Uqhankqalazo lwedemokhrasi yama-Arabhu luzise ukungxama kwabantu abaninzi abathe benza ezabo iinguqu kwidemokhrasi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Njengoko babebukele iziganeko ezazisenzeka eCairo eTahrir Square eAl Jazeera naseCNN, loo mvakalelo โyayo yonke into eqinileyo inyibilika emoyeni obhityileyo,โ njengoko uMarx wayeya kubeka, yabuyela kuninzi lwabo babeye kwimivalo ngexesha laBantu bokuqala. Uguquko lwamandla kwiiPhilippines ngo-1986.
Abantu abaphose ukhuseleko lobuqu emoyeni kwaye babaleka ukuya kujonga phantsi abathwali bezixhobo zabasebenzi bakaFerdinand Marcos ngoFebruwari 1986 banokunxulumana nento eyathethwa litshantliziyo le-intanethi yase-Egypt u-Wael Ghonim malunga nexesha elibalulekileyo lezengqondo kwimvukelo: โBesisazi ukuba siya kuphumelela xa. abantu baqalisa ukutyhoboza kumqobo wengqondo, xa bagqiba kwelokuba kubhetele ukufela into ethile kunokuhlala ungenasidimaโฆSinamandla kunabo bafana [bakaMubarak] kuba besoyikisela ubomi babo ngoxa thina sikulungele ukunikela. wethu.โ
Ukwaphula umqobo woloyiko ngokwasengqondweni kudityaniswe nenye imvakalelo eyayityhutyha izihlwele eTahrir Square naseManila: ingqiqo yokuba abantu babegqiba ngenene ikamva labo, ukuba babezithathela ngokwabo izinto. Eli yayilixesha langaphambili ledemokhrasi, ixesha elimsulwa lokuzilawula eligqithiswa ngokunganelanga ziingxelo zethiyori ngedemokhrasi.
Kunye ne-nostalgia, nangona kunjalo, kwafika imvakalelo yokuphoswa ngamathuba. Kwabaninzi ababa nenxaxheba kwimvukelo edumileyo yedemokhrasi eyatshayela iiPhilippines neLatin America ngeminyaka yee-1980 nakwiMpuma Yurophu ngowe-1989, ulonwabo lwamandla abantu lwaba lolwexeshana, lunikela indlela, njengoko kwakusenzeka, ukuxhalaba, ukuphoxeka, emva koko ukugxeka. Elona xesha libalulekileyo lenzekile xa abaphathi benguqu yezopolitiko baguqula amandla akrwada edemokhrasi ethe ngqo eyathi yabhukuqa ubuzwilakhe baba yidemokhrasi emele yonyulo ukwenza lula ubuxhakaxhaka bolawulo lwedemokhrasi.
I-Conundrum yeDemokhrasi eMeleyo
Ezinye iithiyori zamandulo zedemokhrasi zazikhathazwa yile nguqu. URousseau akazange ayithembe idemokhrasi yabameli kuba wayebona ukuba iza kuthatha indawo โyoMdla Jikeleleโ okanye โuMyolelo Jikeleleโ wabantu koko wayekubiza ngokuba โkuMyolelo woShishinoโ wabameli babo abanyuliweyo. UMarx noEngels babedume ngokudelela idemokhrasi yabameli kuba, ngokokubona kwabo, yayifihla imidla yolawulo yoqoqosho loohlohlesakhe emva kwegqabi lomkhiwane lezopolitiko zasepalamente. Mhlawumbi eyona nto yayibaluleke kakhulu yayiyingcali kwezopolitiko uRobert Michels, owabona unyulo lutshintsha ukusuka ekubeni yindlela abantu abatshintsha ngayo iinkokeli zabo kwindlela apho iinkokeli zazisebenzisa abantu ukuba bafumane amandla asisigxina. UMichels uqhubeke wathi idemokhrasi yabameli ayinakubaleka "kumthetho wentsimbi we-oligarchy."
Uloyiko lwala mathiyori akudala enzululwazi yezopolitiko lwaba yinyani kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwasemva kovukelo olwavela ngeminyaka yoo-1980 noo-1990. Kubemi abalindelekileyo beedemokhrasi ezintsha kwiiPhilippines naseLatin America, abantu bamandla euphoria banikezela ngolawulo lonyulo lwepalamente olunefuthe lasentshona, apho abantu abaphezulu bezoqoqosho beza kubamba ngokukhawuleza. Izopolitiko ezikhuphisanayo zakhula, kodwa kukho amaqela abantu abaphezulu bekhuphisana phakathi kwabo ngelungelo lokulawula. Ipolitiki eqhubela phambili yayijongelwa phantsi phakathi kweenkqubo ezilawulwa yi-conservative okanye i-centrist elite ajenda. Urhwaphilizo luthambise amavili enkqubo.
Uhlengahlengiso loLwakhiwo ngeDemokhrasi
Nanjengoko abantu abaphezulu bemveli baqweqwedisa iinkqubo zepalamente ezivuselelayo, i-United States kunye nee-arhente zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zabhukuqa ukuze zityhalele phambili ngeenkqubo ezingqongqo ezithi oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe ababebaxhasa ngaphambili bebengasenako ukunyanzelisa kubemi abarhoxayo. Ngokukhawuleza kwacaca ukuba iWashington kunye nee-arhente zamazwe ngamazwe zazifuna ukuba oorhulumente abatsha bedemokhrasi basebenzise ukuba semthethweni kwabo ukunyanzelisa iinkqubo zohlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula amatyala. E-Argentina, umzekelo, amaziko ezezimali aphesheya acinezele urhulumente wasemva kozwilakhe kaRaul Alfonsin ukuba alahle imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neo-Keynesian, aphumeze uhlaziyo lwerhafu, akhulule urhwebo, kwaye athengise amashishini abucala. Xa urhulumente wayethobile, iBhanki yeHlabathi yanqumamisa ukuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko yohlengahlengiso ukuze ilungelelane.
EPeru, urhulumente wase-Alberto Fujimori wonyulwa kwiqonga elichasene ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF). Kodwa ekuthatheni kwakhe isikhundla, iye yaqhuba ngokunyanzelisa inkqubo ye-neoliberal equka ukunyuka kwamaxabiso anyukayo kwiirhafu ezibizwa ngamashishini karhulumente kunye nokukhulula urhwebo olumandla. La manyathelo abangele ukudodobala koqoqosho, okwakhokelela ekunganelisekini kwabantu abaninzi okwathi kwanika uFujimori isizathu sokunqumamisa umgaqo-siseko kwaye abuyisele ulawulo lwamadoda anamandla.
KwiiPhilippines, esinye sezizathu eziphambili ezenze ukuba iWashington imshiye uFerdinand Marcos kukuqonda kwayo ukuba ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lwayenza yaba sisixhobo esingasebenziyo sokuhlawula ityala lelizwe lelizwe langaphandle le-26 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye nokuphumeza inkqubo yohlengahlengiso lwe-IMF-World Bank. Kwaneengxaki zoqoqosho ezihamba nokuphela kolawulo ziye zamisa iBhanki kunye neNgxowa-mali ekufuneni ukuba urhulumente osakhulayo kaMongameli Corazon Aquino enze ukuhlawulwa kwetyala ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwezoqoqosho. Urhulumente wafaka isicelo, ekhupha umthetho owawuqinisekisa โulwabiwo oluzenzekelayoโ lwemali epheleleyo efunekayo ukuze kuhlawulwe ityala lamazwe angaphandle nyaka ngamnye kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesizwe. Ngokumalunga nama-30 ukuya kuma-40 epesenti yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluya kwinkonzo yamatyala, urhulumente wavinjwa imali eyinkunzi yotyalo-mali, edodobalisa ukukhula koqoqosho kwaye elishiya ilizwe ligxalathelana njengoko abamelwane balo babeqhubela phambili ebudeni beminyaka ebizwa ngokuba yi-Southeast Asia Miracle.
EMpuma Yurophu nakwiSoviet Union yakudala, ulonwabo luka-1989 lwanikezela ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ukuya kumaxesha anzima, njengoko i-IMF yathatha ithuba lokusuka kubukomanisi ukunyanzelisa โunyango lokothuka,โ okanye ukunyanzeliswa ngokukhawuleza nangokubanzi kweenkqubo zentengiso. Le nkqubo ikhokelele ekuphindaphindweni kathathu kwenani labantu abahluphekayo ukuya kwi-100 lezigidi. Nangona eMpuma Yurophu, uninzi lolawulo lwedemokhrasi olukhululekileyo lukwazile ukusinda kumbutho kunye nohlengahlengiso olukhulu, eRussia kunye nokuxhomekeka kwayo kwangaphambili kuMbindi weAsia, i-mafia capitalism eyabangela ukuba unyango olothuke lubangele ukuba abantu banyamezele ukuba abaxhasi ukubuya okanye ukuzingisa koorhulumente abagunyazisiweyo. njengaleyo kaVladimir Putin eRashiya. Ngo-2010, ngokohlalutyo olunye, malunga nama-80 ekhulwini abemi bommandla owawusakuba yiSoviet Union babesaphila okanye bebuyele phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe.
Ukuvuselela iNgcinga yeDemokhrasi
Intelekelelo yezopolitiko iye yaba mxinwa, idemokhrasi ihlulwe kubuntu bayo obuthe ngqo, obungenamlamli, obulawulwa ngabaphezulu abakhuphisanayo, kwaye ingenako ukushenxisa unxulumano lwayo nohlaziyo lwemalike oluqatha, oludala intlupheko.
Umceli mngeni wokuqala obalulekileyo wokunyanzeliswa kwempembelelo yedemokhrasi wenzeke eLatin America, apho kwishumi leminyaka lokuqala lenkulungwane entsha, ukudana neoliberalism, ukuvela kwamaqela ezopolitiko kunye neentshukumo ezintsha, kunye nokuhlanganiswa koluntu lonke kudityanisiwe. ukuvula iindlela ezintsha zongenelelo oludumileyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko eVenezuela, e-Ecuador naseBolivia.
I-Arab Revolution yandisa lo mngeni kwintelekelelo yedemokhrasi ukudala amaziko aza kukhuthaza ungenelelo oluthe ngqo lwabemi, agcine intatho-nxaxheba ethandwayo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo, athintele ukubhukuqwa kwenkqubo yonyulo ngomdla okhethekileyo kunye nezopolitiko zemali, kwaye amisele kwakhona ikhonkco eliphambili phakathi. inkululeko, ubuzalwana, kunye nokulingana okuthe kwavuselela zonke iinguqu ezinkulu zedemokhrasi ukusukela kwiRevolution yesiFrentshi.
I-Arab Revolution inezinto ezimbini eziya kuyo ekuhlangabezaneni nalo mngeni wokukhulula intelekelelo yedemokhrasi. Okokuqala, ulutsha olukhokeleyo alunyanzelekanga ukuba luyihloniphe imimiselo yedemokhrasi yabameli bemveli kwaye lukwazi ukwenza izinto ezintsha ekonwabisayo okunokwenzeka okubonelelwa bubuchwephesha bolwazi ekuchazeni iindlela ezintsha, ezithe ngqo zokumelwa, kanye njengokuba besebenzise itekhnoloji yolwazi ukubhukuqa. iindlela zemveli zokucinezela kunye nokuhlanganisa izihlwele ezathi zabhukuqa oozwilakhe bengcinezelo.
Okwesibini, i-neoliberal pro-market reforms ikwigama elibi kakhulu, nto leyo eyayingenjalo ngeminyaka yoo-1980 no-1990. Ukukhululwa kokuhamba kwenkunzi kubangele iingxaki ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukuhla okukhoyo ngoku kwihlabathi jikelele, ngelixa ukukhululeka korhwebo kukhokelele ekugxothweni kwabavelisi bezolimo basekhaya kunye nabavelisi basekhaya ngokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye ixesha ukusukela kwi-Reagan-Thatcher neoliberal revolution ngeminyaka yoo-1980, izisombululo zentengiso yasimahla azinakuthenjwa. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezinye izikhokelo, nangona kunjalo, imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal ihlala iyimowudi yokusilela phakathi koqoqosho kunye neetekhnoloji.
Iidemokhrasi zohlaziyo zelizwe lama-Arabhu zinethuba lokuzisa inqanaba elilandelayo kwinguqu yedemokhrasi yehlabathi. Ngaba baya kulwamkela ucelomngeni, okanye baya kurhoxa kubomi babucala, njengoko abanye bebonisile, beshiya izizukulwana ezindala zezopolitiko ukuba zize kumbindi weqonga ngemodeli yazo ediniweyo, yamandulo yasentshona yedemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi?
Umgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle kugqaliso lwekholam Walden Bello ngummeli weqela lezopolitiko i-Akbayan kwiNdlu yaBameli basePhilippine. Ukwangumhlalutyi ophezulu kwi-Focus yase-Basngkok kwi-Global South kunye nombhali weencwadi ngezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho lwezopolitiko, kuquka. Iingxaki zokuLawulwa: Ukwenziwa koBukhosi baseMelika(ENew York: uHenry Holt, ngo-2005).
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Nikela