Amashumi amawaka eArgentina kutshanje aphawule isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-34 yolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi wesizwe, ekhukulisa kwiPlaza de Mayo eyimbali ngezikhalo ze-nunca más, okanye ungaze uphinde. Ngomhla wama-24 kuMatshi, ngo-1976 umkhosi wapheza amandla waza waseka esinye sezona zahluko zimnyama zokugrogrisa eLatin America. Ngexesha le-junta ye-1976-1983, umkhosi wanyamalala abantu abangaphezu kwama-30,000.
Ukususela kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-30 yobhukuqo-mbuso, ngo-2006, uqhanqalazo lokuchasa ubhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini luye lwanda ngobukhulu kunye nokubaluleka kwezopolitiko; kuqhanqalazo lwalo nyaka abantu abangaphezu kwama-25,000 baphuphuma ePlaza de Mayo ngelixa amatyala amakhulu oluntu eqhubeka. OoMama nooMakhulu basePlaza de Mayo bakhokele umngcelele bephethe isibhengezo esineefoto zabo banyamaleleyo. Imizobo emnyama nemhlophe yolulelwe iibhloko, kunye namawaka eefoto zeemanyano zabasebenzi, abafundi, amagcisa, iingqondo, abasebenzi, amagqwetha, oomama, ootata, oonyana, iintombi kunye ne-compañeros, uninzi lwabo olwalukwiminyaka yabo yama-20s xa amaqela e-commando athinjwa bayise kumaziko okuvalelwa ngokufihlakeleyo, babathuthumbise baze kamva banyamalale esi sizukulwana sasiphupha ngehlabathi elingcono. Esi sizukulwana sabonakaliswa ngokuphalazwa kwemfazwe ngoMatshi 24, 2010, nakwizikhalo ezihlangeneyo "ezingama-30,000 zanyamalala-ngoku! Ngoku nangonaphakade!"
Vula umnyango wobulungisa
Phantse iminyaka engama-27 emva kokuba iArgentina ibuyele kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, eli lizwe liphinda lijongana nentlungu yalo yangaphambili ngezilingo zamalungelo oluntu. Abaninzi babize u-2010 njengonyaka wamatyala oluntu. Angaphezulu kwesibhozo amatyala aphambili aqhubayo, atshutshisa intaphane yamajoni, amapolisa kunye nabemi abatyholwa ngokungcungcuthekisa, ukubulala, ukuxhwila kunye nokunyamalala. Ukukhutshwa kwamva nje kweefayile zomkhosi ezihleliweyo kunokukhokelela ekutshutshisweni ngakumbi kunye neempendulo malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kwi-30,000 yaseArgentina yanyamalala.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngowama-2003, imithetho yoxolelo iye yavala nakuphi na ukutshutshiswa okunempumelelo kweenkokeli ezazisakuba ngumkhosi ngenxa yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ziinkundla. Kwanaxa kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba atshutshiswe, amaqela alwela amalungelo abantu aqhubeka eqokelela iinkcukacha ngendawo ababekuyo abo banyamaleleyo, eqokelela ubungqina nobungqina, efuna okusesikweni nokupheliswa kokungohlwaywa. Noko ke, umyalelo weNkundla ePhakamileyo wowama-2003 wawutshitshisa umthetho othi Due Obedience and Full Stop owawiswa ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1990 owawukhusela amagosa ekubeni angamangalelwa.
Ubungakanani bolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo batshutshiswayo awucingeki. Kwaye inani lamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abatshutshiswayo nabajamelene nawo alifinyeleli xa kujongwa inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuxhwila, ukuthuthunjiswa, ukubulala kunye nokunyamalala okwenzeka ebudeni beminyaka yobumnyama yobuzwilakhe. Elona candelo libuhlungu kwabaninzi kukubaluleka kokunyamalala, kunye namanxeba avulekileyo ashiywe ngokungazi kakuhle ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kumaxhoba kunye nemizimba yawo. Ukunyamalala, ilitye lembombo kwisichazi-magama sobugrogrisi esiyilwe nguzwilakhe lomkhosi, kusaqhubeka njengebala lentlalo kunye nokungabinangxaki okudlulileyo.
Uvavanyo lwe-ESMA
“Umhla wamashumi amabini anesine kweyoKwindla akapheleli nje ekusinyanzeleni ukuba sicinge ngezinto ezadlulayo, koko siphinde sicinge nangekamva nemingeni esinayo ngoku,” utshilo uVictoria Donda, usekela kazwelonke abazali bakhe abaduke kwakwiziko lokuvalelwa apho unina ebebelekela khona. UDonda wazalelwa kwisikolo se-ESMA Navy Mechanics ngelixa umama wakhe wayeseluvalelweni kwiziko lokuvalelwa okufihlakeleyo. Ubomi bakhe bonke wayephila kunye nabathengi, abangazange bamxelele malunga nexesha lakhe elidlulileyo. Waphinda wazichaza ukuba ungubani ngo-24 eneminyaka engama-2003 ubudala. Bangaphezu kwama-26 abantwana abaxhwilwa nguzwilakhe kwaye bakhuliswa ngezazisi ezingeyonyani. Iqela lamalungelo oluntu iGrandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, liye lazabalazela ukufumana bonke abantwana, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele lifumene iinkcukacha zabantwana abali-500, ngoku abakwiminyaka yabo yama-101.
Ulingo lwe-ESMA, olunye lwelona lingo lukhulu lwamalungelo oluntu kwimbali yaseLatin America lwavulwa ngoDisemba 2009. Ewonke, amagosa angama-19 asebenza kwi-ESMA ajongene nezityholo zokuxhwila, ukungcungcuthekisa nokubulala abantu abangama-86. Noko ke, kuqikelelwa ukuba phantse ama-5,000 XNUMX aduka phakathi kwezisele ze-ESMA, njengelona ziko logcino likhulu elalisebenza ngexesha lobuzwilakhe. UDonda uza kungqina kweli tyala, kwaye uthi, “Siphila kwilizwe apho kuxoxwa khona amatyala abantu ababethatha inxaxheba kulwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe, [kodwa] ayilulo uhlobo lwamatyala esilufunayo, kwaye ayingobantu bamatyala. ngokukhawuleza njengoko sithanda, ingengabo bonke abantu ababandakanyekayo kuxhatshazo ematyaleni; nangona kunjalo, ezi zizilingo esinazo kwaye ziqhubela phambili. "
Ubungqina obuphilayo
Ngaphezulu kwamaziko angama-300 okuvalelwa ngokufihlakeleyo asebenza ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe, ekhanyisela ubungakanani bobunqolobi bombuso obuqhutywa ukusukela ngo-1976-1983. Uninzi lwamaxhoba e-Buenos Aires kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo zaphoswa kwiinqwelomoya elwandle emva kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
Ngaphandle kwe-ESMA, amanye amaziko okuthuthumbisa ngokufihlakeleyo asebenza kwikomkhulu lesizwe. Ngaphakathi kweAtlético, iBanco kunye ne-Olimpo, iindawo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokuvalelwa okufihlakeleyo, amawaka athuthunjiswa aza anyamalala. Uyise kaRamiro Poce wanyamalala kwiGarage Olimpo, enye yeendawo zokuvalelwa ngokufihlakeleyo kwityala lesiphaluka saseBuenos Aires samaziko okuvalelwa ngokufihlakeleyo. "Imithetho yokuThobela ngokuPheleleyo kunye neMithetho ePheleleyo ithintele inkqubo echasene nomkhosi. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwaloo mithetho siyakwazi ukuqalisa amatyala kancinci," utshilo uPoce. Uya kungqina kwityala, ukunika ubungqina bokuthunjwa kukayise liqela le-commando. Amajoni namapolisa amalunga ne-17 atshutshiswa kweli tyala. Kwabaninzi, iimvavanyo ziphawula isahluko esitsha kwimbali yaseArgentina. "Ngalo lonke ixesha amatyala eqala, linyathelo elibhekiselele ekwakheni idemokhrasi yokwenyani kunye nokutshutshisa abo benza ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokuchasene nesizwe kunye noluntu luphela."
Amagosa omkhosi sele eqalisile ukunikela ubungqina ekuzikhuseleni kwawo, engakwazi ukunika ulwazi okanye ukuvuma; ngokuchaseneyo abanye bakhusela izenzo zabo njengokulandela imiyalelo yasemkhosini "yokulwa imfazwe ngokuchasene nokubhukuqa." Okokuqala, uRafael Videla uvele enkundleni ngoMatshi; nangona kunjalo amakhulu amapolisa amkhusela owayesakuba nguzwilakhe kwiikhamera zeendaba.
Ubulungisa obucothayo
Ngexesha lokumatsha okukhulu kwalo nyaka kwisikhumbuzo se-30,000 yase-Argentina yanyamalala, abaqhankqalazi kunye namaqela amalungelo oluntu bavakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhawuleza malunga nokulibaziseka kweenkqubo zomthetho kunye nabagwebi abachasayo abanegalelo ekulibazisekeni kwamatyala oluntu. "Bambalwa kuphela ababeyinxalenye yale nyhikityha abavavanywa kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Kusekho okuninzi okushiyekileyo ekufuneka kubekwe ityala," utshilo uEstela Carlotta, umongameli weGrandmothers yasePlaza de Mayo, efunda kuxwebhu olubhalwe ngamaqela amalungelo abantu. ngoMatshi 24. Abaququzeleli bomngcelele walo nyaka bafuna, “isigqibo sezobupolitika sokunika ubuncwane obungakumbi kwinkqubo yezoBulungisa, kumagumbi enkundla amakhulu namatyala asesidlangalaleni ngokwenene. Uluntu sele likugwebele ukubulawa kwabantu yaye asiyi kuvumela ukuxolelwa, ukuxolelwa okanye uxolelwaniso kwabo banoxanduva."
Igosa likarhulumente uVictoria Donda uyavuma ukuba inkqubo yenkundla iye yacotha ukuguqula kwaye izaliswe ngamaqabane avela kuzwilakhe abangekamangalelwa ngenxa yezenzo zabo. Inqaku lakutshanje kwiphephandaba lemihla ngemihla likazwelonke iPagina/12 lidize ukuba kukho iijaji ezininzi eziphandwayo kwiphondo laseMendoza ngenxa yokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okwenziwa ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ezinye izitenxo ziye zavela njengejaji efanayo ejongene nokuxoxwa kwetyala kumaphondo amabini ahlukeneyo, elithe yalibazisa elinye ityala elikhulu lamalungelo oluntu le-Massacre of Margarita Belen ngaphezu konyaka onesiqingatha. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo nazo ziye zavuma ukutshintsha abagwebi, kulandela isicelo sabamangalelwa, konke oko ngenjongo yokubophelela inkqubo. "Kwiphondo laseSalta naseJujuy abanayo indawo eyaneleyo yokubamba amatyala. Kwaye ngabom babambe ityala le-ESMA kwigumbi lenkundla elincinane kangangokuba indawo yokuba abakhi-mkhanyo, amajelo eendaba kunye namatsha ntliziyo azikho kuzo zonke iindibano zenkundla. kuthintelwe,” utshilo uDonda.
Ukuqhekeza udonga lokungohlwaywa
Uqhankqalazo olukhulu lwalo nyaka lubonakalisa izikhalo ezishushu zokuba amatyala aqhubeke, kwaye yonke imikhosi yasemkhosini kunye nabo babandakanyekayo kubugrogrisi obukhohlakeleyo bagwetywe. Kodwa abaqhankqalazi baphuma ukuba bangavala isahluko esimnyama sembali, kodwa ukuguqula amaphepha ekwakhiweni kwekamva elitsha elixabisa idemokhrasi kunye namalungelo oluntu.
Umhla wama-24 kuMatshi ngoku ugqalwa njengeholide yesizwe, “usuku lwesizwe lokukhumbula ubulungisa nenyaniso,” usuku apho kuvalwe izikolo neeofisi zikawonke-wonke. Umongameli uCristina Fernandez de Kirchner uzixhasile iimvavanyo, kodwa uye wahlukanisa intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu. Umongameli waguqula izikhumbuzo ezisemthethweni zaba yindibano kaMongameli, ngelixa edala ukungavisisani phakathi kwamaqela amalungelo oluntu agxeka imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente kunye nokusilela ukubonelela inkqubo yenkundla ngezixhobo ezaneleyo zokuqhuba ityala. Ngelixa umongameli ekhuphe uxwebhu olubalulekileyo olunamagama abantu abangama-4,300 abasebenza kumkhosi oxhobileyo we-601, enye yeearhente ezinkulu zobuntlola zoMkhosi oxhobileyo, amaxwebhu amaninzi asazakubhengezwa. I-arhente yayisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga namatsha ntliziyo akhokelela ekunyamalaleni kwabo, phakathi kwamawakawaka amagama abantu ngoku abakwiminyaka yabo engama-50 kunye nama-60s ayingomkhosi kuphela kodwa ngabemi, iingcali ezingekazanywa ngokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kumbutho. ubuzwilakhe. Amaqela amalungelo oluntu anika ingxelo yokuba amagosa ezobuntlola ayaqhubeka nokungena kwiintshukumo zentlalo kunye nemibutho yezopolitiko.
Phakathi kwabo bafuna ubulungisa ngooMama nooMakhulu basePlaza de Mayo, abathe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 basebenzisa amaqhinga okulwa ukuze bafune ubulungisa nenyaniso ngoko kwenzekileyo. Kwi-Latin America, la maqela abonise umzabalazo wengingqi wedemokhrasi kunye nolongamo, kwi-hemisphere ehlaselwe ngoozwilakhe ngeminyaka yee-1970 kunye neye-1980 eyanyamalala ngaphezu kwabantu abangama-90,000 ngokutsho kweLatin American Federation of Associations for Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared (FEDEFAMe) . I-Argentina, ngenxa yomsebenzi ongapheliyo wamaqela amalungelo oluntu, ivula indlela yokuba amanye amazwe aphinde aphinde aphinde abuyele kwixesha lawo elidlulileyo elibuhlungu. Ngaphandle kobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa kwixesha elidlulileyo, umkhosi kunye nemikhosi yengcinezelo kwingingqi iya kuba namandla okusebenza ngokungohlwaywa njengoko sibona nge-coup esebenzayo e-Honduras, umkhosi kwizitrato zaseChile kunye ne-US yase-US e-Colombia. Umkhosi uhlala usemngciphekweni kulo mmandla, kwaye ngokungohlwaywa kwexesha elide kulwaphulo-mthetho lwasemkhosini iLatin America inokuphulukana nesinye isizukulwana. Nangona kunjalo, isizukulwana esitsha sabameli bamalungelo oluntu eArgentina sizama ukwaphula olu donga lokungohlwaywa ngenkqubo yezomthetho yobulungisa bexesha elide.
UMarie Trigona ngumbhali, umvelisi kanomathotholo kunye nomguquleli ozinze eArgentina. Unokufikelelwa ngebhlog yakhe www.mujereslibres.blogspot.com Zonke iifoto nguMarie Trigona
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