āThey should take his phone away from him,ā she says. āHe posts stupid shit all the time.ā
In a series of interviews that stretched over a year, StewartĀ was ambivalent when pressed about the presidentās accomplishments or any promises he might have kept. āI donāt really pay attention,ā she says. āI donāt have time to give a shit.ā
Since Trump astonished himself and the world on election night last year, observers have scrambled to figure out people like Stewart, Middle Americaās āwhite working class.ā Why did they vote as they did? And were they going to do it again?
āEconomic anxietyā quickly became the default explanation āĀ which, as some have since pointed out, doesnāt account for the economic anxiety of nonwhites who didnāt vote for Trump or consistent support for the president among whites across class and income. āThis is not a working-class coalition,ā The Atlanticās Adam Serwer wrote in a detailed analysis of the vote. āIt is a nationalist one.ā Those who argued that the anxiety was more racial than economic called Trumpās election a āwhitelashā and a ātemper tantrum.ā Others saw it as āpolitical nihilism,ā āthe revenge of the forgotten class.āA year into his dysfunctional presidency, Trump hasnāt delivered much āĀ certainly not in the corner of West Virginia where Stewart lives. Her relatives and neighbors worked in the stateās coal mines for generations and are struggling to find work.
Stewart works as a customer service manager at Walmart āĀ though not enough hours to receive benefits or health insurance from her employer. She is raising her 10-year-old autistic son, Wyatt, mostly alone.
Poor and working-class voters are facing only growing uncertainty as their access to health care and public services comes under attack. Their taxes are about to get higher. Black and brown working-class and poor voters face those same threats, plus emboldened racism that has been enabled from the very top, while immigrant communities are being torn apart at even greater rates than before.
Kentucky-born photographer Stacy Kranitz, who has a long history documenting life in Appalachia, visited Jamie Stewart five times over the course of a year, conducting interviews and photographing Stewart as she intersected with relatives, friends, and neighbors. As women descended on Washington to protest Trumpās inauguration and white supremacists rallied in Charlottesville, Viriginia, and as the president threatened to wage nuclear war on North Korea, and Republicans tried time and again to repeal the Affordable Care Act, Stewartās views offer a glimpse into a community that might think of itself as being far removed from the countryās politics, but in fact, lies at their very core.
Stewart is not your MAGA hat-wearing Trump voter. She put no signs in her yard. Her family, she says, are āunion membersā and ādiehard Democrats.ā She prefers the āTodayā show to Fox News ā āThey do a lot of nice things for people and stuff. I like to see the good in the world not the bad.ā She thinks the border wall is stupid and marijuana should be legalized.
Stewart voted for Obama in 2008 and thinks he āwasnāt a horrible president.ā She didnāt like Obamacare, but she loved Obamaās relationship with first lady Michelle. āThey love each other and you donāt see that much.ā She doesnāt remember whether she voted in 2012.
Stewart said she had no illusions, when she voted for Trump, that things would get better. āTrump came in, promised West Virginia bigger and better things,ā she said. āSomething so bad, you canāt make great overnight.ā
Today, she doesnāt regret her decision, nor does she try to justify it or apologize for it. āIt just seemed like the best choice,ā she says. āBetter than Hillary, thatās what everybody was saying, so thatās what we went with. A lot of my family was just like, put anybody in that office other than that bitch.ā
āWe have the right to vote either way,ā she added. āI think thatās what people forget, to respect other people and their decisions, whether theyāre right or wrong, whether they work out or not.ā
āI donāt want a bunch of backlash online of people calling me just an ignorant, racist, redneck. Iām a quiet, small-town girl.ā
Stewart feels much more strongly about the media than she does about the president. āEvery little decision, every little thing thatās done in politics thatās released to the public ā itās made a big deal of,ā she says. āEven if he does something good, they portray it in a way to make it seem negative against him. Everybodyās against Trump, it seems like.ā
Overall, Stewart says she doesnāt have time to keep up with politics. āI just work so much. Thatās all I do.ā
She doesnāt like watching the news, and when she does, she prefers to follow local crime alerts. āI donāt see ISIS being as a big threat. Heroinās killing more people than ISIS is.āāI donāt like the war in Syria. I hated seeing all those kids get killed,ā she added. āI really donāt agree just going over to different places and dropping bombs and killing innocent people. I think thatās terrible. And then they put it all over the news for everybody to see. I donāt think they should do that, because people know whatās going on in this world, but people donāt want to see it every day and be scared.ā
āIāve really been trying to just not watch any of that or read any of that, because Iāve had my own stresses and stuff in my own life, and watching all that really adds to it.ā
But for someone as disconnected as she believes herself to be, Stewart has heard a whole lot about North Korea, which dominated her preoccupations over the summer as Trump escalatedĀ his rhetoric against Kim Jong-un.
āI think itās the unknown in North Korea is whatās sketchy about it,ā she said. āBecause you just donāt know. Theyāre like, āOh, weāll wipe cities out.ā Whether they really can or not, I donāt know.ā
āWar on this land scares me, mostly because of my son. Him having autism, the age he has, that would be really scary if a war would break out over here. ⦠Thatās just something about little North Korea men running around chopping peopleās heads off that freaks me out. But I try to keep that in the back of my mind and hopefully our government and our politics, theyāre smart enough and able to not let that happen.ā
What about the presidentās threat to unleash āfire and fury like the world has never seenā?
āMy honest opinion about that is probably really horrible, but I think take them out before they kill all of us.ā
There are few immigrants in Mason County,Ā which is 97 percent white, and Stewart doesnāt know any. She doesnāt care much for Trumpās immigration crackdown. The wall, she says, āreminds me of something Iād do in kindergarten with my blocks. ⦠Iāll just build a wall and you canāt come over here.ā
āI canāt say that Iām against it, but Iām not really for it. Donāt take a bunch of money from your own country to do it, and of course another countryās not going to pay for it, you dumbass.ā
Stewartās boyfriend, Dozer Hayes, who worked with some immigrants at a FedEx center in Columbus once, thinks the border wall, though still unapproved, is evidence that Trump is getting the job done.
āI feel like heās fulfilling what he said he was going to do,ā Hayes said. āHeās getting ready to build a wall, heās getting ready to shut Congress down if they donāt want to build a wall, which he said Mexico would pay for it, but in the end, if we get all of the illegals out, and we donāt got to supply their welfare and shit, in the end, itās paying for it.ā
āI see a lot of it on the media ⦠people that are illegal coming into the country, getting government benefits,ā Stewart adds. āI donāt like that. Thatās bullshit.ā
āI know a lot of them are murderers, rapists, carrying in hard drugs, stuff like that. If theyāre doing that, ship them back. If youāve got a family ⦠trying to make a new life, leave them the hell alone.ā
Undocumented immigrants are not eligible for welfare, food stamps, Medicaid, and most other public benefits. Trump has regularly misrepresented this, including when announcing the RAISE Act in August, a bill aiming to curtail legal immigration. āTheyāre not going to come in and just immediately go and collect welfare,āĀ Trump said. Undocumented immigrants do pay taxes ā to the tune of more than $10 billion per year ā sometimes paying directly for benefits they will not actually receive.
Trump is ānot racist,ā Stewart says ā just a typical ādirtbag dude.ā There are few racists in Stewartās world, but plenty of assholes ā and definitely too many ābutthurtā politically correct people who whine too much. She wishes the media would stop making everything about race. āTheyāre whatās dividing people.ā
Nearly everyone in Stewartās life is white. There was a black cashier at Walmart once, and when she was growing up, an elderly black man lived in the same hollow as her family. He kept to himself and no one bothered him.
āWe were raised as you donāt mix races. You know what I mean?ā said Stewart. āWhite peopleās with white people. Black peopleās with black people. Thatās how I was raised. And still to this day, if me and Dozer werenāt together and Iād date a black guy, my family would disown me.ā
Does she think Trumpās election was a backlash against the first black president?
āYou might have a few people like, āWe canāt have a black man in there.ā But, like I said, youāre always going to have the assholes. And theyāre always going to stand out. But, as long as the media is glorifying these racist idiots, and showing them like, āLook how racist this person is,ā it just keeps cropping up, over and over and over again.ā
Does she think black and brown people have a reason to feel that their lives are threatened because of their race? āIf they feel threatened, they feel threatened. But if someoneĀ is just black, they shouldnāt feel threatened just because theyāre black. They bleed the same way everybody else does.ā
This summer, after a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville turned deadly, and as the nation was once again ablaze with reckoning over its racist past and present, Stewart talked about the Confederate statues being removed across the country with her neighbor Roger Chadwell. āWhat are we gonna do, tear down Mount Rushmore?ā said Chadwell, in a rant filled with racial slurs. āThey gonna start putting up black statues? We aināt got no black fucking heroes.ā
The way Stewart sees it, Chadwell isnāt racist. āHeās a lot like Trump,ā she says. āJust talks shit.ā
LOSING A LIFELINE
In Mason, the county along the Ohio River where Stewart and her family live, nearly 20 percent of the less than 30,000 residents live in poverty. The mining industry that was once Appalachiaās lifeline has been on a long decline, and for the past 10 years, employment rates have dropped. In nearby New Haven, the Philip Sporn PowerĀ Plant closed in 2015. Two other coal plantsĀ in West Virginia have since closed.
During the primaries, at a campaign rally in Charleston, West Virginia, Trump put on a minerās hard hat, pretended to shovel coal, and told a jubilant crowd he was āgoing to get those mines open.ā āOh, coal country,ā he said. āWhatĀ they have done.ā Trump won both West Virginia and Mason County by wide margins.
Trump was hardly the first politician to capitalize on the loss of jobs, racial resentment, and the fear of being at the bottom āĀ and he likely wonāt be the last to leave his promises to this region unfulfilled. In the 1960s, Appalachia became the poster child for the governmentās war on poverty ā not because the region was singular in its struggle, but because a federal anti-poverty program was easier to sell to voters when its recipients were white. By then, the radical, multiracial labor movement born out of the mines had been brutally crushed, Steven Stoll, who wrote a book on the economic history of the region, told The Intercept.
What followed, according to Stoll, was a concerted effort to confuse white working-class voters about their own interests. āThereās a muddled confusion about what government is for, what it should be doing, who benefits, and weāre still in that crazy muddle,ā said Stoll. āThey just hate business as usual āĀ and theyāre not clear whoās responsible for it.ā
Since the election, the president pushed a budget that would slash funds from mine safety enforcement and a host of federal programs that support laid-off coal miners, among others, including the Appalachian Regional Commission, which is credited with helping cut the regionās poverty rates in half. In August, Trump returned to West Virginia and held another campaign-style rally and falsely claimed that his administration was bringing back manufacturing jobs by the āhundreds of thousands.ā He told West Virginians that he was āputting our coal miners back to workā ā an inflated claim at best.
DespiteĀ Trumpās pledge to revive Americaās coal industry, American energy corporations are increasingly shifting to natural gas and renewable options. In the last couple years, fluctuations in the global coal market have led to a slight uptick for the industry in the U.S., and a handful of mines have opened āĀ something Trump has attempted to take credit for. But the overall trend continues to point downward.
Today, the best jobs available around Stewart are at a womenās prison and a government-run nursing home. She never went to college āĀ āprobably should have, but I didnāt,ā she said. A friend of hers started college but dropped out and has been getting her wages garnished to pay off the loan. āTheyāre taking out of her paycheck and all of her taxes from where she had a student loan. I know you owe someone money, you owe them money, but man, to take it like that from a struggling person, thatās shitty,ā she says.
In 2014, in response to the Affordable Care Act, Walmart announced it would stop offering insurance to 30,000 part-time employees. According to an estimate the same year by Americans for Tax Fairness, Walmart and its founder, the Walton family, received $62.1 million in subsidies and tax breaks in West Virginia, including $52.8 million in public assistance for its employees.
Stewart says she is happy with her reduced hours because that allows her more time with her son, even if that means she no longer gets benefits. Her paycheck from Walmart varies as her hours do, but she takes home about $600 every two weeks. Wyatt gets a $500 disability check every month.
Stewartās boyfriend, Hayes, has been on disability after nearly losing his left foot last year, when a 3,000-pound machine rolled backward onto him at his construction job. He is awaiting a settlement, and he wants to get back to work, but heāll never be able to stand all day, which limits his already narrow options around here. Stewartās parents live off disability checks, too, after her father suffered a series of workplace injuries.
Stewart doesnāt shop for herself much ā she buys her clothes at Walmart. She has no savings, but for the most part is able to make it to her next paycheck. Sheās almost finished paying off her trailer home āĀ which costs her about $400 a month. The plot of land where the trailer is parked is $80 a month. She pays for bills and car insurance and can stretch $20 of gas for two weeks. Whatās left goes for food and things for Wyatt. He loves pizza and Mario video games.
Stewart mostly blames the poverty rampant around her on peopleās ālaziness,ā even as sheās keenly aware that the odds are stacked against her neighbors. āI think thereās just a lot of lazy ass kids in this generation that they donāt want to work,ā she said. āI think they should be made to get a job. If you donāt get a job, youāll be fined. If there is nothing wrong with you physically from getting a job, I think that there should be some kind of consequences to it.ā She seems more willing to give the president the benefit of the doubt.
āHe promised West Virginia to keep the coal in the state, keep the coal mines open,ā Stewart says. How heās going to do that is on him, she says. āThatās why heās president. Heās supposed to come up with those ideas.ā
HEALTH CARE
AND ADDICTION
StewartĀ says she doesnāt know anyone with health insurance. She used to get hers through Walmart, before her hours were cut. Now she is covered under her sonās disability āĀ āI guess itās pretty much through welfare is what it is,ā she says.
Her boyfriend had money docked off his tax returns āĀ the Affordable Care Actās penalty. He never tried to sign up. Stewart said she did try when enrollment first opened. āI looked at the packages and I remember I was like, How in the hell is anybody supposed to pay for this? There aināt no one I know āround here that can afford that shit monthly.ā
She knows people are angry at Trump because of the āObamacare shutdown,ā which has not yet happened, despite the GOPās best efforts. After the effort repeatedly failed in Congress, Trump signed an executive order to begin āsaving the American people from the nightmare of Obamacare.ā The tax bill passed by the Senate also aims to gut the ACA. It is estimated to increase insurance premiums and cause 13Ā million more people to become uninsured by 2027.In West Virginia, Stewart says, some people self-medicate with weed. Many others go down the opioid hole. Opioid addiction, Stewart says, is āeverywhere through here.ā āIāve seen people die.ā
West Virginia has become the poster child of the opioid crisis, with a record 880 deaths by overdose last year, the highest rate in the country. On April 21, Mason County EMS got 17 heroin overdose calls in 11 hours. None were fatal, but news spread quickly on Facebook. āThere was a big alert that bad heroin was goinā around,ā Stewart said. āBad heroin, good heroin. You know, shitās killinā people whether itās good, bad. Itās all bad. Itās terrible.ā
Deaths by overdose are so common here that the state spent nearly $1 million to transport corpses last year āand one embalmer came out of retirement to help with the load. āIn 2017 itās a fair, albeit morbid, assumption that most West Virginians have attended the funeral of someone lost to addiction,ā the West Virginia-based journalist Danielle Costello wrote.
Trump promised he would āliberateā Americans from the āscourge of drug addiction,ā though he has put forth few resources to do so. In March, he signed an executive order establishing the Presidentās Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. In October, the acting secretary of Health and Human Services declared a nationwide public health emergency regarding the crisis. While the declaration added to the sense of urgency, Trumpās order only tapped into emergency cash available through the Public Health Services Act, which would allocate roughly 2 cents for every American addicted to opioids.
Meanwhile, West Virginia voted to legalize medical marijuana earlier this year,Ā following a trend of states that are easing their laws on medical marijuana as a way of combating the opioid crisis āĀ despite an aggressive federal crackdown on legalization efforts led by Attorney General Jeff Sessions.Ā Recreational marijuana remains illegal.
āI really think legalizing marijuana would bring a lot of jobs into this state,ā says Stewart. āThereād be new shops opening up. There would have to be farms where they grow it.ā
āI think thatād be a big boom for West Virginia.ā
āYouāre still gonna have your people that use drugs, but I really think itās going to drop,ā she adds. āA lot of people use marijuana to get over an opiate addiction.ā
For a time, Stewart herself āstarted to fall into the opiate crisis,ā she says. She bought suboxone off the streets. āI was not abusing it,ā she says. āWell, they would say itās abuse because I didnāt have a prescription wrote for it.ā
āNow I take no pills. No pills. I donāt even take a Motrin if Iāve got a headache,ā she says. āThereās something about the government, I donāt trust a bunch of weird chemicals packed into pills, it weirds me out.ā
āI quit all of my habits because I couldnāt pay for them,ā she adds. āYou canāt work and get your fix all day. You know what I mean? So they have to steal to get the drugs. ⦠Iām not friends with a lot of people I was friends with in school because thatās what they went to. They went to the heroin and the needle and the stealing and lying.ā
Costello identifies the vacillation between caring for people who are struggling and insisting on their personal responsibility as emblematic of West Virginian attitudes at large. āThe opioid crisis has proven deleterious for Appalachiaās hardest-hit state, not only destroying families but also upending compassion,ā she wrote. āAs an overwhelmingly conservative state, West Virginiaās āpick yourself up by the bootstrapsā values are proving as self-destructive as drug abuse itself.ā
People Stewart knows have been āNarcanādā four, five, six times, she says, referring to the use of the lifesaving anti-overdose drug. Some around here are opposed to its wide availability. āA part of me, I agree with that,ā Stewart said. āIf youāre a repeat offender, youāre playing Russian roulette with your life. How many get out-of-death-free cards do you need? You know what I mean? You think youād learn your lesson by one.ā
āBut in one sense Iām like, yeah,ā she adds, āeverybodyās lifeās worth saving.ā
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