba okuyi-7.8 magnitude okucekele phansi izingxenye zeTurkey neSyria ngoFebhuwari 6 - kwathatha izimpilo zabantu abangaphezu kuka-50,000 - abaphathi beBiden bathatha isinyathelo esibalulekile kodwa esinganele ngokwanele sokwenza okufanele: Kwehlise isikhashana okuthile. unswinyo lwezomnotho ukuvumela ukwesekwa kobuntu eSyria ecekeleke phansi.
Emuva kweminyaka yokukhubaza unswinyo nemizamo yokuhlukanisa iSyria nomhlaba wonke, isinqumo sikaWashington sangomhla ziyisi-9 kuNhlolanja sikhombise okungenani izinga elithile lokuqaphela ukucekelwa phansi kokuzamazama komhlaba. Kuphinde kwamela ukunqoba okubalulekile kwezishoshovu, okuhlanganisa i-American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee kanye nabanye, abathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze kucace ukuthi, uma i-United States ibifuna ngempela ukusiza abantu baseSyria, ukususwa unswinyo bekufanele kube yisizinda. ingxenye yanoma iyiphi iphakheji yosizo.
Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuguqulwa kwenqubomgomo okungenani kuwukuvuma ingxenye ethile ye-White House ngomonakalo obangelwa unswinyo olubanzi lwezomnotho. IWashington ibeke unswinyo eSyria kusukela ngo-1979, futhi iningi lezinhloso ezibonakala sengathi bekuyizinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu. Kodwa abantu abavamile baye bawuzwa umthelela ukwedlula noma yibaphi abantu abakhethekile, njengoba kunjalo ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi uhulumeni wobushiqela.
Ngo-2004, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wakhuphula unswinyo olubhekiswe eSyria mayelana nalokho okubizwa nge-Global War on Terror. Ngo-2011, njengoba ukuvukelwa kweSyria kwe-Arab Spring kuhlangatshezwane nokucindezelwa okukhulu kukahulumeni futhi iWashington yajoyina izimpi ezikhulayo ezikhulayo, i-United States yamisa impahla kahulumeni waseSyria, yenqabela ukutshalwa kwezimali futhi yanqamula noma yikuphi ukuthenga okubandakanya imboni kawoyela yaseSyria.
Ngo-2020, abaphathi bakaTrump bandise ngokumangazayo unswinyo futhi. I umthetho omusha usho inqubomgomo yase-US ukuthi "izindlela zomnotho ezikhuthazayo neziphoqayo kufanele zisetshenziswe ukuphoqa uhulumeni ka-Bashar al-Assad ukuthi amise ukuhlasela kwawo okubulala abantu baseSyria futhi asekele ukuguqukela kuhulumeni waseSyria ohlonipha umthetho, amalungelo abantu, nokuhlalisana ngokuthula nomakhelwane bayo.” Phakathi kwezinye izinto, unswinyo olusha lwenqabela noma yiziphi "izinkontileka eziphathelene nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo zaseSyria ezilawulwa uhulumeni waseSyria nabalingani bakhe." Akudingeki ukuthi ngisho, akukho unswinyo oluyekise ukucindezelwa kukahulumeni waseSyria kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Njengoba umnotho waseSyria uqhubeka nokungena kwawo enkingeni egcwele, ukwenqatshelwa kokwenziwayo kwezezimali e-US neSyria yavimba iningi lamaSyria ukuthi lingayi e-United States futhi kwenza kwaba nzima ukuthi abaseSyria baphesheya banikeze noma yiluphi usizo emindenini yabo.
Ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba, isinqumo sangoFebhuwari 9 sinikeza ilayisense evamile yokuvumela usizo losizo oluhlobene nokuzamazama komhlaba eSyria - kodwa kuzosiza kuphela ingxenye yezinkinga ezibangelwa unswinyo, ingasaphathwa eyezinye izinkinga ezibhekene namaSyria. Ngempela, umyalo woMnyango Wezezimali awuzisusi ngempela unswinyo (eziningi zazo iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene nezinye izinhlangano ezisiza abantu ezivumayo ukuthi ziyaqhubeka nokuba “nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside”). Kunalokho, i- Oda igunyaza "yonke imisebenzi ehlobene nemizamo yokusiza ukuzamazama komhlaba e-Syria ebingavinjelwa Imithetho Yezigwegwe zase-Syria," okusho ukuthi zonke unswinyo lusalokhu lukhona, ngaphandle nje kokuphathelene nosizo. Inkinga isala ukuthi abakhiqizi abaningi futhi ikakhulukazi amabhange bazohlala benqikaza ukubeka engcupheni noma yiliphi ibhizinisi neSyria, ngokwesaba ukuthi amatende abo noma amakhompyutha azothathwa njengokungahlobene nempumuzo noma ilayisense ejwayelekile ingahoxiswa, ibashiye bephula unswinyo.
Iqembu Onobhala abakhethekile abayi-10 be-UN ngamalungelo abantu waphawula ukuthi impendulo ephumelelayo yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokululama kufanele kudlulele ngalé kwalokho okwenziwe yi-United States futhi kufanele empeleni kufake “ukususwa kwayo yonke imikhawulo yezomnotho nezezimali ebangelwa unswinyo oluhlangene ngokumelene neSyria ngalesi sikhathi sosizi nokuhlupheka kwabantu.” Umbiko wabo uyaqhubeka, “ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlekelele zemvelo, lapho amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu esengozini, kuthinta kabi ukuthi abenzi bosizo babhekana nezinselele eziqhubekayo ngenxa yokujeziswa,” futhi uyaphawula, “izinhlelo zokuqopha abantu zingase zingaphumeleli. zanele ukubhekana nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside yezijeziso.”
Inkinga efanayo ikhona ngezijeziso zase-US ezibekelwe i-Iran, Cuba, Afghanistan, Venezuela kanye nenqwaba yamanye amazwe. Isitatimende esisemthethweni esinikeza ilayisense evamile yokuthumela izinsiza zosizo akwanele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezadalwa unswinyo lwase-US kwasekuqaleni. Lezo zinkinga zingaholela ezigidini zabantu - izingane, abadala nabanye abaningi - babhekane nendlala, amakhaza, ukuntuleka kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuntuleka kosizo lwezokwelapha. Baningi abafa futhi abaningi bazokufa.
Odabeni lwaseSyria, unswinyo lwase-US luyingxenye ebalulekile - kodwa akuyona yodwa - yendima yeWashington enkingeni evele imbi kakhulu yangaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuzibandakanya okuqondile kwe-US ezimpini zaseSyria kube nesandla ekufeni nasekubhujisweni okukhulu kwabantu baseSyria nemiphakathi yabo, okuhlanganisa izikhali, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokunye ukwesekwa kwezempi kwamasosha aphikisayo - okunye kwakho okugcine ngokusiza amasosha axhumene ne-al Qaeda. enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSyria, kanye nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi nokucekelwa phansi kwamadolobha ezimpini zase-US ngokumelene ne-ISIS.
IWashington, yiqiniso, akuyena kuphela umlingisi omubi. Izigidi zabantu baseSyria bake baphila, baphucwa umhlaba futhi bafa phakathi neminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yezimpi ezinonya ezilwiwa ezweni labo nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Impi yombango yahlanganisa umbuso wengcindezelo ngokumelene nenhlangano yokubhikisha eyayidumile, ekuqaleni eyayingenalo ubudlova eyagcina ithathe izikhali ngokumelene nohulumeni wobushiqela eDamaseku. Iqoqo lezimpi ezifanayo lalihilela abalingisi bangaphakathi, besifunda nasemhlabeni jikelele - i-United States neRussia, i-Iran ne-Israel, iTurkey neSaudi Arabia, i-ISIS, i-al Qaeda nokuningi - konke kulwa kuze kufike eSyria yokugcina. Amadolobha afana neRaqqa ne-Aleppo ahlaselwe yi-ISIS futhi ahlelwa yizindiza zikahulumeni wase-US, waseRussia naseSyria kanye nokuhlasela kwezindiza.
AbaseSyria abaxoshiwe, namaPalestine, i-Iraqi nabanye ababaleki ababefuna ukuphepha eSyria, bonke basaqhubeka nokubhekana nokufuduka, bezabalaza ukondla izingane zabo lapho bebhekene nokuntuleka kokudla okubhebhethekiswa yimpi yase-Ukraine, futhi manje babhekene nemiphumela enamandla angenakulinganiswa. ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe - kuhlanganise nohulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi - ukuphendula lezi zidingo ezibucayi, mkhulu kakhulu. Lokho kusho ukuhlinzeka ukwesekwa okuqondile nobumbano, ukuphoqa bonke ohulumeni bethu ukuthi banikeze ngokushesha izimali ezengeziwe kanye nabantu abaqeqeshiwe kanye nemishini, befuna ukuthi zonke izindawo zokuwela kuzo zonke izingxenye zeSiriya zivulwe futhi zisetshenziswe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimaphi amandla alawulayo - futhi bafuna ukuphela. ezijezisweni ezenza umsebenzi wokunikeza ukwesekwa ube nzima kakhulu.
Ukukhuluma ngezijeziso kusebenza ikakhulukazi njengamanje ngoba sesicwiliswe cishe unyaka ogcwele we-cheerleading eholwa yi-US- kanye ne-European unswinyo ngokumelene neRussia. Lokho kuhalalisela kuye kwenza abaningi bathi unswinyo luwusizo, lufeza indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni ukuziphatha kohulumeni abephula amalungelo abantu, nokuthi luqondiswe ngokucophelela kangangokuthi abantu abavamile bangalinyazwa.
Azikho kulezo zinto eziyiqiniso.
Izijeziso ezabekwa eRussia - okuhlanganisa nalezo ezibhekiswe embonini kawoyela kanye nemali engenayo enkulu - azizange zivimbele futhi azizange zibuyisele emuva ukuhlasela kwezempi okungemthetho kwaseRussia kanye nokuhlala endaweni yase-Ukraine. Abakakubambezeli ngisho lokho kuhlasela. Kunobufakazi obuncane bokuthi unswinyo umthelela jikelele emnothweni waseRussia ubalulekile; okwakamuva New York Times Isihloko se-print edition sifundeka nokuthi, "Izigwegwe azizange Zimise Ukugeleza Kwemali Kawoyela ERussia." Kodwa kubukeka sengathi unswinyo lukhona ukwandisa ubuhlungu kubantu abavamile, ikakhulukazi labo abangazilimeli ukudla.
Akukho kulokhu okufanele kusimangaze ngokomlando. E-Cuba, unswinyo lwaseMelika olwabekwa ngemuva kwenguquko ka-1959 lwenza inqubekelaphambili yezomnotho esiqhingini se-socialist yaba nzima kakhulu, okwenqabela isiqhingi esithembele kwezohwebo cishe kukho konke ukuhwebelana nemakethe enkulu eqhele ngamamayela angama-90 nje. Ezinye izinyathelo zenza ukuthi iCuba ingakwazi ukuthenga noma yini ezinkampanini zase-US kwamanye amazwe, futhi uMthetho we-Helms-Burton ngo-1996 wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi uzothatha isenzo seCongress ukuqeda unswinyo. Izijeziso zixegiswe ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene (okubaluleke kakhulu ngo-2016 lapho abaphathi baka-Obama benza ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana, kodwa baphinde baqina ngaphansi kukaTrump), kepha unswinyo aluzange luphele. (Kuyamangaza ukuthi iCuba ikwazile, naphezu kwezinswinyo, ukuhlinzeka ngezempilo kanye nemfundo esezingeni lomhlaba kuzo zonke izakhamizi zayo, isikhathi sokuphila futhi amazinga okufunda nokubhala zonke zingcono kakhulu kunalezo zase-United States.)
E-Iraq, unswinyo olushanelayo lwase-US - okunye okungelona icala ngokusemthethweni, okunye okwabekwa ngeqabunga lomkhiwane elihlelwe yi-US lokugunyazwa yi-UN - zafakwa ngaphambi nangemva kokuhlasela kwePentagon "kokwethuka nokwesaba" kwe-Pentagon okwadala ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kwamanzi amaningi ezwe, ingqalasizinda kagesi neyokwakha ku-Gulf War yokuqala. Izijeziso zivimbela konke ukuthengiswa kukawoyela, kukhubaza umnotho wemboni eyodwa.
I-UN ekugcineni idale uhlelo lwayo lwe-“Oil-for-Food” e-Iraq, olwavumela ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela okuthile ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile, ngenzuzo ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-UN kanye nezikhulu ze-UN zenza zonke izinqumo mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izimpahla ezingangeniswa. Imikhawulo yayinqabela ngokusobala izinto “ezokusetshenziswa okukabili” (okwakuhlanganisa amapensela, njengoba ehlanganisa i-graphite), futhi kukhawulelwe inani lamakholori kumuntu ngamunye ngosuku ebezovunyelwa ukungena. Umqondisi wokuqala Wamafutha Okudla, Umsizi KaNobhala we-UN- UGeneral Denis Halliday, kudala ehlonze lolu hlelo ngokuthi "lubulala abantu." Eminyakeni emihlanu kubusa unswinyo, ngo-1996, owayenguNobhala Wezwe waseMelika ngaleso sikhathi uMadeleine Albright wavuma ngaphandle kokunanaza ukuthi unswinyo lwabulala izingane eziyingxenye yesigidi ethi, "Sicabanga ukuthi inani belikufanele."
Akekho owake wakhomba ukuthi iWashington yatholani ngokubuyisela unswinyo olubulalayo. Ngenkathi i-United States iphinde yalwa ne-Iraq ngo-2003, yahlasela izwe elisaphukile, elingakwazi ukuphulukisa ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi lithola unswinyo olukhubaza kakhulu emlandweni. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwemiphumela yeminyaka yezijeziso kanye naleyo ebangelwa iminyaka eminingi yokuhlasela kwamasosha kubonise futhi ukuthi unswinyo olubanzi lwezomnotho luhlala luyithuluzi lempi, hhayi enye indlela.
E-Syria, umthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba wawugxile engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe lapho uhulumeni elawula indawo encane kakhulu. Abantu balapho bahlanganisa abanye abasengozini kakhulu - abaseSyria ababalekela ukucindezelwa kukahulumeni kanye nababaleki basePalestine amakamu nemizi yabo ecekelwe phansi yimpi. Abanye baphoqeleka ukuthi bathuthele ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ezilawulwa yiTurkey noma abalandeli bontamolukhuni bebutho le-Al Qaeda elixhumene ne-Tahrir al-Sham. Izinkulungwane zezingane nabesifazane, imindeni yabashokobezi be-ISIS ababoshiwe (abangempela nabasolwayo) badonsa kanzima emakamu okuvalelwa ezindaweni ezivikelwe yi-US zamaKurdish enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSyria.
Izigcawu zokuzamazama komhlaba zaziwukuphelelwa ithemba: abantu abangenawo amatende, ukudla, amanzi, nosizo lwezokwelapha. Okubi nakakhulu, ngaphandle kwemishini namaqembu aqeqeshiwe, kwakungenakwenzeka ukufinyelela abantu abagqitshwe emfucumfucwini. Uhulumeni waseSyria usevele wavala iningi lezindawo eziwela iTurkey, uvimbela imikhumbi yosizo ukuthi ifinyelele kwezinye zezindawo ezithinteke kakhulu ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngabaphikisi. IRussia, ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba, yasebenzisa i-veto yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ukuvimbela izinhlangano ze-UN ekusebenziseni okungaphezu kokukodwa. (Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNhlolanja, uhulumeni waseSyria wavuma ukuvula ezinye izindlela zokuwela ukuze kuvunyelwe i-UN ukufinyelela.) I-United States - ngokufanelekile - yathumela usizo olukhulu kuzisulu zokuzamazama komhlaba eTurkey, kodwa yathumela i-pittance ehlobene nalabo baseSyria. Izijeziso zenze konke kwaba kubi kakhulu, ngoba izinto zazingenanele nhlobo ezweni.
Yebo-ke, kusamele sibaphendule bonke labo ababhekene nezimo ezesabekayo amaSyria abhekane nazo kusukela ekuqaleni kwezimpi ezikhungethe izwe labo - uhulumeni waseSyria ngokuphendula kwakhe ngesihluku ezimfuno ezisemthethweni zokuphikisa; I-ISIS ngenxa yokushisekela kwayo okunonya; i-United States neRussia ngokungena empini - futhi uhlu luyaqhubeka. Kepha unswinyo lwaseMelika luhlala lungenye yalezo zinkinga ezinkulu.
I-diaspora yaseSyria ekude kakhulu - inyuke eminyakeni yamuva nje ngezigidi ezimbalwa zababaleki baseSyria ababaleke ekuqaleni kwempi futhi ikakhulukazi ngo-2015 - ayikwazi ukuthumela imali ekhaya ngoba unswinyo luvimbela ubudlelwano basebhange neSyria. Ukuvinjelwa kwamaSulumane, ubandlululo olumelene nama-Arab kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokucwaswa kwabantu base-US kuqhubekile nokuvimbela iningi labantu baseSyria ekufuneni ukuphepha phakathi kwemindeni yabo kanye nabantu bakubo kuleli zwe. Umkhankaso wase-US wokuhlukanisa iSyria - okuyisizathu esiyisisekelo sazo zonke unswinyo - kusho ukuthi ngisho nokufinyelela ezindlini zamanxusa aseMelika noma ezinye izindlela zokufaka isicelo sokukhosela noma ama-visa akulula ukufinyelela.
Khonamanjalo, unswinyo alwenzanga lutho ukuvimba ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kulo mbuso, futhi iWashington ikubeke kwacaca ukuthi izogcina unswinyo naphezu kwemiphumela yobuntu neyesikhathi esizayo yokwakhiwa kabusha.
Ngakho-ke yini ezuzisa unswinyo lwezomnotho olubanzi eSyria? Abanye abantu abathile okuhlosiwe, abahlonzwe njengabaphehli bempi yaseSyria kanye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kodwa unswinyo aluzange lube nomthelela kuzinqubomgomo zikahulumeni. Ezinye zenqabela izinto ezijwayelekile ukungabikho kwazo okube nomthelela enanini elikhulu labantu baseSyria nemiphakathi yabo. Iningi le-Aleppo neRaqqa, ngokwesibonelo, elacekelwa phansi kakhulu ukuhlasela kwezindiza zaseRussia, eSyria nase-US, alukakhiwa kabusha ngoba unswinyo luvimbe iSyria ekungeniseni impahla eyanele yokwakha. Ukwakhiwa kabusha okuvela ekuzamazameni komhlaba kuzobhekana nenkinga efanayo.
Kunjalo, ukususa unswinyo nokuvumela kwezinye izinto zokwakha, amathuluzi, amakhompyutha, ukudla, imithi kanye nempahla yezimo eziphuthumayo akuqinisekisi ukuthi uhulumeni waseSyria uzosabalalisa lezo zimpahla ngokulinganayo, futhi maningi amathuba okuthi akwenze. Kodwa ukuthola izinto ezengeziwe kuzokwenza ukunqoba umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuhlehlisa lelo qiniso elibandlululayo libe nokwenzeka kakhulu. UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-António Guterres ubize ngokusobala ukuthi kususwe zonke unswinyo lwamazwe ngamazwe - "noma yiluphi uhlobo" - eSyria, into ezovumela izinga elibanzi kakhulu lokwanda kwemisebenzi ye-UN ezindaweni ezicekelwe phansi ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba akukhona okokuqala ukuthi inqubomgomo yenswinyo yase-US iveze imibala yayo yangempela, kodwa inhlekelele inikeza umzuzu omusha wokucabanga kabusha ukuthi kungani unswinyo olubanzi lwezomnotho kufanele luqedwe. I-United States ivame ukufaka unswinyo ngenxa yokucasuka komphakathi ngenxa yezinkinga zamalungelo abantu endaweni ethile emhlabeni - ikakhulukazi amazwe asevele esohlwini lwababi baseWashington - lapho umbono odumile ufuna "senze okuthile!" Lokho kusabela - ebesivame ukukubiza ngokuthi "i-CNN Factor" phakathi nenhlekelele ye-Gulf 1990 - 1991, noma "i-Twitter Factor" namuhla - empeleni imele impendulo yomuntu enamandla. Inkinga ilele kumbono olinganiselwe kahulumeni wase-US wokuthi "into" engase ibukeke kanjani. Esikhundleni sokutshala izimali ezixazululweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziphakathi nesikhathi eside ezingase zisebenze, unswinyo luvela njengendlela yokulungiswa okusheshayo, ye-telegenic ezokwanelisa isidingo somphakathi futhi ngeke kudinge ukubeka amasosha ase-US engcupheni.
Izijeziso zifana nempi, ukucabanga okusemthethweni kubonakala kunjalo, kodwa kungekho muntu olimalayo. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi abantu abaningi abavamile bayalimala. Futhi abantu abaningi bayafa. Inqwaba yamadolobha ayalungiswa futhi imiphakathi iyabhujiswa.
Ukuthi nje abawona amaMelika.
Izijeziso azikuvimbi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu noma ziguqule ukuziphatha kohulumeni abanegunya. Kunalokho, zithinta abantu abasengozini kanye nemiphakathi. Uma kubekwa eceleni, njengoba i-United States ivame ukwenza, unswinyo luphula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-UN Charter.
Ibukeka kanjani enye indlela yangempela? Ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-diplomacy ejulile. Sidinga imizamo yezikhulu zokuqeda izingxabano, hhayi unswinyo olubanzi lwezomnotho olufakwa kalula, olungavamile ukucatshangelwa kabusha, futhi luveze umthelela wako obulalayo kakhulu ngezikhathi zezinhlekelele zabantu.
Izijeziso ziyithuluzi lempi, hhayi enye indlela yempi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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