"Umkhwa wokusekela iinkolelo kubungqina, kunye nokubanika kuphela iqondo lokuqiniseka ubungqina obuqinisekisayo."
—UBertrand Russell
“Ubulungisa abuyi kufika de abo bangonzakaliyo bacaphuke njengabo banjalo.”
—uSolon ngowama-560 BC
Ngamanye amaxesha ilizwi lijikeleza kwindawo kunye nexesha. Ngamanye amaxesha ilizwi liziva lilahlekile kwenye indawo, ngamanye amaxesha. Ngamanye amaxesha ilizwi lizenza zombini, ngaxeshanye, ngonaphakade.
Kubo bonke abantu abadumileyo abadlula eMIT ngexesha lokufunda kwam apho, okanye endibaziyo nakweyiphi na enye indawo ukusukela, okanye endikhe ndafunda okanye ndafunda ngaye, kubo bonke abaphumeleleyo abakhe benza umahluko naphi na nanini na. , ebomini bam eyona nto ibalulekileyo ibinguNoam Chomsky. Umzekelo wakhe uye wakhanyisa iindlela ezininzi mna kunye nabanye abangenakubalwa esiye sazama ukuzihamba. Endaweni yokugibisela isigebenga ngamahlalutye, ndikhetha ukuthi enkosi. Nolonwabele usuku lokuzalwa, uNowam, nge-7 kaDisemba 95! Nantoni na eyenzekayo, ngamana ube ngowethu sonke, ulutsha ngonaphakade.
Ndadibana noNowam xa ndandithatha izifundo zakhe "Intellectuals and Social Change" eMIT apho ndandingumfundi. Kwakuyiminyaka yamashumi amathandathu kwaye saba ngabahlobo-mna ndingumfundi, umcebisi oneminyaka elishumi elinesithoba emdala kum, kwaye, nceda uqaphele, ngelo xesha iminyaka elishumi elinesithoba yayibubomi bokwenene-kwaye siye sahlala sisondelelene iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu ukususela ngoko.
Ndihlala ndisiva abantu bebuza uNowam "yintoni ekwenza ube nemveliso kangaka?" Bendihlala ndimva ebhabhazela kancinci ndize ndiphendule ndisithi ekuphela kwento awayeyibona kumilambo wakhe eyayibonakala yahlukile kwabanye abantu yayikukuba wayehlala phantsi kwiprojekthi emva kokuba emke kangangexesha elithile aze abuye ngokukhawuleza abuye. kwigiya. Abanye ababhali-ndibazi kakuhle-bayachitha ixesha ngokufunda kwakhona kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona xa sibuyela kwiiprojekthi ebesizibekele bucala nosuku nje olude kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphandle kobulumko obumangalisayo bempendulo yakhe elula, ndabona kuNowam echaza umahluko ngakumbi kunoko.
Phantse iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu bendisoloko ndilonwabela igalelo likaNoam kunye noncedo kumsebenzi wam kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ndide ndinike iimpendulo ezingafanelekanga kuye. Ndimbonile kuzo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano kwaye ndabelana naye ngazo zonke iintlobo zamaxesha, ezobuqu nezopolitiko, ezentlalo nabucala, eqongeni nangaphandle. Ibiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini bam ukuba ndinganeli nje ukuba noNowam njengomhlobo kunye nomkhokeli, kodwa nokuba ndiye ndafunda kwaye ndonwabela amabali amaninzi kunye nezenzo zakhe. Ayizange indicaphukise into yokuba nanini na ndisiya kwenye indawo ukuya kuthetha, ukusuka eFlorida ukuya eOhio, eNew York ukuya eAlaska, eGrisi ukuya eBrazil, eNgilani ukuya eIndiya, ePoland ukuya eOstreliya, naseKorea ukuya eVenezuela, ngokungaguquguqukiyo kuye kwahamba ixesha elide lokuphendula. imibuzo ngoNowam. Unjani uNowam? Ngaba ngokwenene uNowam ungumntu ochasene nomthetho? Ucinga ntoni uNowam ngohlaselo? Kwakutheni ukuze uNowam athethe laa nto ngeKhambodiya? Wenza njani uNowam? Wenza njani uNowam? Wenza njani uNowam? Kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, ungacacisa iilwimi zikaNowam? Ukukhanya kukaNowa kunabela kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokwenene yonke indawo. Ilizwi lakhe liyavakala. Ke nazi iimpendulo ezimfutshane ezimbalwa malunga nokungakholelekiyo, okuhle, okuyingxaki, kunye ne-incandescent endiye ndanenyhweba yokubona isandla sokuqala.
Mna noLydia Sargent saya ePoland ngo-1980. Olu hambo lwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iSouth End Press yayisandul’ ukupapasha incwadi yombhali oselula wasePoland ngelo xesha uSlawomir Magala ethetha ngoqhankqalazo lwelizwe lakhe kunye nokuvela koMbutho Wabasebenzi basePoland owawukhokelwa nguLech Walesa. Mna noLydia sasiye kuMboniso Weencwadi Wezizwe Ngezizwe eFrankfurt, eJamani, saza emva koko saqhubeka sidibana noMagala ukuze sifunde ngeziganeko zasePoland. Ndikhumbula uLydia ethetha neNjengele ye leftist malunga ne feminism. Wavuka. Ndikwakhumbula uLydia kunye nam sikwiflethi sincokola noSwavek-igama lesiteketiso lombhali-kunye neqela labahlobo bakhe. Ngaxa lithile, bendiphendula umbuzo othile malunga neMelika, kwaye kwavela umxholo wemibhalo yezopolitiko kaChomsky. Kamva kwabakho iingxoxo ngokubanzi, nanjengoko kwakukho isazi seelwimi, iithiyori zolwimi zikaChomsky zavela ukuze zisasazwe. Njengoko ndandibalisa kubamkeli bam ibali malunga noChomsky isazi seelwimi, kanye njengokuba ndandibalise ngaphambili amabali malunga noChomsky wezopolitiko, omnye umntu wathi, “Yima umzuzu, ungabazi njani bobabini ooChomsky buqu? Yinto eyenzekayo ngokwenene leyo.”
Ndatsho ndihleka intsini but ndaqonda lo ubuza u serious. Kwavela aba bavukeli, ngokuqinisekileyo babephakathi kwabantu abaninzi ePoland, phantse bonke babecinga ukuba kukho uChomsky omnye owayenezopolitiko kwaye wabhala iincwadi ngembali, iVietnam, kunye ne-revolution, kwaye kwakukho omnye uChomsky owayeyingcali yeelwimi kwaye wabhala. iincwadi ezimalunga negrama, ukuqonda, kunye nobume bomntu. Xa ndicingisisa, ndiye ndabona ukuba nangona ndiqale ndawufumana umbuzo ungaqhelekanga, eneneni wawusengqiqweni. Ngapha koko, bekungeyomfuneko ukuba abantu ababini babelane ngegama elinye kunokuba umntu omnye abe nemisebenzi emibini ebalaseleyo kodwa engadityaniswanga ngokupheleleyo. Ke okokuqala, yintoni eyenza uChomsky abe nokuqonda kwaye avelise? Okwesibini, yintoni eyenza uChomsky athandeke kangaka?
Ngokuyinxenye ukuqonda kukaChomsky kunye nemveliso yazalwa. Kodwa i-endowment yemfuza, nangona ngokucacileyo iyanqweneleka, asiyonto esifanele siyincome kwaye ayinakulinganiswa. Singothuswa sisantya esingenakuthelekiswa nanto sika-Usain Bolt, iprozi yomlingo kaFyodor Dostoevsky, ilizwi lika-Adele elichukumisayo, intuition yenyama ka-Einstein, ubuchule bokuthetha bukaMartin Luther King, amazwi agqwesileyo kaDylan, kunye nobuchule bukaEmmy Noether bezibalo. Siyakunandipha ukubona iimpawu ezinjalo emsebenzini. Sinokothuka ngabo. Siyakwazi ukuthabatheka size sikhanyiselwe ngabo. Sinokude sikhuthazwe ngabo. Kodwa akukho ngqiqweni ukuthi umnini ufanelwe yimbeko ekhethekileyo, ukunconywa, okanye ukulinganisa ngokusekelwe ekubeni wazalwa enobuchule obukhethekileyo.
Inkumbulo ekhethekileyo kaNowam inokugcina imivumbo ebanzi kunye neenkcukacha ezintle ngokukhumbula okufana nekhompyuter. Inkumbulo yomntu wonke ithande ukwehla ngokweminyaka, nkqu nekaNowam, kodwa namashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu kwaye emva koko amashumi asibhozo anesihlanu, kwaye ngoku inkumbulo kaNowam iyamangalisa. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, kulaa khosi ndayithathayo, uNowam wayesoloko enika iimbekiselo kwiincwadi awayezifunda kwaye ukuba wayebuzwa ngamanye amaxesha wayenokubhekisa kwiphepha, okanye ngamanye amaxesha nakwinxalenye yephepha. Kodwa inkumbulo kaNowam yayingeyofotofoti, yayinzulu, kwaye nangona kunjalo, yayizizinto kuphela awazifumana zibalulekile. Kuthethathethwano abantu babebuza zonke iintlobo zezihloko ezibalulekileyo ngokupheleleyo kwi-ajenda yakhe yokuthetha, kwaye uNowam wayesoloko ephendula ngolwazi olunzulu olunoluhlu kunye nokuchaneka kwenkalo engeyiyo eyeyakhe nkqu neengcali kweso sifundo anokumangaliswa. Ndiyibonile le nto isenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngemibuzo emalunga neemeko ezigqubayo kumazwe awayewatyelela kwaye nangokuphathelele kwiimbono kwizifundo zeelwimi, ifilosofi, imbali, inzululwazi yokuqonda, kunye nenzululwazi yebhayoloji. Ke, ngokwenene, kumashumi amane anesiqingatha eminyaka emva kwencoko yasePoland—inye, zimbini, okanye zininzi iiNoam? Zigwebe ngokwakho. Ungalubona olo tshintshiselwano kwi-Youtube nangaliphi na ixesha xa unqwenela.
Okwesibini, khawucinge ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo kuNowam. Ukuba ebeyingcali yefiziksi, masithi, okanye ingcali yezibalo, besinokugweba ngcono le nxalenye yokuzalwa kwakhe njengebaluleke kakhulu, njengakuyo nayiphi na inzululwazi enkulu, okanye njengeyona nto ibalaseleyo, njengovon Neumann okanye uFeynman. Kodwa olunye uphawu lukaNowam lwaluzelwe kodwa lunemiba eqeqeshiweyo evela kumgudu wakhe kunye noqeqesho lwakhe. U-Nowam uhlala ezikhupha kumkhwa kunye nokuqhelana ukuze athathele ingqalelo izinto ezinokwenzeka ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba uninzi lwabantu lucinga. Asikuko nje ukuba angafaka ubutyebi bedatha, okanye enze uqhakamshelwano kwaye avavanye amathuba asengqiqweni anokugqithisa amandla abanye abantu. Abanye abazalwa benenkumbulo entle kunye neengqondo ezikhawulezayo ubukhulu becala baqokelela, babale, kwaye bacacise into eyaziwayo, okanye mhlawumbi bafumanise inyani entsha, okanye ngamanye amaxesha nonxibelelwano olutsha, kodwa abaphindi bavelise ulwazi olutsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo oluguqula ngokuphindaphindiweyo ingqeqesho epheleleyo. Kwakhona, tyelela Youtube. Unokubukela uNowam ephindaphinda imibuzo obungayilindelanga. Usebenza ngaphandle kwebhokisi nganye. Ubonakalisa into enokwenzeka ngenye indlela. Ubona unxibelelwano olufihliweyo.
Cinga ngoEinstein. Into eyenziwa ngu-Einstein yayimangalisa yayikukukhupha iinyaniso zenyama ngokubanzi kwiziqwengana zenyani yokwenyani ukuvelisa iimbono ezazingaziwa ngaphambili. Ukucinga ngento enokwenzeka ukuba umntu ubaleke ecaleni kwemitha yokukhanya, okanye acinge ngokutshintsha kweelevator ewayo, imifuniselo emibini yeengcinga ezikhokelayo zika-Einstein, ayifuni umthamo omkhulu wokubala. U-Einstein akunyanzelekanga ukuba alandele uloliwe onengqondo wokucinga ngamanyathelo anzima. Ingqondi uEinstein ebonisiweyo yayisoloko ingekho kwinani lamanyathelo ekutsalweni kwakhe, okanye kubunzima babo bobugcisa bokubala. Ubukrelekrele bakhe babusekuthatheni amanyathelo angundoqo konke konke aze emva koko alandele indledlana ababengayiqapheli abanye okanye bangabi nabuganga ukuyinqumla. Ubukrelekrele bakhe babukwindlela yakhe yokutsiba. Indlela kaEinstein yokutsiba rhoqo yayiyinto izazinzulu eziyibiza ngokuba luvavanyo lokucinga. Ezi gymnastics ngokwasengqondweni zilinganise iinkcukacha ezingabalulekanga zenyani ukuze ziqaqambise ngcono eyona ntsingiselo yazo inzulu. Ukwenza oku, u-Einstein wabona iimeko ezingenakufikeleleka kwaye wazenza zicoceke kwaye zicocekile ngaphakathi kwentloko yakhe ngokususa iinkcukacha ezingenasiphelo. Emva koko waguqula i-essence ngaphakathi wayijongisa phantsi de wafumana ingcaciso entsha.
Enye indlela uNowam athe wayisungula ngayo ibe kukusebenzisa izifaniso (ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi njengemifuniselo yokucinga) rhoqo kakhulu nangempumelelo kakhulu kunabanye abantu. UNowam wayenokuthabatha imeko eqhelekileyo-kwaye olu luphawu esinokufunda kulo kwaye sizame ukuluxelisa-kwaye sifumane enye eyayifana neyokuqala kodwa malunga nemikhwa yakhe (kunye neyethu) kunye nokuthambekela kwakhe kuya kusebenza ngaphantsi kwamandla okanye hayi kwaphela. . Uza kusebenzisa obu buchule bobabini ukunxibelelana ngempumelelo kuvavanyo lwabaphulaphuli ababethe cwaka ukuba wayebanike ekuqaleni malunga nemeko yokuqala ngebabejongene nabantu kwaye bakhutshiwe lucalucalulo lwabo lwangaphambili okanye ulindelo-kwaye wasebenzisa utshintsho lomxholo, ndiyakrokrela. kuye azifumanele iimbono ezintsha. Wenza lo mlingo ngokuhlalutya imeko efana nesakhiwo kodwa enganempikiswano kwaye engaqhelanga kangako ayiqambileyo okanye ayikhumbulayo ngokwentelekiso, emva koko wazibonisa (okanye thina) intsingiselo yesimo esithe qelele esigcinelwe imeko ethe kratya ngokweemvakalelo neziphumo zayo zaziyiyo. bathintelwe ziimbono zangaphambili.
Iingcali zefiziksi zithatha iinkcukacha ezingabalekiyo, zicingela zonke iintlobo zolula ezikwilizwe lokwenyani elingenakufikelelwa, kwaye zijonge emehlweni abo oko kwenzekayo kwihlabathi elicingelwayo elilula ukuze babone amandla ehlabathi okwenene ngaphandle kokuvumela iinyani ezidityanisiweyo ezingapheliyo kunye nocalucalulo lobuqu lufihle ubunyani obunzulu. . Iqhinga likaNowam lokulinganisa liyafana, kodwa lifaneleke ngakumbi kummandla wemicimbi yehlabathi, nangona ndingaqikelela ukuba malunga neelwimi mhlawumbi wasebenzisa zombini izifaniso kunye neemvavanyo zokucinga, okanye mhlawumbi umnqamlezo phakathi kwezi zibini. KwiLinguistics, umzekelo, enye impumelelo awayenzayo, kwaye wabhala ezininzi kakhulu, weza xa wabuza ukuba iintsana zinokuva njani imizekelo embalwa kakhulu yonxibelelwano baze bathethe kwaye baqonde ngokupheleleyo ulwimi. Wayezibuza ukuba yintoni emele ibe ngaphakathi komntwana, zonke iintsana, kodwa kungekhona i-squirrels okanye izinja, ukuvumela oko.
Ubuchule bokufanisa uNowam bunokufunyanwa kuyo yonke imibhalo yakhe yentlalontle. Wayeza kutshintsha ekuthetheni nge-US eVietnam (emva koko efihliweyo yimibono yeemvakalelo kunye nokubandlulula ukuba i-US ayinakwenza into engalunganga) kwindima yeRashiya eMpuma Yurophu (apho umMelika wayenokubona ukuhlasela kunye ne-impiriyali ngokucacileyo). Wayeza kutshintshela ekuxoxeni ukuba kungenzeka ukuba i-US ihlasele i-Afghanistan (eyayibambe ngokunzulu iinkolelo zase-US ezichasene nokuqaphela ukususela ekubeni i-USwa yayingazange ibe ngumhlaseli ombi) ukuba i-Iran ihlasele i-Afghanistan (elula ukuba ikhulelwe umntu ovela e-US). Uza kutshintsha ekuvavanyeni ubugwenxa be-US bohlwaya bonke abantu base-Afghanistan ngenxa yelizwe labo abahlaseli abanqolobi abahlasele i-US (bebhidekile, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, sinokuba sisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho) ukuya eBritani (ukuba yenze njalo) ukohlwaya i-US ngezindlu kunye ukuxhasa ngezimali izenzo ze-IRA eBritani (kulula ukuyihlalutya kuba ngokuqinisekileyo nabani na ongomnye unokuba ngowaphula umthetho). Okanye angathelekisa amajelo eendaba egxininisa i-9/11 njengobunqolobi kodwa engayiboni i-embargo yase-Iraq yase-Iraq njengemfazwe yeekhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji eyenziwa kubemi. Wayeza kushukuma ekuxoxeni ngeendaba zeendaba zase-US ukuya kuxoxa ngezinto zakudala ze-Soviet media dynamics, okanye ekuxoxeni ngomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US ukuxoxa ngokuziphatha kweedonki zeMafia, njalo njalo. Izifaniso ziyakudlula ucalucalulo oludidayo ukuveza iimpawu ezingundoqo aze emva koko abuyele umva ukuze azibone kunzima kakhulu ukwamkela iimeko ezifana nezazinzulu zovavanyo lwengcinga ngokubanzi.
UNowam, njengazo zonke iingcaphephe, naye wasebenza nzima. Ngaba uye waqhutywa, unyanzelekile, kwaye nangaphezulu xa kuziwa emsebenzini? Ngokwemigangatho yemihla ngemihla, ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo unayo. Ukuba uthe wabiza iimbaleki ezingamashumi amabini ezibalaseleyo, abadlali beqonga, kunye neemvumi kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo, uNowam ngekhe weva ngababini okanye abathathu, okanye abahlanu ubukhulu becala, kwaye ebeya kukwazi ukunikela ngolwazi oluyiqanda malunga nabaphi na. Akukho nkumbulo ngaloo nto. UNowam wayeza kubukela iimuvi ezimbini okanye ezintathu ngonyaka. Wayeza kubona iiyure ezimbalwa zeTV ngaphandle kweendaba ngonyaka. Wayengamameli phantse unomathotholo. Wayeyazi into awayefuna ukuyazi, kwaye kuloo mmandla ulwazi lwakhe lwalungenasiphelo.
UNoam wayenekhaya lasehlotyeni eWellfleet, Massachusetts. Kwakukho iphenyane elineenjini kunye nephenyane elincinane, yaye yena nenkosikazi yakhe ngoko uCarol babehlala echibini ehlotyeni nakwikhaya eliseLexington, eMassachusetts ekupheleni konyaka. Ehlotyeni ngalinye yena noCarol babephuma besiya elwandle ngalo naliphi na iphenyane izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwesandla. Babedla ngokundwendwela unxweme oluncinane lwechibi ababesecaleni kwendlela emfutshane yokuhamba rhoqo, kuquka neendwendwe, yaye mna noLydia sasilapho izihlandlo ezininzi. Ubukhulu becala, nangona kunjalo, uNowam waye wamkelekile kwisifundo sakhe, ukufunda nokubhala ehlotyeni njengaxa ephela unyaka. Iyure neyure wayefunda aze abhale. Dibanisa oku kukhuthala kunye nobuchule bakhe bokuqalisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlelwa okuncinci okufunekayo okoko ukubhala kwakhe kuphelile, ndiyaqikelela malunga noku, kakhulu indlela ephuma ngayo kuqala, kwaye ufumana imveliso eninzi, kwaye eneneni ufumana imveliso engaphezulu. kunokuba inkoliso yabantu iqhelene nezopolitiko okanye imveliso yakhe yenzululwazi, okanye nazo zombini ezi zinto, iqondayo.
Uyabona, uNowam wayedla ngokuphendula neeleta ezimfutshane ezivela kubantu abangaziwayo ngoonobumba abade ababuyayo ukuya kuthi ga kwimbalelwano yencwadi encinci nyanga nganye. Ngakumbi, uNowam wayiguqula indlela yolwimi kunye nento ebizwa ngokuba yisayensi yokuqonda - hayi kanye ebomini, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi. Ewe, kumashumi eminyaka e-MIT, uNowam wayefundisa isemina yeelwimi ngolwesiHlanu ngamnye ukuba abantu babesuka kufutshane kodwa bekude nje ukuba baye. Ngoba? Kuba veki nganye uNowam wayedla ngokunikela umbandela othile awayewufunde kwiveki engaphambili. Oku kukodwa, nangaphandle kokunye ukubandakanyeka kwakhe, yayiyisantya esingenakulinganiswa sokuvelisa.
Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kwakukho nezinye iingenelo. Omnye uNowam uye wagxeka kabukhali umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US, wancoma ubuqhetseba bemithombo yeendaba, kwaye wacacisa ngokupheleleyo iimeko ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko. UNowam wayethetha esidlangalaleni amatyeli aliqela ngonyaka kwaye naphi na apho wayesiya khona wayethetha ngembali yaloo ndawo kunye neziganeko zangoku ngokuchaneka ngendlela engakholelekiyo kunye nokutsha ngendlela awayeza kunikezela ngayo ngeentetho zikaNoam zase-US zihlala ziqhubeka iiyure ezininzi. Wenza udliwano-ndlebe oluninzi, ngokufuthi olumbalwa veki nganye. Inxalenye nganye yobomi bakhe yayibonakala ingenakwenzeka, kodwa onke amalungu ayenzeka, kwaye ayesenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngoko, zimbini, zintathu, zininzi ezikaNowam?
Umsebenzi onzima wakhe nabani na ufanele ukunconywa nangona kwihlabathi elinqwenelekayo akukho mntu unokuqhutywa njengoko uNowam ebeqhutywa kwihlabathi lethu. Ewe, kwihlabathi elinqwenelekayo, ngelixa uNowam ngesasebenza ngokungadinwayo kwisayensi yakhe ngenxa yovuyo kunye nokufezekiswa kwayo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo wayeya kuphuma ehamba ngesikhephe rhoqo, elukhula kwigadi yakhe rhoqo, kwaye ehleka kwiimuvi ngakumbi. kunokuba enze kwihlabathi lethu. Ke idini lakhe lokuthatha ixesha elingaka lokubonisa okungekho sikweni ngokungakhathaliyo lifanele ukunconywa. Kodwa oyena Nowam uncomekayo, ibisoloko ibonakala kum, ibinguNowam onyanisekileyo. UNowa lelinye igama lengqibelelo kwinani elikhulu. Oyena Nowam uncomekayo uyahlonipha kodwa akazithobi kwabanye. Uyakhathala.
Ukunyaniseka kulula ukukuqonda. UNowam usoloko ethetha into esengqondweni yakhe, ngamanye amaxesha ngeendleko. Eneneni, ububi bunokuvela kokulungileyo. Ukubambelela kukaNowam ngokungagungqiyo enyanisweni kuye kwaphazamisana nezinye iimpawu ezintle, ezinjengokuqonda indlela amazwi akhe anokubachaphazela ngayo abanye. Xa ndivavanya umntu okwisikhundla sikaNowam, ndiye ndicinga ukuba ukuthetha inyani kufuneka kuhlala kuqala kunento ebizwa ngokuba bubuntununtunu kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ingaphezulu nje kokulalanisa okanye uhanahaniso-nangona abanye besenokungavumelani ngale nto, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayifanelanga yonke into. .
Kunzima ukucinezela imfezeko. Kucingelwa ukuba kuthetha ukunyaniseka kwimilinganiselo kabani, xa ubani enemilinganiselo anokuthi anyaniseke kuyo. UNowam ebenemilinganiselo kwaye ebenyanisekile kuyo. Oku nako kunokufikelela kumanqanaba abangela iingxaki. UNowam uphepha nabani na ochaphazela ukhetho lomnye ngayo nantoni na ngaphandle kwengqiqo kunye nobungqina. Unokuyibona imiphumo yoku kwisimbo sakhe sokuthetha nasekubhaleni kwakhe, kwaye kubangele ukuba uNowam alumke kakhulu kwaye ngokufuthi ade akhanyele nokwakhe ukuduma. Usoloko enexhala lokuba amazwi akhe aya kujongwa ngokungafanelekanga ngabaphulaphuli bakhe. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba uNowa acekiseke ngokunikela icebiso ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba abambe amazwi awayenokuviwa.
Ukuhlonela abanye kwaba nolunye uhlobo lomgibe kuNowam. Wayesoloko ebuzwa ngabantu ababengayazi ncam le nto bayibuzayo. Umntu okwisikhundla esifana nesikaNowam uyaziqhelanisa nolu hlobo lwemibuzo. KuNowa, ukubahlonela abo babembuza kwakuthetha ukubathabatha nzulu nokubaphendula ngokunyaniseka ngomonde nangenyameko ekunxibelelaneni kakuhle. UNowam wayenza loo nto, kwakhona kwinqanaba elijongwe ngokusondeleyo lisenokubonakala lingenakwenzeka ebantwini. UNowam wayeza kufumana iileta ngaphandle kwesizathu. Abanye baya kuba neendlela ezihlekisayo okanye babuze imibuzo ayiphendule izihlandlo eziliwaka. Noba kutheni. Wayephendula wonke umntu ngokungathi uphendula umntu osebenza naye onolwazi okanye kudliwano-ndlebe oncokola naye. Kodwa ngokusengqiqweni wayefuna olo tshintshiselwano luqhubeke kwaye ke ngamanye amaxesha kwavela ingxaki kuba uNowam ukwathetha isifundo esikhawulezayo.
Xa umntu eqala ukubuza uNowam into eqhelekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha uNowam wayedla ngokuzalisa izikhewu. Emva kokuva amazwi ambalwa, uNowa wayedla ngokufumanisa injongo yaloo mntu aze amphazamise ukuze aqalise ukuphendula kwangaphambi kokuba loo mntu awugqibe umbuzo wakhe. Oku kwakusenokumphazamisa uNowam maxa wambi ekuphulaphuleni oko kwakubuzwa ngokwenene ngenjongo yokonga ixesha kwanokunyanzelisa ukuchaneka xa kukho iqela labantu elifuna ingqalelo yakhe emva kwentetho ukuze kushukume nokunaniselana okubalulekileyo. Amava ayakha kwaye amaxesha amaninzi uNowam wayebanceda abantu ababuza imibuzo ngokwenza imibuzo yabo ichaneke ngakumbi kwaye iphelele. Ngamanye amaxesha, nangona kunjalo, uNowam wayetsiba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye alahlekise umbuzo wombuzo ngenxa yokucinga ukuba uyayiqonda inqaku lombuzo ngelixa eneneni engazange ayenze. Ngamanye amazwi, ngamanye amaxesha umntu obuza uNowam okanye ongavumelaniyo naye wayenenqaku elahlukileyo kunabo babesebenzisa amagama afanayo ngaphambili. UNowam usenokuphoswa ngulo mahluko, ngaloo ndlela ebonakala ngathi akazinanzanga iinjongo zokwenene zomntu kunye nokuqonda kwakhe. Kwakungemnandanga xa isenzeka kuwe, kodwa ayizange ikhuthazeke.
Ukuqonda ukukhathalela kunzima. Kukho abantu abasoloko bethetha ngokubonisa uvelwano kunye nenkxalabo kwabanye-ube nosuku oluhle, bathi-kodwa ngubani, ubuncinci kumava am, abanikezeli ngokunyanisekileyo. Kukho into ebonakala ngathi inenkathalo, yaye abantu abaninzi bachukumiseke gqitha yinkangeleko yayo, kodwa kwimizuzu okanye kwanemizuzwana kamva loo nkxalabo ibonakala ingekho. Ukubonakala ngaphandle kokubaluleka kunamandla amancinci okanye akukho nto yokuhlala kunye neempembelelo ezimbalwa ngaphaya kweembonakalo zobuxoki. KuNowam, inkathalo yayingabonakali kangako, ingabonakalisi kangako, ingaphantsi komboniso, kodwa yahlala kwaye yaba neempembelelo.
UNowam ukholelwa ngamandla kubuntu nangona ndicinga ukuba abantu abaninzi abaye bangena kwingxoxo-mpikiswano kunye naye kwaye izimvo zabo zacalulwa-ngamanye amaxesha ngamagama anjengathi "engenamsebenzi" agxininise ukuqhekeka-bayakufumana ukukholelwa kwintlalontle kunzima ukukholelwa. Kodwa kuNowam, ukubiza ibango lingabalulekanga akunto yanto kodwa kunyanisekile. Kukugqabaza ngengcinga hayi ngomntu onike ingcamango. Koku, uNowam wayeyingcali yenzululwazi ngengqiqo yokuba izazinzulu zihlala zixoxa kwaye ngokungenalusini zigqwetha iimbono zomnye. Kwaye oosonzululwazi abakhubeki koko, okanye baqonde nokukhubeka koko. Ukufumana inyaniso kunye nokubalekela ubuxoki, isizathu senzululwazi sokuba, kufuna le ndlela yokuziphatha. UNowam ndikhe ndambona phambi kwabantu esithi lo mbono usisidenge, hayi nokuba yeyam, kodwa andizange ndimbone esidlangalaleni esithi umntu usisidenge.
UNowam akazange abajongele phantsi abanye ukuze azakhe okanye abawise abanye phantsi. Ngokunjalo, uNowam akazange abonakalise uhlobo lokuzithoba kunye nokuziphakamisa okanye inkxalabo yokuhlangula abanye into exhaphake kakhulu kwizangqa ezininzi. Inyameko kaNowam yayiyeyokwenene. Kwakungekho bukhazikhazi okanye imeko. Akazange abonakalise ukukhala okanye akhukulise ngamandla. Kwaye inkathalo yakhe ayizange ilandele umgca ochazwe kwenye indawo, kodwa ivela ngaphakathi. UNowam wazikhumbula iimfuno zabantu. Wazenza izicelo. Wayibona intlungu waza wazama ukwenza izinto zokwenene ukuze azithobe. Wayesexesheni ukuba angachithi xesha labanye. Wayengumntu. Unokude ubize uNowam ngolondolozo kwiimpawu zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuba bekukho umqondiso wokuba ungangeni engceni, uNowam wayethobela nokuba ukuwela ingca kwakuya kumsa apho ajonge ukuya khona ngokukhawuleza. Ewe, ndimbukele uNowam ehlala ehlala phantse yonke imithetho ngaphandle kokuba amaxabiso aphezulu athatha indawo yokuqala. UNowam ikwalelinye igama elithetha bucala. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ndiye ndambona ngokuzithandela ethetha ngezinto awayezigqala njengezinto zobuqu kuphela kunqabile. Ndicinga ukuba bambalwa abaye babona ngaphezulu.
Ngomhla wokuzalwa kukaNowam wamashumi asixhenxe, kumashumi amabini anesihlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo kulo Disemba, njengesipho ndilungiselele uhlobo lwesiphoso sobungqina. Ndibeke kwi-Intanethi indlela yokuba abantu babhale umyalezo uNowam awayeza kuwufumana ngevolumu edityanisiweyo ngomhla wakhe wokuzalwa. Bamalunga newaka abantu abafake imiyalezo kwi-Intanethi. Uninzi lwaba yayingabantu uNowam awayengazange asondele okanye angabazi kwaphela kodwa ababewufundile umsebenzi wakhe, okanye bamva ethetha baza bachaphazeleka ngokumangalisayo nguye kwaye bafuna nje ukubhalisa umbulelo wabo. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bebemazi uNowam, kwaye bebefuna ukuthetha iqhekeza labo kumhlobo wabo, umhlobo, umfundi, utitshala, umntu osebenza naye, okanye yintoni onayo.
Njengoko ndandihlanganisa imiyalezo yeemvakalelo efanayo, ingeniso endichukumiseke kakhulu ngayo yayibhalwe nguFred Branfman, naye owayengumthetheleli osebenzayo wamalungelo oluntu kunye nomxhasi wabantu base-Indochinese ngokuchasene nobundlobongela base-US obungacingelekiyo. Branfman wabhala:
“Xa wawundityelele eLaos ngowe-1970, ndandidandatheke ngokwenene, ndinxunguphele kukuqhushumba kwaloo bhombu yaye ndiziva ndililolo ngokupheleleyo. Umdla wakho, ukuzibophelela kunye nentlungu ekwabelwana ngayo malunga nesidingo sokuyeka ukuqhubhisa ibhombu, kunye nokufudumala, inkxaso yobuqu kunye nokunyamekela, kwakuthetha okungakumbi kum kunokuba uya kukwazi. Ikwathetha lukhulu kum ngenxa yezizathu endingakwaziyo ukuzichaza kakuhle ukuba kwishumi elinesibini neshumi labantu endibakhuphele kwiinkampu ukuya kudliwano-ndlebe neembacu ekuqhunyisweni kwebhombu nguwe wedwa, ngaphandle kwam, ukulila. Inqaku lakho elilandelayo loPhononongo lweNew York lweencwadi kunye nako konke okunye ukubhala kunye nokuthetha okwenzileyo eLaos, ibikukuphela komsebenzi owufumeneyo. Indinike ukholo oluthe kratya kuhlobo ukususela ngoko ukwazi ukuba luvelise ubuntu obunemfezeko, inkanuko kunye nobukrelekrele. Ndiziva ndikuthanda kakhulu ngomhla wakho wokuzalwa—kwaye ndinikina intloko ndimangalisiwe ndisazi ukuba awusoze uyeke.”
Mna noNowam siye saba neengxabano ezimbalwa kule minyaka idlulileyo. UNowam unokuba nenkani ekumgangatho wehlabathi, nokuba akabonakalisi okanye akaqhayisi ngako. Khona kuphinde kubenenkani xa unyanisile? UNowam wayelindele ukuba uchanekile kuba wayesoloko enyanisile, yaye mhlawumbi nangenxa yokuba xa wayesithi into ethile yayingeyonyaniso, wayecingisise nzulu ngayo. Kodwa naye wayengathandi ukuphazama. Kwimeko yakhe, oku kusenokuba kufana nomntu ongathandi ukuwela phantsi xa ewela igumbi, okanye engathandi ukutyibilika ebhafini. Ngamanye amazwi, wayengakuthandi ukubandezeleka ngento engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye ekwanombono ombi. Kwabanye abantu oku kunokuvakala kucaphukisa, kunxunguphalisa, nokuba kukwenzakalisa. Lilonke, nangona kunjalo, andizange ndazi nabani na okrelekrele, onenkumbulo engcono, enesixhobo esikhulu sokubaleka ngokuyilayo imida yengcinga eyamkelekileyo, okanye, ngokuncomekayo ngakumbi, ngokunyaniseka ngakumbi, ingqibelelo, intlonipho kwabanye, inkxalabo yokwenyani kwihlabathi liphela. , kunye nokuzinikela ekwenzeni oko kufuneka kwenziwe. Njengaye wonke umntu, uNowam unamacala amaninzi. Kungokuba kuhambo lukaNowam bembalwa kakhulu amacala asezantsi, kwaye amacala aphezulu ebemakhulu. Kwaye ungakholelwa, ukwangumfana ohlekisayo kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokukwazi kwam ukufunda ngokwaneleyo kuNowam ke bendidla ngokuzifumana ndivumelana naye, ngamanye amaxesha uNowam kunye nam sasidla ngokubona okukhoyo emhlabeni ngokwahlukileyo kwaye siziva ukuba iimpendulo kufanele ukuba zineempawu ezahlukileyo. Amaxesha amaninzi siye saba nokungavisisani okukhulu ngakumbi. Nazi ezimbini, nganye kuzo ityhila iimpawu zikaNoam ekuveleni kwazo, ndiyacinga.
Eyokuqala yayimalunga nento esinokuyibiza ngokuba kukuxinana, ukuboleka loo lebhile kwiingcali zezoqoqosho. Waphuma ke uNowam wathetha into eninzi yabantu abaninzi. Iindawo ezininzi ngobulumko zazifuna ukuba uNowam eze kuthetha. Iindawo ezininzi ezimbalwa azihoyanga ezinye izithethi ezininzi ezifumanekayo, ezithi, ngelixa zingekho ntle njengoNowam, zibe zininzi kakhulu. Isiphumo yaba kukuba uNowam wathetha ivolyum enkulu kodwa nangokuphindaphinda kwakhe, iindawo ezininzi zazingenakuhlala mntu wumbi ngaphandle kukaNowam kwaye ke wayengenaso isithethi. Isiphumo ebesingacetywanga sesokuba izithethi ezizifaneleyo nezingenaludumo lukaNowa, zingafumani zimemo ebekufanele ukuba zizifumene kuba ukuba zimenyiwe bezingeke zitsale abaphulaphuli baneleyo. Kwenziwe ntoni?
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ndiye ndabongoza uNowam ukuba axelele abo bamcelayo ukuba eze kuthetha ukuba akanakuyenza loo nto ngaphandle kokuba kunokuthi kubekho isithethi sesibini kumthetho oyilwayo kunye naye aya kumkhetha. Ngalo lonke ixesha wayeya kuphuma kuloo meko, ngokunjalo noSteve Shalom wayeya kuhamba, okanye uHolly Sklar, okanye uCynthia Peters, okanye uPeter Bohmer, okanye uClarence Lusane, okanye uRobin Hahnel, njalo njalo. Ngale ndlela, abanye babeza kubonwa, intetho yomlomo engomgangatho weentetho zabo isasazeke, yaye ekuhambeni kwexesha abo banye abantu babeza kufumana izimemo ezingqalileyo. Ke abo bantu bongezelelekileyo, bakuba besaziwa ngcono, banokwenza kwa kwaloo nto, bezisa izithethi ezingakumbi ukuba zibonakale. Emva kwexeshana, abantu abaninzi ngakumbi, ababenemvelaphi engafaniyo ngokuthe ngcembe, babeza kube bejikeleza bethetha yaye kwakuza kunikelwa yaye kuviwe iintetho ezininzi ngakumbi.
UNoam akazange ayenze le nto kwaye siye saxoxa ngayo amaxesha ambalwa. Ukuchasa kwakhe ngokuyinxenye kwakungokwengcamango yaye ngokuyinxenye wayengumntu. Ngokweengcamango, wayengafuni ukusebenzisa “amandla akhe okuxoxisana” ukuze abeke imiqathango kwabo babenokuba ngabamkeli-zindwendwe—kwaye wayenokutyekela ekukhanyeleni ukuba wayenokufumana impendulo eyakhayo ngokwenza loo mabango, nto leyo eyayikukuthobeka ukuvuthela inyaniso. Naye, buqu, ndiyakrokra, khange afune ngokugqithisileyo ukwabelana ngeqonga nomntu othetha naye, kuba oko bekuya kwenza ukuba yena ahambe umgama omde, ethatha ixesha elininzi emke komnye umsebenzi, kodwa ethetha nokujongana nemibuzo. ixesha elincinci kakhulu. Mna ngokwam ukusukela oko saqala ukungavisisani ngalo mba sathetha esidlangalaleni kakhulu nangona nje siliqhezu rhoqo njengoNowam, kwaye ngokwenza oko ndiye ndaliqonda ngcono icala lakhe kule ngxabano. Ngokwenene, ndiye ndayiqonda kwaye ndiyayithanda into yakhe yokungafuni ukunyanzelisa intando yakhe. Kwaye nam ekugqibeleni ndiye ndafumana eyakhe engafuni ukulinciphisa ngesiqingatha ixesha lakhe lomoya. Ngoku ndicinga ukuba into efunekayo ayikokufumana izithethi ezibalaseleyo ukuba zibeke iimfuno kubabuki zindwendwe, kodwa kumaziko ezithethi ukuba abeke imiqathango egameni lezithethi.
Ukungavisisani okwesibini kube malunga nemiba yombono, ubukhulu becala kwezoqoqosho, kodwa ngenye indlela ngokunjalo. Le ibiyingxoxo-mpikiswano kwaye ndide nditsho ukuba, kwakhona, ngokuhamba kweminyaka ngelixa emodareyitha ngandlel' ithile, ndimodareyitha ngaphezulu kunoko. UNowam waziva ngathi ukuzama ukuchaza uluntu lwexesha elizayo kwakunokuthi kwaye ngokwenene kudlule imida ekhoyo yolwazi. Isenokucinezela ubuchule bokuyila ngokuseka iinjongo kwangethuba. Kwaye kunokutyekela ekukhetheni amahlelo. Wayeziva amaxabiso abanzi ekamva elingcono yayikuphela kwezinto esizifunayo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa, kunye nokuziqhelanisa ngakumbi okuza kuvelisa izinto ezintsha zemihla ngemihla eziya kukhokelela ekuphumezeni iindlela ezintsha zokuba ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. UNowam wacinga ukuba ukucinga kwangaphambili nokubeka umbono weziko kwangethuba kungaluthintela olo hlolo. Endaweni yoko ndaziva ukuba konke oku kulungile kwaye kulungile njengesilumkiso esifanelekileyo malunga namathuba amabi ekufuneka sibukele, ngaphandle kokuba emva kwamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka yemizamo enjalo, kufanele ukuba sinento engaphezulu yokubonisa. Ngaba izifundo zokucinga nzima, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokuzama ukuba yinxalenye yeentshukumo ezibanzi, ndazibuza, ukuba azizange zinikezelwe, zixoxwe, zicocwe, kwaye ekugqibeleni zithethelelwe ngeentshukumo ezibanzi?
Kum, kwabonakala kucacile ukuba sifuna iimpendulo kumbuzo othi “ufuna ntoni” owawungaphaya kokunikela nje imilinganiselo efanelekileyo. Besifuna iimpendulo ezinokunika ithemba, isikhokelo, kunye nethoni eyakhayo ekwaziyo ukwazisa zombini uhlalutyo kunye nesicwangciso, kwaye bendicinga ukuba oku kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokunika uluhlu lwamaxabiso abanzi kunye neminqweno. Ndandicinga ukuba ifuna into ekhoyo kwiziko. Inkxalabo kaNowam, ngokuchaseneyo, yayikukuqinisekisa intatho-nxaxheba kunye nokuphepha abaphezulu abavelayo ukunyanzelisa umbono kwiintshukumo. Ndavumelana nenjongo yakhe kodwa ndaziva kwakhona ukuba siya kuyifumana le nto wayeyoyika uNowam ukuba asinazo iintshukumo ezizele ngabathathi-nxaxheba abaqondayo, abathethelelayo, nabathe gqolo ukucokisa umbono obonakalayo ofanelekileyo okwaziyo ukukhuthaza kunye nokuqhelanisa intatho-nxaxheba ezinzileyo. Enye indlela yombono we-elitist, ndacinga ukuba, yayingenawo umbono weziko konke konke, kodwa ukuba nowona mbono ufikelelekayo, ekwabelwana ngawo ngokubanzi, onyanzelisayo, kunye nobuninzi kodwa obungacaciswanga kakhulu kwaye nangawuphi na umsitho umbono weziko obhetyebhetye sinokuwubhala, ingxoxo, cokisa, kwaye uthethelele. Ngamafutshane, bendicinga ukuba ndinyanisile. Kodwa njengoko ixesha lalihamba ndiye ndafikelela ekuqondeni ngakumbi ukuba yinyaniso kweenkxalabo zikaNowam kunye nesidingo sokuzihoya nanjengoko ndandisakholelwa kukubaluleka kokuba nombono ongundoqo weziko. Iyintoni ingongoma? Nakwiimeko ezinqabileyo apho uNowam wayengachanekanga ngokupheleleyo, ecinga ukuba le yimeko enjalo, wayesoloko echanekile ngokwaneleyo ukuba anikele ingqalelo epheleleyo kuye kwaye angamkhabekisi. Oko kukuthi-ukungavumelani noNowam ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ngokusondeleyo iingongoma zakhe kunye nokuhlala ngononophelo kubo kudla ngokuba bubudenge. Ngamafutshane, lo mfo unyanisile naxa engalunganga.
Ndikhumbula ixesha kwi-ofisi kaNowam kwiphiko le-MIT ixhaswe kakhulu ngemali ukusukela kwi-WWII yiPentagon. Kwakungowe-1969 okanye ngaloo ndlela. Mna noRobin Hahnel sasiqeshwa ngumbutho weWeatherman. Ndabuza uNowam ingcebiso yakhe. Khumbula, uNowam wayengakuthandi ukucebisa ngobomi bakhe. Kwakhona wayeziva enokuncinci anokukunika malunga neqhinga kwaye wayengafuni ukuba amazwi akhe abe nzima. Ukubetha kabini ukuphendula. Kodwa kule meko waphendula nakanjani na. Uthe, ngokurhabaxa, uMichael, iMozulu-abantu babonakala benesibindi kwaye benyanisekile, kodwa baya kuqhumisa izinto ezithile kwaye mhlawumbi nabo ngokwabo, kwaye ngokwenza oko baya konakalisa kunokuba bancede utshintsho. Mna noRobin salithobela icebiso lakhe. Akukho namnye kuthi owajoyina iWeatherman.
Ndakhe ndabhala isiqwenga esikhuthazwa ngamava okufunda iChomsky kunye nefuthe layo ebantwini ngakumbi kum, kwaye nangokuzibuza ukuba uNowam wakwazi njani ukuhlala entywila kwidatha eninzi malunga nentlungu yoluntu kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni ngaphandle kokuba abe nomsindo. Yayingekuko ukuba ukugqobhoza kwakhe kumangcwaba azele zigazi okungekho sikweni akuzange kubangele umonakalo. Yenjenjalo. Kukho amaxesha apho uNowam wathotywa ziindaba awazicalulayo namaxesha apho wayefakwe intambo eqinile kwaye waba nzima. Indlela usapho olumngqongileyo olwadibana ngayo nayo yonke loo nto isenokumangalisa njengezinye zezinto eziphunyeziweyo nguNowam. Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, isincoko endisibhalileyo siphenjelelwa zezi ngcinga zobuqu kwaye nengxaki yokutshintsha umhlaba yabizwa ngokuba "Yeka uloliwe obulalayo." Kum, yayiziinzame ezingaqhelekanga zokuba ngumbongo. Ibhalwe kukhokelela kwiMfazwe yeGulf yokuqala, ndicinga ukuba isincoko asisekho ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunaxa sasibhalwe okokuqala ngokuchanekileyo kuba izifundo ezivela kuNowam azisayi kuba yinto engaphantsi kwexesha. Isigidimi seso siqwenga yayikukuba izinto ezisijikelezileyo zimbi. Ubundlobongela bukhulu ngakumbi kunokuba bubonakala. Ukungabikho kokusesikweni kubi ngakumbi kunokuba kubonakala. Isidingo sokuxhathisa kunye nokufuna ngcono siyabonakala kwaye siphambili. Ngoko musa ukukhala, funa ngcono. Kwaye mhlawumbi lo myalezo, umyalezo wakhe, uyindlela elungileyo yokusuka ekuxoxeni ngoNowam ngokwesehlo, uphawule ukuba uNowam uya kuphendula ntoni kwesi sincoko. Wayeza kundixelela ukuba ndiyeke ukuthetha ngaye nangobomi bakhe, kodwa ukuba kufuneka uyenze loo nto, usenokuthi, ngoko ubuncinci uzobe izifundo malunga nehlabathi njengoko linjalo kwaye linokuba njalo.
Ke ekugqibeleni, malunga nokwazi uNowam, ndingaphinda ndithethe into eyathethwa nguBob Dylan malunga noDave Van Ronk: “Akukho mitya yoonopopi kuye, nanini na. Wayemkhulu, ephakame kakhulu, ndajonga kuye. uvela ezweni lamaKaledi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela
8 izimvo
“UNowam akazange abajongele phantsi abanye ukuze azakhe okanye abawise abanye phantsi.”
Into enomdla yokuthetha ngomfana ogama lakhe lokubiza abanye abantu "i-charlatans," "ubuqhetseba," kunye "namaxoki" andulelayo kuwo onke amagumbi.
Ukumthelekisa noEinstein kulusizi. Umsebenzi ka-Einstein uqinisekiswa ngolingo kunye nokutsha kwetekhnoloji. UChomsky akanayo i-squat ngokwemigaqo yobungqina bokuqinisekisa amabango akhe. Enyanisweni, unayo yonke i-diatribe e-pre-pepared malunga nokuba kutheni engadingi ubungqina (kodwa wonke umntu, ngokucacileyo, wenza). https://chomsky.info/responsibility02/
Inqaku eliqaqambileyo - Ndihlala ndikhangela ezi mbono zinqabileyo kwindoda esemva kwamagama.
UChomsky waba nefuthe elibi kum emva konyaka wam wokuqala eYunivesithi. Amazwi akhe anceda ukuhlanganisa ihlabathi elibuhlungu elindingqongileyo kwaye andishukumisele esenzweni. Oko kamva kwandithatha ukuze ndincede ekufumaneni i-Extinction Rebellion.
Ndiyazibuza ukuba zingaphi ezinye iiprojekthi eziqaqambileyo eziye zavuselelwa ngamazwi akhe?
Molo Robin.
Nangona zininzi iimpendulo kumbuzo wakho, ngokuqinisekileyo i-Extinction Rebellion yenye yezona zibalaseleyo!
Enjani yona imbeko leyo. Mhlawumbi kudliwanondlebe lwakhe lokugqibela losasazo ngaphambi kwexesha langoku lokungafikeleleki, uPiers Morgan wabuza uChomsky ukuba uya kubeka ntoni na kwi-epitaph yakhe. Impendulo kaChomsky yathi, “Nanku elele uNoam Chomsky. Wazama kangangoko anako.” Ngumgca ondenza ndilile qho xa ndiwufunda. Ndicinga ukuba ngumgca obamba ingqibelelo yakhe ngeyona ndlela. Ujonga ngasemva kwigalelo lakhe elikhulu, ukanti uyaqonda kwinqanaba elinzulu kakhulu ukuba nokuba kungeelwimi okanye kwimicimbi yabantu, imiba ibaluleke ngakumbi.
Mike, enkosi ngaloo mfanekiso umangalisayo we-95 kaNoam. Iingcamango ezimbalwa ziza engqondweni ngezantsi. ngoxolo nomanyano, doug
1. Ndibe nethamsanqa lokuhlala kwiklasi kaNoam yeFilosofi yeNgqondo kwiisemesta ezimbini eMIT phaya ngoo-1990. Isebe lilonke leengcali zeelwimi neentanda-bulumko ezivela kwiidyunivesithi ezikunxweme olusempuma zaziqhuba iveki nganye ukuze zibe phambi kobukrelekrele bukaNowam, zifunde kuNowam, mhlawumbi ukuze zimangaliswe. Abantu babengena ngenqwelomoya bevela kunxweme olusentshona naseYurophu ngamaxesha athile. Kwakukho malunga neshumi elinesibini labafundi ababhalisiweyo, kodwa malunga nama-200 abantu kwigumbi. Ifilosofi yeNgqondo iquka iinkalo ezininzi ezixhalabisayo, ukusuka kwimbali yeengcamango, kwinzululwazi yolwazi, kwifilosofi, ukuya kwingqondo, kwiilwimi, njl. njl., njl. Bendinethemba lokuba mhlawumbi intwana inokuthi ngandlela ithile indigubungele – akwanelanga, damn!). Ngaphezulu kwezo siqingatha sonyaka ('96 kunye no-'97) abantu baya kubuza imibuzo kunye namanqaku ereferensi kunye neencwadi kuluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko. Akuzange kube kanye xa uNowam engazange ayifunde incwadi okanye inqaku elikhankanyiweyo, kwaye wayenika iklasi ujongo olucokisekileyo lwamanqaku aphambili, qaphela ukuba umbhali / ababhali bafumene ntoni elungileyo kunye nento abayenzileyo, kwaye ebeya kubonelela ngophuculo lweChomskyan. , ngalo lonke ixesha. Ndikhumbula ndicinga ukuba "Akunakwenzeka ukuba umntu ufunde yonke into."
2. phambi komsitho owawuseSinking Springs, PA, emva phayaa malunga no-1994, uNoam no-Ed Herman (unjingalwazi wase-U. Penn owayebhale iincwadi ezimbalwa noNoam) babefumana ibhaso lempumelelo yobomi bonke ngokuzinikela kwabo ixesha elide eluxolweni, inyaniso, nobulungisa kwezentlalo. Phambi komsitho bendinethamsanqa lokuncokola noNowam noEd. Ngexesha elithile, uNowam wabizelwa kwenye incoko. Ndaqhubeka ndithetha noEd yaye ekugqibeleni ndambuza umbuzo othi: “Kunokwenzeka njani ukuba uhambisane nazo zonke iincwadi ezibalulekileyo eziqhubeka ziphuma?” U-Ed wathi, “Uchanekile – iincwadi ezibalulekileyo zihlala ziphuma. Ndifumana iincwadi ngeposi veki nganye abantu abafuna ukuba ndiphonononge okanye ndibhale i-blurb kuyo, njl. Ndathi, "Ewe, uqhuba njani?" UEd wathi: “Kulungile, ndiza kwabelana nawe ngemfihlelo yokufunda zonke iincwadi ezibalulekileyo.” Bendicinga “Wowu, akukho mntu wakhe wabelana nam ngemfihlo! Ndithathe amanqaku apha?" Kaloku, ndaphulaphula ngenyameko, ngethemba lokuba ndandinokuyikhumbula “imfihlelo.” UEd wabelane ngemfihlo. Wathi, “Nantsi into omawuyenze. Fumana ibhokisi enkulu, beka zonke iincwadi ofuna ukuzifunda ebhokisini. Vala ibhokisi. Idilesi yebhokisi kuNoam Chomsky. Kungekudala emva kokuba uNowam eyifumene le bhokisi, uza kufowunela aze akuxelele into ebalulekileyo kwincwadi nganye oyithumeleyo.”
3. ngo-1992, ndandiseGirona, eCatalonia (eSpain) ukurekhoda iveki kaNoam efundisa ngeelwimi kwiYunivesithi. Suku ngalunye ngaphambi kokuba iintetho ziqalise ngentsimbi ye-9:00, kwakukho umntu ovela kwiphephandaba, kwisikhululo sikamabonwakude, kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo, njl. Emva koko ebeza kwenza intetho yeeyure ezintathu (ehlala igcwele imibuzo emininzi yababekho - ndikhumbula enye yesazi solwimi/intandabulumko edumileyo yaseSpain isithi: “Nowam ndilifundile iphepha lakho lamva nje “kwinkqubo encinci.” Imihlathi emibini yokuqala I Ndaqonda ngokupheleleyo. Emva koko, ndandilahlekile ngokupheleleyo. ”). Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba uNowam egqibile intetho yakusasa, kwakuza kubakho umntu olindele ukuqhuba udliwano-ndlebe. Abantu babelindele ukumsa kwisidlo sasemini. UNowam wayedla ngokuya kwisidlo sasemini aze abuye kwiseshoni yasemva kwemini eyayiqala ngentsimbi yesi-2 ukuya kweyesi-5. Ngokukhawuleza emva kweseshoni yasemva kwemini, umntu wayeza kuba nodliwano-ndlebe noNowam. Kwakuza kubakho abantu abalindele ukumsa kwisidlo sangokuhlwa. Kamsinya nje sakuba sigqibile isidlo sangokuhlwa, uNowam wayeza kugxalathelana ukuya kwindawo awayeza kunikela kuyo intetho yangokuhlwa ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngemithombo yeendaba, umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US, ubudlelwane baseMantla/Mazantsi, njl. njl., intetho eyahlukileyo ngobusuku ngabunye kangangesihlanu. ubusuku (ubusuku bokugqibela e-Barcelona). Ucwangciso lwangokuhlwa lwaludla ngokuqalisa ngentsimbi yesi-8 de kube ngeye-11. UNowam wayedla ngokuncokola nabantu bengamaqela amancinane. Kwaye ke abantu babethatha uNowam bamse kwikhefi yasekuhlaleni kwiseshini yasebusuku. Wayeza kulandwa isidlo sakusasa ngentsimbi yesi-7:00 kusasa kwaye kwalandela inkqubo efanayo, udliwano-ndlebe ngalo lonke ixesha, iintetho, kunye neengxoxo zamaqela amancinane (isidlo sasemini kunye nesidlo sangokuhlwa yayiziiseshoni zodliwano-ndlebe - mna noJohn Holder sake saba nesidlo sasemini noNowam. kwi-ofisi yakhe e-MIT: isihloko sencoko yesidlo sasemini: izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nesoyikiso sembubhiso yenyukliya…samamela…Ndicinga ukuba izisu zethu bezingazinzanga). Into eyayimangalisa eGirona kukuba ngexesha leentetho zangokuhlwa uNowam wayesoloko ebandakanya ulwazi olutsha kumaphephandaba kwihlabathi jikelele, kuquka namaphepha asekuhlaleni eSpain. Ndikhumbula ndicinga "kodwa akukho xesha lokuqokelela ulwazi olutsha." Ngandlela ithile wenza). Mna noJohn Holder sambuza kanye uNowam ukuba ukhe alale na. Wathi, "Ngokwesiqhelo malunga neeyure ezisixhenxe." Umncedisi kaNoam iminyaka emininzi, uBev Stohl, uye wasibonisa indlela uNoam azifunda ngayo iincwadi. Andikwazi ukuyichaza, kodwa iyakhawuleza…kwaye kwiinkcukacha ezothusayo uyayikhumbula into ayifundayo. Ngaphandle kwabo bonke ubulumko, uNowam unesisa kakhulu ngexesha lakhe, unobubele obumangalisayo kwaye unenkathalo, kwaye uzibophelele kwimizabalazo echasene nolawulo-melo, uhlaselo lomkhosi, kunye nokutshabalalisa kwendalo, kunye nokulwela ubulungisa kwezentlalo, uxolo, idemokhrasi ebambekayo, kunye nesidima somntu. nabani na endakha ndadibana naye. Viva uNowam!
Ndiyayithanda loo ngongoma yesibini! Kufuneka ndiphucule kwizakhono zam zokufunda kunye nememori ukuze nditshatise impumelelo enkulu kangaka.
Isiqwenga esifundisayo nesisuka entliziyweni esisinceda ukuba simqonde ngcono uNoam Chomsky.
Nali elinye, eliphikisanayo, inqaku lamva nje:
https://aeon.co/essays/an-anthropologist-studies-the-warring-ideas-of-noam-chomsky
Eli nqaku linesisa kakhulu kuChomsky. Izopolitiko zakhe zihlala ziphambene kwaye zichasene njengeelwimi zakhe.
https://www.e-flux.com/notes/470005/open-letter-to-noam-chomsky-and-other-like-minded-intellectuals-on-the-russia-ukraine-war
https://www.newsweek.com/noam-chomsky-says-ukraine-desire-heavy-weapons-western-propaganda-1706473
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCcX_xTLDIY