I-NLP ithetha noMichael Albert, umseki we Z Magazine, ZNet kwaye I-South End Press, malunga ne-holism ehambelanayo, Inxaxheba yoQoqosho kunye nenye indlela yongxowankulu.
1. Ngaba ungasichazela ukuba yintoni na ithiyori ukuphelela ngokupheleleyo, ngu?
Ngokufutshane kakhulu, yindlela yokulungelelanisa iingcamango zikabani, usenokuthi, xa uqwalasela imibandela yembali nebutho labantu. Ithi kulo naliphi na uluntu imimandla okanye iindawo esinokubhala ngokufanelekileyo uqoqosho (imveliso, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokwabiwa), ipolitiki (umthetho, ukugweba, kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ekwabelwana ngazo), ubuhlobo (ukuvelisa, ukondla, ukuhlalisana, kunye nobomi bekhaya), kunye nenkcubeko/uluntu (inkolo, ubuhlanga, uhlanga, kunye nokuchongwa koluntu ngokubanzi) zonke zibalulekile kwindawo enye. Ngamnye uchaza imithetho abantu abanokuyizalisa, kubandakanywa rhoqo ukubangela ukuba abantu babe neemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto abanomdla kuzo, ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zingavisisani, kwaye kubandakanywa ukuba nganye ikhupha iimpembelelo ezifana nezo zeklasi, amandla, isini, kunye nobuhlanga, phakathi kwezinye, ezichaphazela yonke intlalo yoluntu. ubudlelwane kunye nabo bonke ubomi babantu ngokumangalisayo.
Ukuqonda uluntu, ke, le mbono ithi kufuneka siqonde le miba okanye iinkalo zobomi, kubandakanywa nendlela abanciphisa ngayo ukhetho lomntu kunye nokuvumela okanye ukunyanzelisa ezinye iziphumo, kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo kwaye zichaze okanye zichazwe omnye komnye, ngokunjalo.
Kukho okungakumbi, kodwa oko ngumfanekiso omfutshane wayo.
2. Wena noRobin Hahnel niyiphuhlise njani ithiyori? Zaziyintoni iingcambu zawo?
Sasisebenza kakhulu kwiNxele eNtsha yee-1960s kwaye lo mbono, igama elingcono kunethiyori endicingayo, ngenene luhlobo lokudibanisa kwiikhonsepthi kunye neendlela zokuqonda okuninzi okufunyenwe ngelo xesha.
3. Liliphi ifuthe ocinga ukuba libekho kuko konke okupheleleyo? Baye basabela njani abantu be-Marxists, abafazi, abachasayo ubuhlanga kunye ne-anarchist kunye namatsha ntliziyo kwithiyori ukuba ngaba kunjalo?
Ukunyaniseka, andazi. Uninzi lweembono zale ndlela sele ziyinto eqhelekileyo, ubuncinci kwinqanaba elikhulu. Abanye basachaswa, ubuncinci ngabanye abantu. Kungakanani na esinye sezi ziphumo ngenxa yamagama angawona abekwe phantsi achaza imbono njengoko siyinike, xa kuthelekiswa nokuba yimveliso yokutshintsha kwamaxesha kunye neenzame ezininzi ezinxulumene nabanye abantu, andinalo ulwazi.
4. Ngaba amanqwanqwa amane acacisiweyo kwithiyori azinzile? Ngaba amanqanaba ahlukeneyo angasebenza kumaxesha ahlukeneyo okanye kuluntu?
Ndicinga ukuba ezi zine zikhona ngenxa yendalo yethu esisiseko kunye nezidingo ezisisiseko zobomi boluntu. Ngaloo ndlela, cinga ukuba kwakungekho zisini ezibini, enye kuphela, kwaye abantwana bazalwa bekhulile kwaye ngoko akukho mfuneko yokondla, njl. ngoku siyazi, nakanjani. Kuyafana nakwamanye amacandelo - cinga ukuba yonke into umntu anokuyifuna inokuba nayo ngokucinga ingcinga - okanye ukuba kwakukho uhlanga olunye, njalo njalo - kodwa, asihlali kwezo zidalwa - kwaye kule ndalo iphela. Sihlala kufuneka sifezekise imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, izalamane, ezopolitiko, kunye nenkcubeko ibisoloko injalo kwaye iya kuhlala iyinxalenye yento ethetha ngayo ukuba luluntu-kwaye ukwenza njalo kunokuvelisa, kwaye kude kube ngoku kuveliswe, kuchaza umahluko phakathi kwabantu abaphakathi. koko kunokwenzeka ebomini.
Ngaba kukho enye inkalo yobomi efikelele kwinqanaba elifanayo lokubaluleka kolunye uluntu. Mhlawumbi, ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo, kutheni kungenjalo? Kodwa ndicinga ukuba kuya kuba sisiphumo sembali, imeko, iimeko - xa kuthelekiswa nezi zine ezihlala zihlala, kuzo zonke iindawo, zibaluleke kakhulu. Kwaye ingongoma kukuba, ngenxa yokuba zihlala zikhona-sinokwazi ukuba xa sicinga ngoluntu kunye nembali kufuneka sihlale sinebhokisi yezixhobo zeengcamango esinazo kwaye esiziqhelileyo, ezigxininisa ezi nkalo kuquka ubudlelwane babo boluntu, iindlela zabo. yokunxibelelana, iimpembelelo zabo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo abantu, njalo njalo.
5. Ngaba ungachaza ngokufutshane imodeli yenxaxheba yezoqoqosho? Inxulumana njani nokuphelelisana ngokupheleleyo?
Parecon ngumbono woqoqosho olungcono olungenamgangatho. Isekelwe kumaziko athile ebanga ukuba angundoqo ekufumaneni ukungabi naklasi. Iqaqambisa ubulungisa, iyantlukwano, ubambiswano, kunye nokuzilawula njengeenqobo ezisisiseko. Ibhiyozela abasebenzi kunye nabathengi abazilawulayo ngamabhunga, umvuzo wexesha elide, ukuqina, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi oxatyiswayo ekuhlaleni, into ebizwa ngokuba zizakhiwo zemisebenzi ezilungelelanisiweyo ezinika wonke umntu isabelo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi oxhobisayo, kunye nophawu olubizwa ngokuba yisicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba, esiphumeza ulwabiwo ngu. uhlobo lothethathethwano lwentsebenziswano lwabasebenzi kunye namabhunga abathengi - kwaye hayi ngeemarike okanye ucwangciso oluphakathi.
Ndicinga ukuba i-parecon ngumbono wezoqoqosho ohambelana nendlela yokucinga obuza ngayo. Ngumbono wezoqoqosho. I-Parsoc, okanye uluntu oluthatha inxaxheba, ngumbono ophuhlisayo kuwo onke amacandelo amane, kungekhona nje uqoqosho kodwa kubandakanywa noqoqosho, kwakhona ngokuhambelana naloo ndlela.
6. Wena kunye noRobin Hahnel nichaza iMarxism njengohlobo lwe "monism". Uthetha ukuthini ngalo nto?
Ewe, imonism ligama elithile elingacacanga elalisetyenziswa ngokubanzi emva xa sasilisebenzisa, ngoku kudala. Uluvo yayikukuba indlela yokucinga inokuba mxinwa ekukhetheni i-angle enye ephambili yovavanyo kunye nohlalutyo-njengobudlelwane kunye nesini, okanye inkcubeko kunye nobuhlanga, okanye ipolitiki kunye negunya, okanye uqoqosho kunye nodidi - phakathi kwamanye amathuba. . Imbono ye-monist, ke, iya kuphakamisa i-engile enye yohlalutyo kwindawo ephambili ephezulu, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye, kwaye iyakusukela naziphi na ezinye, ukuba kunjalo, kuphela nje ngokuba zineziphumo kwezona zibalulekileyo.
Ukubiza i-marxism monist kwakuthetha ukuba kuninzi lwabasebenzi bayo izandla, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kwimibutho emininzi eyayizibona njenge-marxist, uqoqosho kunye neklasi ziphakanyiselwe kwindawo ephambili, kwaye ngaphaya koko, ukuba kukho ingqalelo kwimibandela yobudlelwane kunye nesini, ipolitiki, kunye nenkcubeko kunye noluntu - oluhlala lukhona - luya kuthatha uhlobo lokuzama ukubona impembelelo yeklasi kule mimandla, kunye nefuthe lale mimandla, ngokulandelelana, eklasini. Ingxaki yayingekokuzama ukuqonda ukuba into eninzi ngokwayo yayiyinto embi ukuyenza, kodwa yayisenziwa yodwa. Kwakukho utyekelo oluvela kwiingqikelelo kunye neendlela zokujonga kunye nokucinga ngehlabathi elisingqongileyo, ukungahoyi imiba ebalulekileyo yobomi kunye noluntu kwimimandla ngaphandle kwaleyo besiya kuyiphakamisa ngokombono - kwizinto eziguqukayo kunye neempembelelo zabo.
Eyona nto iyonakalisayo ngakumbi kukuba kuluntu lwangoku abantu bathwala imithwalo emininzi ethintela okanye ethintela ingqwalaselo kwiindawo ezithile ngaphandle kwezo zihlala kakhulu kubo. Ke, i-marxist emhlophe okanye eyindoda okanye emhlophe inokuthi igxininise ngokusondeleyo kuqoqosho lwezoqoqosho kodwa ayizukuba nebhokisi yesixhobo sokucinga engakhange igxininise imiba engaphakathi yesini kunye nobuhlanga kunye namandla, kodwa kunye nemvelaphi yobuqu kunye neemeko zemihla ngemihla ezithi nkqu. bakuchasa ukwenza oko. Kwaye oku bekungeyongxaki nje ye-marxism, nangayiphi na indlela. Ke umfazi omhlophe okanye olawulayo owayengumntu onobufazi okanye oyindoda okanye olawulayo ongumntu omnyama owayenobuzwe okanye ochasa ubuhlanga - okanye, kwaye ufumana umbono - uya kugxila kwindawo amava abo obomi abajolise kubo, kodwa ukuphosa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kunye noqhagamshelwano kwezinye iindawo, kwezo meko kuquka nezoqoqosho.
Ngale ndlela imbono ebesiyinikezela, nesisayithethelelayo, yenzelwe ukuba zithintele ezi ngxaki ngokuxhobisa umntu ngamnye osekhohlo ngebhokisi yesixhobo sokucinga kunye nendlela eya kuluntu kunye nembali enokuthi ibanyanzele, nokuba bathathele ingqalelo abantu, ukuba bathathele ingqalelo. onke amacala abaluleke kakhulu obomi ngokwelungelo lawo, ngokunjalo nakwintsebenziswano yawo ehlangeneyo.
7. Ugxeko-ncomo oluqhelekileyo lokubonelela ngombono wezoqoqosho oneenkcukacha kukuba luthintele kakhulu kwaye iingxaki ezininzi zinokulungiswa kuphela kwiimeko ezibambekayo zokwenyani kunokuba kwixesha langaphambi koguquko. Uthini umbono wakho?
Ndicinga ukuba lo ngumba owahlukileyo, lowo anokuthi umntu athethe ngombono wezoqoqosho, okanye malunga nombono wokuzalana, okanye umbono wenkcubeko, okanye umbono wezopolitiko. Kwaye ewe, kwimeko nganye umntu unokuhamba kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, umntu unokudlula oko sinokuba nalo naluphi na uluvo ngokusengqiqweni, ngenxa yokuba maxa wambi asinawo amava afanelekileyo. Okanye umntu unokugqitha kulo naliphi na ilungelo esinalo okanye isizathu sokubamba - kuba uninzi lweempawu zekamva elingcono kufuneka kugqitywe ngalo, kwaye kuya kugqitywa, kungekhona kuthi ngokuzichaza kumbono, kodwa ngabemi bexesha elizayo abakhetha njengemigaqo-nkqubo yexesha elizayo. . Ilunge kakhulu. Ndiyavuma.
Kodwa-abemi bexesha elizayo kufuneka babe sesikhundleni sokwenza ezo zigqibo, kwaye kufuneka babe neemeko ezinobuncinci ezihambelanayo nokwenza kwabo oko kwaye bakwazi ukubabonelela ngolwazi kunye nobuchule bokwenza oko. Kwaye oku kuchaza umsebenzi wethu wombono. Ke sinokubuza ngengqiqo kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, zeziphi iiseti ezincinci zeempawu esinokuzithatha ngobukrelekrele kwaye sicacise ngoku, sinikwe ulwazi lwethu lwangoku kunye namava, okuya kuba yimfuneko kubantu bexesha elizayo ukuba bagcwalise ukhetho oluya kuphucula ubomi bexesha elizayo? Yeyiphi, kwakhona, yeyiphi isethi esezantsi yeempawu esinokuzicingela ngobukrelekrele kwaye sizicacise ngoku, ezinokusisusa ekubeni sibi nje ngokusingqongileyo ukuya ekubeni ne-ajenda elungileyo malunga neminqweno yethu, kwaye loo nto inokunika ithemba kwaye ikhuthaze umnqweno ngelixa soyisa. ukugxeka, kwaye oko kunokukhokelela inkqubo yethu ukuze isise apho sinqwenela ukuphelela khona, kunokuba isise kwizangqa okanye kwindawo esingathanda ukunganyamezeli?
Ndiyavuma ukuba akufuneki sibongoze okanye sithethelele okanye sifune umbono oneenkcukacha ezininzi, kodwa kum โinkcukacha kakhuluโ ayikhupheli phandle yonke into. Ke, njengomzekelo omnye, malunga noqoqosho, ukuba abantu bexesha elizayo baya kuzilawula ngokwabo uqoqosho lwexesha elizayo, benze zonke iintlobo zezigqibo malunga nombutho, iziphumo, njalo njalo, iimpawu ezithile ziya kufuneka zibekho. Kwaye ezo zizo kanye iimpawu ezithi uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba lukholelwa ukuba luyakhuthaza, kwaye alukho ngaphezu kwezo. Ndicinga ukuba le yeyona ndlela isengqiqweni kwaye iyimfuneko yokwenza umbono, ngakumbi, ndicinga ukuba kuyafuneka ukuba siqhubele phambili, hayi nje kwezoqoqosho, kodwa nakweminye imimandla ngokunjalo.
8. I-Parecon isoloko igxekwa njengokungahambelani nobume bomntu osoloko kutyholwa ngokuba uzicingela kakhulu ukuba avumele ukuphumelela kwezinye iinkqubo zoqoqosho. Usabela njani koko kugxekwa?
Ukunyaniseka, kuxhomekeke kwimeko yam. Ngamanye amaxesha inyanisekile, nangona ingenathemba ngendlela engakholelekiyo. Maxa wambi iba yindlela nje yokuthi hayi ukutshintsha ungasivumanga isizathu sokwenene sikabani, ungafuni ukuphulukana nezinto eziluncedo, ungafuni ukuba amahlwempu nababuthathaka bahambele phambili.
Nangona kunjalo, xa ndiphendula ndiye ndizame iindlela ezimbalwa. Umzekelo, ndizama ukubonisa ukuba kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zokucinga ngethemba ngakumbi ngobume bomntu - ke, kuvela phi na okulungileyo, ukuba sonke sibi? Kutheni abanamandla bengathathi yonke into, kutheni abantu abadala bedibana nabantwana bangabaxululeli bucala kwaye bathathe izinto zabo? Ngokwenene, kutheni sinokubona into engokwemvelo, njengembi, kutheni sinokubona umntu onamandla ngokusuka nje ehluthe impahla emqolo yomntu obuthathaka, njengento embi, okanye enokuba yingozi ngakumbi?
Ngokufanayo, uvela phi umntu olungileyo? Ngaba umntu onenkathalo, onovelwano, kwanokuzincama, njalo njalo? Ukuba ukuqhubela phambili ukuzenza mkhulu kuzo zonke iindleko, ukunyathela kunye nokuxoka kunye nokukhohlisa njalo njalo njalo njalo kungokwemvelo - ngokuqinisekileyo abantu basebenza kungekuphela nje ngezo mpawu zangaphakathi kwisiseko sabo kodwa nakwiisetingi zeziko ezivuza ukuziphatha kunye nokohlwaya ngakumbi. utyekelo olulinganayo nolukhathalayo, zonke ziya kuba ngaBafundi beHannibal bokwenyani. Ke, kulungile, kwenzeka njani ukuba kubekho abafana abalungileyo kunye neegals?
Emva koko, emva kweqela loku kungasentla - ukuba umntu usabambelele ngokuqinileyo kumbono wokuba abantu bayanya - ndingazama ukubuza ukuba ucinga ukuba uyanya, abantwana bakhe bayanya, abazali bakhe bancanca, njalo njalo. Ukuba oko kuyasilela, kukho enye, ndicinga indlela engenakuphikiswa.
Kulungile, masithi, ngokuchasene noko ndicinga ukuba sisizathu esihle sokucinga ngenye indlela, abantu baxhomekeke kakhulu okanye baqhutywa ngokugqithisileyo ukuba "babi" kunye "nokuchasana nentlalontle" njalo njalo. Nakuloo meko, eneneni, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngakumbi xa kunjalo, kutheni sifuna amaziko aya kuthi aqhubele phambili le mikhwa nangakumbi? Ngaba besingekhe sifune, endaweni yoko, iindawo zokuhlala abantu ezityhalela phambili nolu tyekelo? Kwaye nangokunjalo.
9. Ingaba i-parecon yamkelwe njani ngasekhohlo ngokubanzi kunye namajelo eendaba asekhohlo?
Impendulo elula ayikho kwaphela. Oko kukuthi, i-parecon ayikafikeleli kububanzi basekhohlo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokungahoywa kwayo ngamajelo eendaba asekhohlo- kwaye kunjalo nangamajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo. Oku bekuyinyani ngakumbi kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo kwaye ukusuka apho ukuya kuthi ga kwimvelaphi ye-parecon malunga neminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo. Kudala kubekho inkqubela. Kodwa inkqubela ayibanga ngenxa yokuba amajelo eendaba ashiya umdla omkhulu โ oko akukenzeki. Endaweni yoko kungenxa yokuba abaxhasi batyhala kakhulu, bafikelele, bathetha, babhala kwiindawo ezimbalwa eziya kuqhuba umxholo, njl. njl
Ngokumalunga nokuba kutheni imidiya ekhohlo ebalaseleyo ikwimeko engacacanga malunga nokunika isithuba sokuthatha malunga ne-parecon, ke, abantu abohlukeneyo baya kuba neempendulo ezahlukeneyo zokuba kutheni kunjalo. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo kuyinyani, nangona kunjalo, ukuba, amanqaku, uphononongo lweencwadi, njl.njl., zingeniswa rhoqo kwaye ziphantse zakhatywa ngoko nangoko. Kwaye akukho kuqhuba ngaphakathi kwemithombo yeendaba eveleleyo ekhohlo ukulandela isihloko ngokucela amanqaku malunga ne-parecon okanye imiba ehambelana nayo, ukwenza udliwano-ndlebe, ukuxhasa iingxoxo-mpikiswano, njl. kodwa phantse angaze nabani na ophuma kwimidiya ephambili ekhohlo. Umahluko uyamangalisa ngokwenene. Nditsho ne Iprojekthi yeReimagining Society ingahoywa ngamajelo osasazo asekhohlo โ nto leyo engakholelekiyo, xa ucinga ngayo.
Ngoko kutheni oku kusenzeka? Ewe, kukho iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo ezibambekayo umntu anokuziqwalasela, nangona nganye ineengxaki ezithile ezicacileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kuthatha ixesha ngaphambi kokuba abantu basabele kakuhle kwiingcamango ezintsha okanye beve ngazo. Kuthatha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba amajelo afake umngcipheko wokuhlola iingcamango ezintsha - nokuba akafuni ukunika indawo, okanye ungafuni ukubanjwa ekufuneni iziqhamo, okanye ungafuni ukuphakamisa kwiimbono ezingathandekiyo.
Malunga neso sizathu sokugqibela-umntu unokuzibuza, isengqiqweni loo nto, kodwa kutheni le nto abantu abadumileyo beshiya imithombo yeendaba bengazithandi iimbono kwi-parecon?
Kulungile, umzekelo, kwakutheni ukuze amadoda angathandi kwaye afune ukungahoyi kwaye athule kwaye ngenye indlela angangeni kwi-ajenda - kwiminyaka engamashumi amane eyadlulayo kwaye ukuya kwinqanaba nangoku, kwakhona - iimbono zobufazi?
Ngokulinganisa, ngaba kukho into kwi-parecon, malunga nezakhiwo zezoqoqosho kunye nobudlelwane beklasi, enokuthi, i-parecon izuze inkxaso ebanzi, iphazamise ukhetho oluqhelekileyo lwemihla ngemihla kunye neenzuzo zabo benza izigqibo malunga nokuba yintoni na engayi kugijima kumajelo asekhohlo eendaba. ? Ngokucacileyo, impendulo ngu-ewe-ukucinga, oko kukuthi, abo bantu abakakulungeli kwaye banqwenela ukuba loo maziko abandakanye umbutho ongenaklasi kunye nendlela. Ngoko ke mhlawumbi yinxalenye yesizathu sokuba baphephe izihloko.
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