New Society Publishers, 240 pp.

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Review by Barbara Beebe

If one were to depend solely on the
mainstream media for information regarding genetically modified organisms
(GMOs), one would come away with the impression that (1) Americans really
don’t mind the stuff, (2) it’s really those pesky Europeans who
are making all the fuss, and (3) the FDA would never permit GMOs to be in
the food supply unless they were safe. By presenting GMOs in this light, information
contrary to the mainstream impression is often difficult to come by, obscure,
or so filled with scientific jargon as to be useless to the average person.
Farmageddon: Food and the Culture of Biotechnology presents a critical
view of GMOs for scientists and lay persons alike.

Kneen, a Canadian food system analyst and publisher of the Ram’s Horn,
has written a compelling book, part testimonial, part research. Interestingly,
it is Kneen’s testimonial of artificially inseminating his milk cows
(and relating AI to science’s current love affair with the gene) which
strengthens his research. Like Michael Pollan’s cover story for the New
York Times Magazine (“Playing God in the Garden”) in which he
grows Monsanto’s New Leaf Russet Burbank potatoes while researching GMOs,
or the farmers who are suing Monsanto over their Bt crops, it is the personal
“I’ve-had-experience-with-that” dimension which assists any
food-oriented cause and compels the reader to take heed.

Kneen should be commended for tackling such a multifaceted dilemma. In Farmageddon,
he attempts not only to explain how we came to create genetically modified
organisms—along the way commenting on its failing predecessor, the Flavr
Savr tomato—he also documents the moves of some of biotechnologies biggest
players, namely Monsanto and Ag-West. Kneen explores the numerous governmental
bodies which have different roles in the regulation of GMOs, an explanation
which illustrates the massive web of conflict and distortion at the heart
of the GMO controversy. Kneen’s knowledge of the regulators and their
purpose, along with his critical ideology which questions GMOs from numerous
angles, makes Farmageddon a perfect primer for proponents and opponents
of GMOs.

Kneen’s at his best when he deconstructs the language of the biotechnology
industry: “The suggestion that biotechnology is really about administering
death may sound harsh, but consider the GE crops that have been developed
by the life sciences industry: Canola, soybeans, corn, and cotton have all
been genetically altered (immunized, so to speak) so that they are able to
withstand lethal doses of particular agrotoxins (herbicides) aimed at anything
else green that grows in their midst. The result is that the life of the designated
crop is “protected” by its genetic transformation while the chemicals
do their killing job on everything else.”

Harsh? Yes. True? Yes. For example, Monsanto’s Round-Up Ready soybeans
are genetically altered to withstand Monsanto’s highly effective and
poisonous herbicide Round-up. Any of their soybeans sprayed with the herbicide
will live while every bug, weed, or plant in the vicinity will die. Now, that’s
life science.

However, Farmageddon’s impressive strengths do not quite conceal
its glaring weaknesses. First, Kneen—without any due explanation—relegates
the science of biotechnology and the procedures for developing genetically
modified foods to the appendix section of the book. This indeed is the book’s
great error, for scientists and biotech corporations have used the lay person’s
lack of basic scientific knowledge as a justifiable reason to ignore and avoid
any public discussion of this new and experimental procedure. How GMOs are
created could be a book itself. A chapter would be sufficient; but Kneen’s
bookend treatment is an insult to the food and the science.

    Additionally, and surely without justification, Kneen
does not have one quote from his esteemed fellow Canadian, Dr. David Suzuki.
Besides being the host of the science program, “The Nature of Things,”
Suzuki is the author of Introduction to Genetic Analysis and Genethics,
two texts any aspiring Monsanto geneticist must read. Moreover, he marshals
powerful arguments against GMOs that few geneticists would be willing to contest.
Lastly, Kneen misses out on opportunities to fully exploit his own book title.
For example, Kneen states at the end of a paragraph in Chapter 7 that “the
use of antibiotics as marker genes on GE foods is an added and unnecessary
burden, not only in regard to antibiotic resistance itself, but also because
of their effect as promoters of genetic instability and increased gene flow;
the random movement of genes to other organisms.” The statement, espoused
by many critics of GM foods, requires explanation, quotes, charts, graphs,
photos, etc. This should be the idea behind the title Farmageddon,
the possibility of human-made genes flowing outside human control. Surely
this creative title merits one chapter on just what horrors we may be bringing
upon ourselves. Maybe in all those experiments Monsanto claims to have conducted,
there is some mutant potato or soybean distorted enough to scare even a rock-bottom
eater. Farmageddon should have shown the reader that.

These weaknesses could be the result of rushed publishing or they could be
examples of incomplete research. However, they need not be excuses for ignoring
Kneen’s work. Few critics of GMOs have attempted to explain their position
as fully as Kneen. GMOs are a recent, ill-understood phenomena which have
rapidly spread throughout agriculture in Canada and the United States. While
some may view Kneen’s title as alarmist, sometimes present exaggeration
is necessary to avoid future catastrophe.

Barbara Beebe is a freelance writer and library serials coordinator
in Fayetteville, NC.