Naphi na apho umelo lomanyano luyintando yesininzi, ukulwa okanye lwenguqu, kufuneka silukhusele. Naphi na apho irenki kunye nefayile zihlaselwa yi-bureaucracy yomanyano kufuneka sibakhusele. I-Union bureaucracy kukusetyenziswa kwezithuba zeemanyano ngenjongo yokunciphisa umsebenzi womanyano. I-Union bureaucracy ifuna ukuphelisa nakuphi na ukungathobeli, nolona qhankqalazo lulungileyo.
– Augustin Tosco, unobhala jikelele weLuz y Fuerza, umququzeleli wabasebenzi olwisanayo owalwela izenzo zomanyano lwedemokhrasi. Wafela ezimele, kuba esoyika ukubulawa, emva kokuba umbutho wabasebenzi iLuz y Fuerza wapheliswa ngowe-1974.
Ukubulawa kwetshantliziyo elineminyaka engama-23 ubudala kubangele uqhanqalazo olukhulu eArgentina. Imbali etyebileyo yezabasebenzi eArgentina iye yathwaxwa zizigigaba zobundlobongela: ukubulawa kwabantu kwabasebenzi ababegwayimbile ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukunyamalala okucwangcisiweyo kwamatsha ntliziyo angama-30,000 phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe, ukufa kwabantu abangama-38 ngexesha lemvukelo edumileyo yase-Argentina ngo-2001, ukudubula kwamapolisa ngo-2002 kwadutyulwa amapolisa amabini. UMaximiliano Kosteki noDario Santillan, kunye nokufa okubangelwa yi-tear gas canister kwintloko yomfundisi wesikolo sikarhulumente uCarlos Fuentealba ngo-2004. UMariano Ferreyra, umlweli kunye nomfundi osanda kubulawa, uthumela isikhumbuzo esibi selifa le-bureaucracy yomanyano kunye ubundlobongela kubasebenzi.
UMariano Ferreyra wadutyulwa wafa nge-20 ka-Okthobha eArgentina kwingxabano yomanyano ecaleni kwemigca kaloliwe yaseBuenos Aires. Wayematsha emanyene nabasebenzi bakaloliwe abakwikontraka abagxothwayo njengenxalenye yokunciphisa. Amamanyano asuka kumbutho wabasebenzi bakaloliwe aqhawule uqhanqalazo oluchasene nemivuzo ephantsi kunye nokugxothwa kwabasebenzi abakwikontraka. Njengoko abaqhankqalazi babesiphelisa esi senzo, iqela labaqhankqalazi kunye namanye amadoda aqalisa ukugibisela amatye ebaleka emva kwabaqhankqalazi. Iikhamera zikamabonakude zibonise iqela lamadoda angama-40 eleqa abaqhankqalazi.
“Izigebenga ezisuka kwisileyiti esiluhlaza, ezigadwe ngamapolisa ephondo, bezisilinde ngakwimigca kaloliwe ukusukela ngentseni,” utshilo u-Ariel Pintos, umsebenzi kaloliwe ophantsi kwekontraka odutyulwe emlenzeni kuqhanqalazo. Uxelele uPagina/12, "Basisukela, bekhwaza ukuba uza kuhlawula le nto, siza kukubulala."
Kwandula ke, ngokutsho kwamangqina, njengoko amapolisa ayemi ngakuloo ndoda yavula yadubula. UMarcelo Adrian, umhlobo wexhoba, uthi umbutho wemibutho enobuqhophololo uxhasa ishishini. “Urhulumente unoxanduva, imibutho yabasebenzi… Kwanamapolisa asebenze njengamaqabane. Iqela lezigebenga ezingama-40 ezivela kwiManyano yezoThutho zikaLoliwe, uluhlu oluHlaza lwasihlasela. Yayiluhlaselo olucwangcisiweyo kwaye kuye kwakho iziganeko zokuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi abaphantsi kwekontraka. " Kubanjwe amadoda amathathu malunga nokudubula.
UMariano Ferreyra
Ukusweleka kuka-Mariano Ferreyra kuvule amanxeba entlungu kunye nokufa okunokuthintelwa okusisiphumo sezenzo zorhwaphilizo zomanyano. Ukuzinikela kukaFerreyra njengetshantliziyo kwabhiyozelwa kumngcelele omkhulu wokukhanyela ukubhubha kwakhe. Bangaphezu kwama-25,000 abaqhankqalazi abaphume bezokuchasa ukubhubha kukaFerreyra, befuna ukuba kupheliswe izenzo zomanyano olungenademokhrasi kwaye bafuna ubulungisa ngokubhubha kwetshantliziyo.
Ixhoba belilungu leQela labasebenzi baseArgentina. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe we-activist eneminyaka eyi-14 kwisebe elingummelwane lombutho weTrotskyist kungekudala emva kovukelo oludumileyo lwe-2001. UFerreyra osemncinci uthathe inxaxheba kwindlela yokuvalwa kwendlela ye-2002 kwi-suburb yase-Avellaneda apho abaphembeleli ababini baphulukana nobomi babo. Amapolisa adubula amalungu entshukumo yabasebenzi abangaphangeliyo uMaximiliano Kosteki kunye noDario Santillan ngaphakathi kwisikhululo sikaloliwe sase-Avelnada. Esi siganeko siya kuphawula ubomi bukaFerreyra ekuzibopheleleni kwakhe kwi-activism kwaye kamva umbophe kwikamva lamaxhoba amabini. Kwiminyaka esibhozo kamva, uFerryra wabulawa kwiibhloko ezimbalwa ukusuka apho uKosteki noSantillan bafa khona.
Umthwebuli okhoyo kwimisitho wathi emva kokudutyulwa kukaMariano weva umntu echwayita: “umntu ongasekhohlo kangako.” Akukho mntu ubanjiweyo malunga nokubulala.
Iindlela zokusebenza
Abasebenzi ababeqhankqalaza ecaleni koololiwe babefuna ukutsalela ingqalelo kwindlela eqhelekileyo yabasebenzi ebizwa ngokuba kukukhutshelwa ngaphandle. Ukugxothwa kwabasebenzi be-140 kubangele uqhanqalazo ngo-Okthobha wamashumi amabini.
I-subcontracting, into enye neoliberal capitalism, sele iyinto eqhelekileyo kuluntu kunye neenkampani zabucala eArgentina. Abasebenzi, baqeshwa okwethutyana ziinkampani zangaphandle ezibonelela ngenkonzo ecaleni koololiwe. “Abasebenzi abakwikontraka bahlawulwa isiqingatha semali elingana nabasebenzi abamiselweyo. Abanalo ilungelo lokumanyanisa umanyano okanye ukwenza izinto ezifunwayo,” utsho uRuben Sobrero, umongameli wequmrhu labathunywa abavela kwisiporo sikaloliwe saseSarmiento.
Inkqubo kaloliwe yase-Argentina yachithwa ngexesha lokuthengiswa okukhulu kweenkonzo zoluntu kwiminyaka ye-1990. USobrero uthi: “I-Menem ngokuthatha inxaxheba kobunkokheli bombutho obukhoyo ithengise inkqubo kaloliwe yabucala kwaye abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-90,000 baye bagxothwa. Namhlanje izibonelelo ezibonelelwa ngurhulumente ziqhuba inkqubo yoololiwe ebonelela ngeenkonzo kwizigidi zabakhweli abahamba besuka kwiindawo ezingqongileyo besiya kwikomkhulu lesizwe. Iingozi ezininzi ezibulalayo zenzeka nyaka ngamnye ngenxa yokuwa kwabakhweli koololiwe abaxineneyo.
“Basenza ukuba siwuphindaphinde kathathu ubungakanani bomsebenzi njengabasebenzi abasemthethweni. Uninzi lwabasebenzi abasebatsha bonzakele ngokusisigxina kumazantsi emqolo kwaye xa bebuya kwikhefu lonyango bayagxothwa. Abasiboneleli ngeebhutsi zomsebenzi okanye iyunifomu yokukhusela. Abasiniki namanzi xa sisebenza koololiwe,” utshilo uAriel Pintos.
I-Train Workers Union ixhamla kule nkqubo kuba bafumana ipesenti yokuthengisa amatikiti kunye nenzuzo ekuxhaseni ishishini. Ubuncinci abasebenzi abangama-600 baye bagxothwa yinkampani yabucala ebonelelwa ngurhulumente ukuba iqhube oololiwe abahamba ukusuka kwikomkhulu ukuya kwiindawo ezikufutshane. "Uluhlu lwe-violet," njengoko iqela elichasayo kwi-Train Workers Union libizwa njalo, liququzelele iphulo lekontrakthi esemthethweni yabasebenzi kunye nokuphela kwekontraka engaphantsi komzila kaloliwe. “Iinkokeli ze-UF azifuni ukuba abasebenzi bavale oololiwe kuba baya kuphulukana nenxalenye yokuthengisa amatikiti. Abafuni nokubona ukunyuswa kwemivuzo yabasebenzi kuba oko kunganciphisa imali yemanyano yabasebenzi kwimirhumo yabasebenzi,” utshilo uAlfredo Esteban de Lucas ongumsebenzi wesinyithi owenza oololiwe.
Ulawulo lweManyano
“Esi siganeko siphawula ukwanda kodushe lweemanyano zabasebenzi kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yimibutho yabasebenzi, esebenzisa la maqhinga ukunqanda abasebenzi ukuba bangenzi umbutho ngokuzimeleyo,” utsho uSobrero njengommeli onyuliweyo weqela eliphikisayo ebesisisulu sodushe lwemibutho. Ezi ziganeko zobundlobongela ziyinxalenye yesithethe eside sombutho wabasebenzi eArgentina, apho iimanyano zabasebenzi zisebenzisa amaqhinga ukucinezela abasebenzi ukuba bangavoteli izileyiti zenkcaso.
Kunyaka ophelileyo kuphela, abameli abavela kwintshukumo ekhulayo yoququzelelo lwabasebenzi abaphantsi baye baba lixhoba lezoyikiso kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwasemzimbeni. Abasebenzi be-subway baququzelele umbutho ozimeleyo ukusukela ngo-2006. Baye babamba uqhanqalazo oluninzi befuna ukuba iSebe lezaBasebenzi linike ulwamkelo olusemthethweni lombutho ozimeleyo ovotelwe ngokwedemokhrasi, uqhawuke kumanyano lwezothutho lwe-UTA. Owayesakuba ngumfazi kunye nabantwana bakaNestor Segovia, ummeli onyuliweyo wendlela engaphantsi komhlaba, bahlaselwa ngamapolisa kunye namahlakani ombutho wezothutho we-UTA ekhayeni labo ngexesha lesaziso sokukhutshwa ngoNovemba, 2009. main union CGT kunye norhulumente inkxaso izixhobo. Xa kukho intshukumo ekhulayo yabasebenzi engakwaziyo ukuyilawula izixhobo zokusebenza, i-bureaucracy iyasabela, ”utshilo uSegovia, kusuku lwesizwe loqhanqalazo.
IForam yaMalungelo eMisebenzi yaMazwe ngaMazwe idwelise iKraft Corporation eArgentina njengenye yeenkampani ezimbi kakhulu zamalungelo okunxulumana. I-Food and Beverage Union ayizange ixhase iimfuno zabasebenzi be-Kraft okanye ingenelele xa abasebenzi be-140 bagxothwa kwiplanti, abaninzi babo babenyulwe abameli abavela kwi-slate yenkcaso. Kunyaka ophelileyo abasebenzi bekhasino kuye kwafuneka balwe uhlaselo lobundlobongela oluvela kwimibutho esemthethweni kwimanyano yabo eququzelela iinzame zokuseka umbutho ozimeleyo womanyano.
Umbutho ophambili kaloliwe weli lizwe (UF) wagrogrisa ngokuyekisa abasebenzi ukuba bangaqhankqalazi nge-20 ka-Okthobha. UPablo Diaz, ummeli weUF ngoku obanjwe ngokubulala uFerreyra, wathi esidlangalaleni ngomhla woqhankqalazo “Asikho. siza kuvumela ukuba imizila kaloliwe ivalwe.” NgoSeptemba, abasebenzi bakaloliwe abakwikontraka engaphantsi baququzelela inkomfa noonondaba kwisikhululo sikaloliwe soMgaqo-siseko ukuze banike ingxelo yokugxothwa kwabasebenzi abali-140. Iqela le-UF's Green slate liphazamise inkomfa yabezindaba, likhwaza kwaye lityhala abasebenzi abaphantsi kwekontraka ngelixa amapolisa ebukele.
Amaqela amalungelo oluntu, iintatheli kunye nezifundiswa ziye zahlaba ikhwelo lokucingisisa kunye nohlaziyo kumelo lwemibutho. "Iziganeko zifuna ukubonakaliswa malunga nokubaluleka komzabalazo wokumelwa kwedemokhrasi, okwenza inxalenye yenguqu ukusuka kumzekelo we-neoliberal deregulation yokukhusela abasebenzi ekukhuselweni kwabasebenzi," kusho iZiko lezeNtlalo kunye nezifundo zoMthetho kwingxelo yoluntu. malunga nokubulawa kukaFerreyra.
Uququzelelo lwabasebenzi bengca
Kumatsha kusuku olusemva kokubhubha kukaFerreyra, amaqela amaninzi aphuma kwizileyiti zenkcaso abamba iiyunifomu zawo zokusebenza. “Uninzi lwethu apha luphuma kuluhlu lwenkcaso, singumbutho omkhulu ocebisa indlela entsha yokulungelelanisa abasebenzi, apho abasebenzi bathabatha inxaxheba kwiindibano,” utsho uSegovia. Lo mbutho, obizwa ngokuba yi-grassroots unionism, uye wacela umngeni ekumeni nkqo kunye nobuqhophololo beziseko ezisesikweni abathi amaqela azama ukucutha uqhanqalazo lwabasebenzi. U-Segovia wongezelela ukuba urhulumente kunye neenkokheli zoshishino zinenkxalabo yokuba abasebenzi banokufuna imivuzo engcono kunye neemeko zokusebenza njengoko uqoqosho lwase-Argentina luye lwakhula ukususela ngo-2003. Umthunywa womanyano kufuneka amele abasebenzi, njengomthunywa womanyano ndiye ndavotelwa ukubonisa ukuba yeyiphi na inqanaba kunye nefayile ecetywayo ngabasebenzi. ”
Ukusweleka kukaMariano Ferreyra kubonakalisa iPeronisms (yowayesakuba ngumongameli uJuan Peron) isiko lolawulo lwemanyano kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi okuthe kwakhulisa intloko embi, ngaphandle korhulumente othe wenza inkqubela phambili. Nangona kunjalo, iyantlukwano yeziteyiti zenkcaso kunye nabathunywa bendibano belwela ukumelwa kwemanyano yedemokhrasi zibonakalisa intshukumo ekhulayo yabasebenzi, eqhubeka ikhula nangona izenzo zorhwaphilizo kunye nobundlobongela kwicala leenkokeli ezisemthethweni zombutho.
UMarie Trigona ngumbhali, umvelisi werediyo kunye nomguquleli osekwe kwi Ajentina. Unokufikelelwa ngebhlog yakhe, www.mujereslibres.blogspot.com
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Nikela