Phantse iminyaka emithandathu ukusukela kweyona ngxaki imbi yezoqoqosho yase-Argentina ngo-2001, zombini inqanaba lokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu kwimizabalazo kunye nobubanzi beqela lezopolitiko litshintshiwe kakhulu. Kubekho kwakhona umzabalazo phakathi emsebenzini kwaye abasebenzi baseArgentina baguqukele kwizixhobo zabo zembali yenkululeko: idemokhrasi ethe ngqo, uqhankqalazo, ukonakaliswa, kunye nokuthatha umzi-mveliso. Imizabalazo yabasebenzi kwizibhedlele zikawonke-wonke, iiyunivesithi zikarhulumente, icandelo lebhanki, amashishini ahlaziyiweyo, kunye ne-subway yaseBuenos Aires iye yaphumela kwimibono emitsha kunye noloyiso kubasebenzi belizwe.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokwahlukileyo koku kuvuka kwakhona kwabasebenzi, imibutho yezentlalo, ngakumbi imibutho yabasebenzi abangaphangeliyo, iye yaqhekeka kakhulu kwaye abanye bade batyunjwa. Nabona bade bancama iindlela zokuchasa ezisetyenziswe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990: isenzo esithe ngqo, iindibano ezidumileyo, kunye nokuvalwa kwendlela. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iimeko zokuhlala e-Argentina ziye zaqhubeka zisiba mbi, ii-compaa±eros ezininzi ziye zaqala ukuhlanganisana ukuqalisa amaphulo angazange aviwe ngeminyaka yee-1990-ishumi leminyaka yokwenziwa kwezinto zabucala kunye nokugxothwa kwabasebenzi. Ngexesha lobunzima base-Argentina ngeminyaka yoo-1990, iimfuno zazilinganiselwe ekwandeni kwenkxaso-mali yentswela-ngqesho. Namhlanje, abasebenzi baququzelele kwiikhomishini zangaphakathi ezisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwiimanyano zemveli ukuze bafune imivuzo yokuhlala kunye nokuphuculwa kweemeko zentlalo.
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Imizabalazo yabaSebenzi beNdawo
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Kwisincoko sakhe esithi, “Workers’ Liberation and Institutions of Self-Management,” uTom Wetzel ucebisa ukuba “ukuba siza kwenza uluntu apho abantu banokubulawula ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babo, apho abasebenzi baqhuba amashishini apho basebenza khona, inkqubo ukuzilawula kufuneka kuvele ekuzilawuleni kwemibutho eninzi yabantu abasebenzayo” (http://nefac.net/node/2091).
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Amanyathelo amatsha oququzelelo lwaseArgentina akhokelele ekudalweni kothungelwano olubanzi lwembumba yamanyama, ukuzilawula kwemizabalazo yabasebenzi, kunye nenkcubeko entsha yodidi lwabasebenzi. Ngamashishini esizwe ahlaziyekileyo ephambili, indibaniselwano evuselelweyo yabaququzeleli bemisebenzi eqatha isebenzela ukusebenzisa iindlela ezizezinye zedemokhrasi kunye nokuzimisela kwabasebenzi.
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Abasebenzi be-Subway balwa kunye noGqibo lwe-Wildcat
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Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, abasebenzi kwiindlela ezingaphantsi komhlaba zaseBuenos Aires baqalisa umzabalazo ocothayo wokuseka ikhomishini yangaphakathi kwi-bureaucratic, pro-boss Union of Transport Workers (UTA). Abasebenzi bakaloliwe baphuhlisa ubume bombutho obugxininisa idemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo kunye nolungelelwaniso oluthe tyaba—ukusebenza njengendibano kawonke-wonke kunye neekhomishini ezikhethekileyo kunye nabathunywa ukulungelelanisa ukuphunyezwa koko kugqitywe kwindibano. Abasebenzi bendlela engaphantsi komhlaba baphumelele usuku lokusebenza oluziiyure ezintandathu ngothotho lwemisebenzi eyothusayo yokuyeka ngo-2004, kwaye ngo-2005 ngoqhankqalazo lwe-wildcat baphumelela ukonyuswa kwemivuzo ngama-44 epesenti.
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Owayesakuba ngumongameli uCarlos Menem wathengisa i-Buenos Aires subway ngo-1994, enikezela ngemvume kawonkewonke kwiMetrovaas, eyenza inxalenye ye-Roggio transnational corporation. Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba uloliwe ongaphantsi komhlaba ube wabucala inkampani yahlengahlengisa abasebenzi kunye neeyure zokusebenza. Bakwenza umsebenzi weeyure ezisibhozo ngosuku, banciphisa imivuzo, baza bagxotha abasebenzi abamalunga nama-60 ekhulwini. Ngaphambi kowe-1994 bekukho abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-4,600 1,500 kuloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba uloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ube ngumsebenzi wabucala, inkampani yaqesha kuphela i-800; abangama-XNUMX kubo bebesandula ukuqeshwa. Abasebenzi abatsha ubukhulu becala yayibancinci, amadoda nabafazi abangatshatanga benamava amancinane ekuququzeleleni umsebenzi.
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Ngokutsho kukaRoberto Pianelli, ummeli ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba, iimeko zokusebenza kuloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ziye zaba mandundu ngexesha nasemva kolawulo lobuzwilakhe olukhohlakeleyo lwaseArgentina. “Ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwasemkhosini (1976–83) abasebenzi bakaloliwe basebenza iiyure ezisixhenxe, ngaphambi kobhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi abasebenzi basebenza iiyure ezintandathu. Ebudeni borhulumente kaMongameli uMenem wayebetha kakhulu abasebenzi yaye usuku lwethu lomsebenzi lwanyuka lwaya kutsho kwiiyure ezisibhozo.”
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Iqhinga labathunywa bendlela yangaphantsi yayikukuququzelela ngokuzimeleyo ngaphakathi kwe-UTA. Abasebenzi be-Rank-and-file baqala ngokukhutheleyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-UTA yonyulo lonyulo, ukuvotela abasebenzi bezinga kunye neefayile kubameli njengendlela yokuthintela ukudubula. Kancinci, irenki kunye nefayile iphumelele izihlalo ezaneleyo zokumela umanyano ukwenza ikhomishini yangaphakathi ezimeleyo kumbutho weUTA. Njengoko ikomishoni yayikhula, abasebenzi baqalisa uqhankqalazo ukuze baphumelele iiyure ezintandathu zokusebenza, batshabalalise oomatshini bamatikiti abazisebenzelayo, baze bafune ukonyuswa umvuzo.
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Uloyiso lwabasebenzi bakaloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba yaba kukubuyisela umva kwiinkampani zabucala—ezathe ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi zaphembelela ukujongela phantsi umthetho wezabasebenzi owawukhusela abasebenzi. Iinzame zoququzelelo kunye nentshukumo ethe ngqo yebhodi yabathunywa yabasebenzi bakaloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ibe ngumqondiso kubasebenzi ukuba kude kube ngu-2003 baye baphumelela iingxabano zabasebenzi ezimbalwa kwaye baqhubeleka nokuxhatshazwa kwiimeko zokusebenza.
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Isazi ngezoqoqosho saseYunivesithi yaseBuenos Aires uEduardo Lucita, ilungu leengcali zezoQoqosho ezisuka eKhohlo (UDI), uthi nangona umthetho we-1933 weeyure ezisibhozo zomsebenzi umile, umlinganiselo wosuku lokusebenza eArgentina uziiyure ezilishumi ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini. “Sisiqingatha sabasebenzi esinezivumelwano zokusebenza ezisesikweni; abanye basebenza njengabasebenzi abakwikontraka engaphantsi kwicandelo elingamiselwanga, elingekho sikweni. Kubasebenzi abanjalo akukho migaqo yamaxabiso emveliso kunye nobude bosuku lomsebenzi—incinci kakhulu imilinganiselo yemivuzo." Umvuzo oqhelekileyo wabantu baseArgentina ujikeleze i-$ 200 kuphela ngenyanga, ngokungafaniyo ubuncinane be-$ 600 efunekayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zentsapho yabane.
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Ukuqala ngo-1976–ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi wama-83, nokuqhubekeka ngeminyaka yee-neoliberal 1990s, imithetho emininzi yezabasebenzi iye yatshintshwa ukuze ivumele imigangatho yezemisebenzi ebhetyebhetye. Imibutho emithathu ephambili yaseArgentina ayizange ikuthintele ukudilizwa kokhuseleko lwabasebenzi ebudeni beminyaka yee-1990. NgokukaJames Petras, uMbutho wabaSebenzi (i-CGT), imanyano yabasebenzi esekelwe kwiPeronist, izimanye norhulumente wonke ukususela kulawulo lobuzwilakhe– kwaye yade yaba namalungiselelo nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ngeli xesha, ezinye iimanyano, ezifana noMbindi wabaSebenzi baseArgentina (CTA), imanyano yabasebenzi bakarhulumente baseArgentina, kunye neManyano yaBasebenzi boMbuso (ATE), ayiphumelelanga ukuxhasa iimfuno kunye nezenzo zabasebenzi. Njengenye indlela kule mibutho ingaphenduliyo, abasebenzi bakarhulumente abaninzi ezibhedlele, ezikolweni, kwiibhanki nakwizothutho baye bakhokela inyathelo elaziwa ngokuba yi-Class Struggle Coalition (MIC).
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Umdibaniso woMzabalazo weKlasi (MIC)
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Imibutho yabasebenzi kulo lonke elaseLatin America ibonisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuzicwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo nangedemokhrasi. Abasebenzi bakaloliwe kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo bakarhulumente, abafundisi-ntsapho bezikolo zikarhulumente, abasebenzi bonxibelelwano ngemfonomfono, abasebenzi bakaloliwe, nemibutho yabasebenzi abangaphangeliyo baye baseka iMIC, indibaniselwano yemibutho yabasebenzi ephantsi esebenzela ukulungelelanisa abasebenzi abatsala nzima kulo lonke elaseArgentina. Imigaqo elishumi elinesine ye-MIC ichaza ukuzinikela kulungiselelo lwentando yesininzi kunye nomanyano phakathi kwabasebenzi abazama ukulwa noxhatshazo. Abasebenzi abathatha inxaxheba kolu manyano bazichaza ngokwaseklasini, abachasayo nabagxeka ulawulo lwemibutho yabasebenzi. Olu manyano luye lwada lwadala isikolo se-syndicalist sexesha elide eBuenos Aires. Ucweyo lokuqala lwezemfundo lwe-MIC lugxile “kwizicwangciso-qhinga zenkampani zemigangatho yabasebenzi ebhetyebhetye kunye neemanyano.”
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Ukulwa neemeko zomsebenzi wamakhoboka
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I-Argentina inesithethe esiphawulekayo sokuququzelela abasebenzi phakathi kwabafuduki. Ukususela ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abaphambukeli abangabasebenzi baye balwela amalungelo asisiseko, kuquka ikhefu leeCawa, iiyure ezisibhozo zokusebenza, kunye nomvuzo ophantsi. Namhlanje, ukuxhatshazwa okugqithisileyo kwii-sweatshops ezintsha kuye kwabangela isizukulwana esitsha sabasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuba baququzelele.
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I-Union of Seamstress Workers (UTC), indibano yabasebenzi belaphu abangabhalwanga ngamaxwebhu, ichaze ngaphezulu kwe-8,000 yamatyala okuphathwa gadalala kwabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiivenkile zelaphu ezifihlakeleyo zesixeko eziphantse zibe yi-400 kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Malunga ne-100,000 yabaphambukeli abangabhalwanga phantsi basebenza kwezi zityalo zingakhuselekanga kunye nomndilili womvuzo—ukuba bahlawulwe konke—kwi-100 yeedola ngenyanga.
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Izifo ezifana nesifo sephepha kunye neengxaki zemiphunga zixhaphakile ngenxa yeemeko zokusebenza ezingaphantsi komntu kunye nokuba sesichengeni rhoqo kuthuli kunye nemicu. Abasebenzi abaninzi bakhathazwa kukwenzakala emqolo kunye ne-tendonitis ngenxa yokuhlala kumatshini wokuthunga iiyure ezilishumi elinesibini ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu ngosuku. Kwaye kukho nezinye iingozi. Idangatye elabulala abantu abathandathu ngo-2006 lazisa iimeko ezixhaphazayo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kuthungelwano lwezityalo zamalaphu ezifihlakeleyo eBuenos Aires. Abafazi ababini nabantwana abane ababuleweyo babevaleleke kumzi-mveliso.
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“”Kuye kwafuneka ukuba sithule kwaye samkele ukuphathwa gadalala. Ndidikiwe kukubetha imivumbo. Siqala ukulwa, compa±eros; ndiyabulela ngokubakho endibanweni.” La ngamazwi ka-Ana Salazar kwindibano yabasebenzi belaphu ababedibene e-Buenos Aires ngeCawa ngokuhlwa ngo-Aprili 2007. I-UTC yaqulunqwa kwindibano yasebumelwaneni kwindawo yabasebenzi baseParque Avalleneda. Ekuqaleni, indibano yayilulonwabo lweeveki ngeeveki kwiintsapho ngeeCawa, ekuphela kwemini yabasebenzi beempahla ababenokuphuma evenkileni. Iintsapho zaqalisa ukuhlanganisana kwindawo yendibano, ekwikona yepaki. Kamva, ngenxa yokuba imibutho yezithethe yaseArgentina ingazange ivume ukwamkela amalungu angekho semthethweni, abasebenzi bayandisa indibano yabo engacwangciswanga yaba ngumanyano olupheleleyo.
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Ukusukela kumlilo wefektri owabulala abantu abathandathu ngoMatshi 30, 2006, i-UTC iye yanyusa amanyathelo ngokuchasene neenkampani zempahla ezibizwa ngegama le-brand ezithi zikhontrakthi kunye neesweatshops ezifihlakeleyo. Iqela libambe inani le imikrwelo, okanye ukuvezwa koqhanqalazo, ngaphandle kwee-ofisi zabenzi befashoni eBuenos Aires ukutyhala urhulumente wesixeko ukuba abambe uhlolo ngaphakathi kwiindibano zocweyo zeenkampani. Abasebenzi abavela kwi-UTC baphinde banikezela izikhalazo zomthetho ngokuchasene nomenzi wejean ophezulu uKosiuko.
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Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iphulo lalo mbutho libe nempumelelo. Ngo-Epreli ka-2006, urhulumente wesixeko saseBuenos Aires waqalisa uhlolo lwee-sweatshops eziqasha abantu baseBolivia nabaseParaguay; abahloli bavala ubuncinane ikhulu. (Mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba, ummeli waseBolivia uGonzalez Quint uqhankqalaze inyathelo likarhulumente wesixeko sokulawula i-sweatshops, esithi amanyathelo acalula abaqeshi baseBolivia abaqhuba ezinye zeevenkile ezinkulu zempahla.) basuka nje bahambisa i-sweatshops zabo kwibhanti yemizi-mveliso yedolophu okanye kwiindawo ezintsha esixekweni. I-UTC ichaze ukuba abanye abavelisi banyanzela abasebenzi ukuba basebenze ebusuku ukuphepha ukuhlolwa kwasemini.
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Ukususela ngowama-2003, amawaka eengxelo eziphathelele iimeko zokungamakhoboka aye afumba ezinkundleni ngaphandle kwaso nasiphi na isigqibo. Kwiimeko ezininzi xa abasebenzi benike ingxelo emapoliseni ngempatho engekho mgangathweni, equka izoyikiso, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni, kunye nokusebenza ngenkani, amapolisa athi awanakuthabatha amanyathelo ngenxa yokuba amaxhoba akanawo amakhadi esazisi esizwe.
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Nangona urhulumente wesixeko saseBuenos Aires kusafuneka enze i-headway enkulu ekulawuleni i-sweatshops yesixeko, i-UTC iyaqhubeka nokucinezela ukuphela kobukhoboka be-sweatshop, kunye nokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwabafuduki kunye nezindlu zabaphambukeli abahlala kwintlupheko. Imigudu yokulungelelanisa ayilolize. Kuloyiso olubalulekileyo, urhulumente wesixeko uvule iqela leeofisi zokujongana simahla namaxwebhu okufuduka kubemi baseBolivia nabaseParaguay, bephambuka kwi-Consulate yaseBolivia.
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I-UTC ikwacebise ukuba iivenkile zamalaphu ezifihlakeleyo zivalwe kwaye zinikezelwe kubasebenzi ukuze bazilawule njenge-co-ops kwaye, ekugqibeleni, bakhe uthungelwano lwentsebenziswano olunokuthi ludlule abaphakathi kunye nenkqubo yonke ye-piecework. Sele, indibano ye-Alameda idibene ne-UTC ukwenza i-Alameda Workers 'Cooperative njengenye indawo ye-sweatshops. Phantse kumashumi amathathu abasebenzi ababefudula bengama-sweatshops basebenza kookopolotyeni kwindawo enye apho kuqhutyelwa khona iindibano zeveki.
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U-Olga Cruz ngoku usebenza kunye neempahla zokuthunga ezisebenzisanayo. Uthi nangona ingumzamo kodwa ngoku unesidima awayengenaso ngethuba esebenza kwenye yeevenkile ezithengisa impahla. “Sisebenza njengomasibambisane, sonke senza umvuzo ofanayo. Kwiivenkile ezifihlakeleyo uhlawulwa ngengubo nganye: bakunika ilaphu kwaye kufuneka unikezele ngengubo eyenziwe ngokupheleleyo. Apha sinenkqubo yomgca, ehambele phambili kakhulu kwaye wonke umntu usebenza ngesixa esifanayo. "
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Ugxothwe ngenxa yokunika ingxelo ngeemeko ezixhaphazayo kwi-sweatshop, uNaomi Herna¡ndez naye ufumene umsebenzi kumfelandawonye. “Siyazikhulula, yiloo nto endiyivayo. Ngaphambili bendingengomntu okhululekileyo kwaye ndingenawo nawaphi na amalungelo,” utshilo uHerna¡ndez kwinginginya yababukeli phambi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho yesixeko. Uthumele umyalezo okhethekileyo kunye nesimemo: “Ngoku silwa kunye nentsebenziswano yase-Alameda kunye ne-UTC. Ndimema bonke abasebenzi abaziyo ukuba amalungelo abo ayanyhashwa ukuba bazibandakanye nombutho ochasene nomsebenzi wamakhoboka.”
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Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo-abuyisela inkcubeko yokusebenza
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Iifektri zaseArgentina ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi zenza umzekelo kubasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela wokuba abasebenzi banokuqhuba ishishini nangcono ngaphandle komphathi okanye umnini. Imeko entsha yokuthatha abasebenzi bathathe indawo yabo yempangelo yaqala ngo-2000 kwaye yanda njengoko iArgentina yayijamelene neyona ngxaki imbi yezoqoqosho eyakha yakho ngo-2001. Kwilizwe lonke, amawaka emizi-mveliso avaliwe kwaye izigidi zemisebenzi ziye zalahleka kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
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Njengowona mzi-mveliso uhlaziyiweyo e-Argentina, kwaye usetyenziswa ukusukela ngo-2001, umzi-mveliso weZanon weseramikhi kwiphondo lasePatagonian eNeuqua©n ngoku uqeshe abasebenzi abangama-470. Kunye kunye ne-180 yamashishini ahlaziyiweyo kwaye aqhuba, anikezela ngemisebenzi ngaphezu kwe-10,000 yabasebenzi base-Argentina, amava e-Zanon achaze ngokutsha isiseko semveliso: ngaphandle kwabasebenzi, abaphathi abakwazi ukuqhuba amashishini; ngaphandle kwabaphathi, abasebenzi bangayenza ngcono. Ngelixa ezi mizi-mveliso zilawulwa ngabasebenzi zinyanzelwa ukuba zibekho phakathi kwemarike yongxowankulu enkulu, zenza imibono emitsha yenkcubeko entsha yokusebenza.
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Ngo-Okthobha ka-2005, i-factory without a Boss (FaSinPat) intsebenziswano, ngoku eqhuba umzi-mveliso wangaphambili weZanon, yaphumelela imbambano yezomthetho, inyanzelisa iinkundla zomdibaniso ukuba ziyithathele ingqalelo njengeziko elisemthethweni elinelungelo lokuqhuba ikopolotyeni unyaka omnye. Njengoko umhla wokuphelelwa kuka-Okthobha ka-2006 wawusondela, indibano yabasebenzi ivotele ukunyusa amanyathelo kunye neenzame zoluntu. Ngomhla wama-20 ku-Okthobha, i-2006, abasebenzi baphumelele idabi elisemthethweni lokuvunywa kweFaSinPat iminyaka emithathu.
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Abasebenzi baseArgentina babhiyozele uloyiso lwexeshana lwabasebenzi beFaSinPat. Ngobume bomthetho, i-FaSinPat inokugxila kwimveliso yokucwangcisa, ukuphucula iimeko zokusebenza, kunye nokuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zoluntu. Njengenxalenye yalo mbhiyozo, ikopolotyeni imeme abanye abasebenzi ukuba batyelele iZanon ukuze bafunde ukuba nabo, bangakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle komphathi okanye umnini. Indibano yabasebenzi igqibe ekubeni ngoku ikwimeko yokufundisa abanye ngokuzilawula.
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Igama elithi "ukuzilawula," njengoko lisetyenziswa eArgentina, lithatyathwe kuluvo lweSpanish elithi "auto-gestia³n," lithetha ukuba uluntu okanye iqela lizenzela izigqibo zalo, ngakumbi ezo ntlobo zezigqibo ezihambelana nenkqubo yocwangciso nolawulo. . Abasebenzi beZanon bafaka kwiinkqubo zentshukumo yentlangano kwishishini apho abasebenzi bathatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke izigqibo. Ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi eArgentina kunceda ukutyala imbewu ukuze izizukulwana ezizayo zikwazi ukubuyisela umva ingqiqo yobukapitali ngokuvelisela uluntu kunengeniso kunye nokuxhobisa abasebenzi endaweni yokubaxhaphaza. I-Zanon yenze inxalenye yentshukumo yamashishini ahlaziyiweyo asebenzisa iindlela ezizezinye zedemokhrasi kunye nokuzimisela kwabasebenzi.
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Amashishini aqhutywa ngabasebenzi baseArgentina ahluke kakhulu, ngalinye linokuma kwalo okusemthethweni kunye neendlela zokulungelelanisa imveliso. Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko abasebenzi bathabatha amashishini awayeshiywe okanye avalwa ngabanini bawo ebudeni bokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho eArgentina ngowama-2001. Ngokuqhelekileyo abanini bayeka ukuvelisa, bayeka ukuhlawula imivuzo, baza batshona. Isigqibo sabasebenzi sokuthatha umzi-mveliso wabo yayisisigqibo esenziwe ngokuyimfuneko—kungeyomfuneko ukuba sithathelwe ingqalelo. Inkxalabo ekhawulezileyo yokukhusela imisebenzi yabo yakhuthaza abasebenzi ukuba baqhubeke nemveliso ngaphandle komphathi okanye umnini.
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Uninzi lwamashishini ahlaziyiweyo asebenze kwaye akhuphisana kwimalike yongxowankulu iminyaka ngaphandle kokuma okusemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwemeko yomthetho eqinisekileyo, amashishini amaninzi aqhutywa ngabasebenzi ebekwimeko embi ekusebenzisaneni nababoneleli kunye nabathengi kwaye aphulukene nomhlaba emarikeni.
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Ukusukela ngo-2003, abasebenzi bebesebenza kwiHotele yeBauen eBuenos Aires ngaphandle kokuma okusemthethweni okanye inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Ukusukela oko bathatha ihotele, abasebenzi baye baqala kancinci ukucoca ihotele ephangiweyo kwaye banikezela ngeenkonzo zayo. Ihotele iphinde yavulwa ngabasebenzi abangama-40 kwaye ngoku iqeshe malunga ne-150. Abasebenzi baye bahlanganisana ukususela ngoDisemba 2005 ukunyanzela urhulumente wesixeko saseBuenos Aires ukuba aphikise umthetho oza kubuyisela ihotele kumnini wayo wangaphambili. Urhulumente wesixeko wala ukuvala umthetho. Ukuba umasibambisane wase-Bauen akaphumeleli ukutyhala umthetho omtsha ovumayo basengozini yokuphulukana nehotele yabo.
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Kwinqanaba lendawo, ihotele yaseBauen ibe ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokwakha umanyano kunye nophuhliso lwenethiwekhi ebanzi yokuxhasana. Phakathi kwemizabalazo yezomthetho kunye nemingeni yokuqhuba ngempumelelo ihotele edumileyo, amalungu alo manyano akazilibalanga iingcambu zawo. Ihotele enemigangatho elishumi elinesithoba iye yaba liziko lezopolitiko kwimibutho yabasebenzi, kuquka iFaSinPat. Umgangatho ugqunywe ngethayile entle ekumgangatho ophezulu weporcelain, urhwebo phakathi komzi mveliso weZanon ceramics olawulwa ngumsebenzi kunye neBauen. Rhoqo, abasebenzi baseZanon kunye nabanye abasebenzi bezentlalo balungiselela iminyhadala kwaye bahlale ehotele ngelixa bendwendwela eBuenos Aires. I-MIC kunye nabathunywa be-subway babamba iintlanganiso rhoqo ehotele kunye neendibano zeqonga ukukhusela umsebenzi wokuzilawula ngokuchasene nokukhutshwa ngokulawulwa ngurhulumente.
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Ukuthathwa kwemizi-mveliso kusetyenziswe ngaphezu kwenkulungwane njengesixhobo senkululeko yabasebenzi. Kumazabalazo amaninzi embali, ukuthathwa komzi-mveliso kwakusetyenziswa nje ukwenza ukuba iimfuno ziviwa endaweni yokuthatha imveliso.
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Ngexesha apho abasebenzi base-Argentina besanda kubuyiselwa kushishino lwabucala kunye nohlaselo lwemithetho yezemisebenzi, amashishini ahlaziyiweyo asebenzisa imodeli-esekwe kukulingana, idemokhrasi ethe ngqo, kunye nomanyano - owahluke kakhulu kungxowankulu. . Kuloo nkqubo, la mashishini ahlaziyiweyo adala ukuthobela okutsha komgangatho wabasebenzi kubasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela.
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Ukwandiswa kobundlobongela obuchasene nabasebenzi
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Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yemigaqo-nkqubo ebukhali yeniyoliberal iye yatshabalalisa abasebenzi baseArgentina. Ukuze kuphunyezwe olu lungelelwano lukhoyo lwezoqoqosho uzwilakhe lwasemkhosini kwafuneka lenze amatsha ntliziyo angabasebenzi abangama-30,000 nabafundi banyamalale ebudeni bolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi ngowe-1976–83. Abanye bathi phakathi kwamatyala oluntu nongquzulwano lwemibutho, urhulumente usebenzisa amaqhinga akhumbuza ubuzwilakhe.
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Abafundi abaqhankqalazayo, ootitshala, abasebenzi bakarhulumente, abasebenzi abangaphangeliyo, kunye nabahlali bomthonyama baye bajongana nentiyo eyandayo evela kurhulumente kazwelonke nakoorhulumente bamaphondo abahlukeneyo. Umongameli uNestor Kirchner usilele ukuphakamisa umgangatho wokuphila, kwaye uhlaselo oluchasene nemibutho yabasebenzi lunyukile kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Ngowama-2006 intswela-ngqesho kuzwelonke ibisemi kwi-12.5 yeepesenti, nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5.2 abakwazanga ukufumana umsebenzi ohlawulelwayo owaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zenyanga.
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Kwelona tyala lamva nje lobundlobongela obujoliswe ngqo kubasebenzi, uCarlos Fuentealba, umfundisi-ntsapho oneminyaka engamashumi amane anesibini ubudala, wasweleka nge-6 ka-Epreli emva kokuba ipolisa limdubule entloko ngesintywizisi esintywizisa ngexesha elifutshane. UFuentealba wayethatha inxaxheba kukuvalwa kwendlela okwathi kwaququzelelwa ngumbutho wootitshala wephondo njengoqhankqalazo, emva koqhankqalazo oluthathe inyanga lufuna ukunyuselwa umvuzo kunye nenkxaso yemfundo karhulumente. Ukusweleka kwalo mfundisi-ntsapho kuye kwaphembelela inkcaso kurhulumente wasekhaya neenzame zomdibaniso phakathi kwemibutho yabasebenzi.
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Umbutho oyintloko wootitshala eArgentina ubambe ugwayimbo lweeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine, ngelixa imibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente ibambe iiyure ezimbini zomsebenzi. Abasebenzi bezothutho bakawonke-wonke abaqhankqalazayo baphantse bamisa iBuenos Aires. Umthunywa wombutho kaloliwe ongaphantsi komhlaba eBuenos Aires uCarlos Taborda uthe abasebenzi bacaphukile xa besiva iindaba zokubhubha kukaFuentealba. “Wonke umsebenzi uyachatshazelwa kukubhubha kukatitshala. Ayindothusi into yokuba abantu abaninzi beqhankqalaze namhlanje kuba xa amalungelo abasebenzi enyhashwa, abasebenzi balapha eArgentina bayahlanganisana.”
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Ukusweleka kwalo mfundisi-ntsapho kuye kwaphembelela inkcaso kurhulumente wasekhaya neenzame zomdibaniso phakathi kwemibutho yabasebenzi. Iintshukumo zentlalo kulo mmandla zikhulile kwiminyaka edlulileyo ukusukela kwintlekele yezoqoqosho yase-Argentina ka-2001.
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UCarlos Fuentealba ayingomsebenzi wokuqala ukubulawa ngenxa yoqhanqalazo eNeuqua©n. Ukufa kwakhe kwangqamana nesikhumbuzo seshumi sokubulawa kukaTeresa Rodraguez, umlindi nowayemsulwa wadutyulwa lipolisa kuqhankqalazo lomhla we-12 kuAprili 1997. idolophu yaseCutral-Ca³. Yayiyeyokuqala iipikithi (ukuvalwa kwendlela, eyathi kamva yaba yindlela eyamkelwa yi-piqueteros kwilizwe lonke). UTeresa Rodraguez uye waba ngumqondiso wentshukumo ye-piquetero, kodwa ukubulawa kwakhe kuye kwahlwaywa; amapolisa amane atyholwa ngokubulala akhululwe axolelwa.
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Ukusukela ngo-1995, bangaphezulu kwamashumi amathandathu abantu abaye babulawa ngexesha loqhanqalazo e-Argentina. UJulio Talabera, itshantliziyo eliphuma kwiHIJOS—umbutho waBantwana abaLahliweyo—uthi oorhulumente baxhasa ubundlavini bamapolisa ukufaka uloyiko nokwenza uqhanqalazo lube lulwaphulo-mthetho. Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo iimanyano zabasebenzi ziye zafumana izoyikiso kwaye zide zahlaselwa. Kungekudala emva kokuba i-UTC iye esidlangalaleni kwintwasahlobo edlulileyo kunye namakhulu eengxelo zokuxhatshazwa, ngaphezu kweshumi elinambini labameli bombutho basongelwa. Kwaye kwisehlo esothusayo, amadoda amabini axhwila unyana oneminyaka elithoba kaJosa© Orellano kunye noMonica Fraas, abasebenzi belaphu abaxele iimeko zokusebenzela evenkileni yabo. Aba bahlaseli bayijongisa ngemela le nkwenkwana baza bayixelela ukuba “xelela abazali bakho ukuba bayeke ukudyobheka ngeengxelo ezinxamnye noosomashishini.”
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Indlela Ezayo
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Naphezu kohlaselo uninzi lwemibutho yabasebenzi yaseArgentina njengabasebenzi bakaloliwe, abasebenzi bezempilo bakarhulumente, kunye namashishini amaninzi aqhutywa ngabasebenzi baye bakhuthaza uthungelwano olubanzi lomanyano lokukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi. Abasebenzi bakaloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba bathembise ngokukulungela kwabo ukusebenzisa ugwayimbo njengenyathelo elithe ngqo lokucinezela urhulumente kwiingxabano zabasebenzi. E-Neuqua©n, i-Zanon yenze uthungelwano olubanzi lomanyano phakathi kwamaqela asekuhlaleni, abasebenzi abasemzabalazweni, kunye nokuvuselela amashishini kuzwelonke nakwihlabathi jikelele. Ngelixa isenza njalo, i-FaSinPat ehlangeneyo ijike yaba yinto edibanisayo enkulu kwiphondo le-Neuqua©n.
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Imibutho yezentlalo yaseArgentina, kanye njengaseChile, eUruguay, naseBrazil, iye yajamelana nemingeni emitsha ngenxa yokuqalisa kwakhona “kwenkqubela phambili epinki” yoorhulumente bedemokhrasi yezentlalo. Ukwanda kobundlavini bamapolisa, ukubanjwa kwezopolitiko, kunye nokwenziwa kube lulwaphulo-mthetho uqhanqalazo lwasentlalweni zezinye zemicelimngeni “kwindlela epinki” ezayo. Indlela yokuqhubeka nokwakha intshukumo yomanyano olubanzi ngowona mqobo mkhulu kwimibutho yabasebenzi baseArgentina phambi kweenzame zikarhulumente zokudibanisa imibutho kunye nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo ye-pro-shishini, ngelixa unciphisa inkcitho yoluntu. Ngaphandle kwemingeni yezopolitiko, umbutho ozimeleyo waseArgentina oququzelela amanyathelo okuqala kunye namashishini ahlaziyiweyo amele uphuhliso lweyona ndlela iphambili ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kunye nokuchasa ubungxowankulu kunye neoliberalism.
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Uphononongo lwenyanga kaJulayi/Agasti 2007″”
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UMarie Trigona yintatheli ezimeleyo, umvelisi werediyo kunye nomenzi wefilimu ogxile kwiintshukumo zentlalo eLatin America. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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