Xa ndandisenza udliwano-ndlebe lwentetho yam eSantiago, eChile, ngowe-1972, ndaxelelwa ukuba igama elithi “Jakarta” lalipeyintwe kwiindonga zesixeko. Esi sigidimi sasingathandabuzekiyo: abemi baseChile bemka bafanele balindele ishwangusha elifanayo nelehlela amaqabane abo e-Indonesia ngowe-1965. Emva konyaka, isisongelo selo lizwi linye loyikekayo senziwa, njengoko urhulumente waseSalvador Allende wabhukuqwa, kwalandela iinyanga. lokubulala ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nengcinezelo enkulu.
Oko kwenzeka eChile kwakumanyumnyezi, kodwa okwenzeka eIndonesia ngowe-1965 nangowe-1966 kwakumanyumnyezi. Ubuncinci abantu abasisigidi babulawa ngokubulawa nguMkhosi wase-Indonesia kunye namaqela emigulukudu ehlangeneyo kwindawo yokubulala eyayisesinye sezona zenzo zimbi zokubulawa kwabantu emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Eyona nto kwakujoliswe kuyo yayiyi-PKI, iQela lamaKomanisi lase-Indonesia, kodwa ababanjwe kumnatha babengabalandeli beqela, abaxhasi bakaMongameli uSukarno, kwaye abaninzi ababekude nephambili yomzabalazo wezopolitiko.
Ukugqithiselwa
Kwisishwankathelo esibuhlungu sikaMax Lane,
Emva komhla woku-1 kuOktobha 1965, i-Indonesia yathunyelwa elubhacweni. Oku kuthinjwa kwathabatha uhlobo lovukelo-mbuso, olwabulala abantu abasisigidi, lwavalela amashumi amawaka, lwatshabalalisa imibutho eyayinamalungu azizigidi ezingama-20 yaye lwavala iingcamango nezigidi zabalandeli bakhe. Amaxhoba ovukelo-mbuso aquka ubuncinane isiqingatha sabantu abadala. Bahamba bathinjwa. Babengasajongwa njengama-Indonesia. Bona kunye “neziqu zabo” bachazwa njengeedemon zasemzini. Amadoda "ayengamakomanisi" kwintsingiselo yawo entsha ekhethekileyo yase-Indonesia, kwaye abafazi babe "kuntilanak": amagqwirha ahenyuzayo aphuma esihogweni. Bonke babenokubulawa baze bathuthunjiswe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza nokuzisola.
Uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lwento eyakhokelela kwiziganeko ze-1965 kunye "noLungelelwaniso olutsha" olwalandelayo lwanikezelwa yincwadi yangaphambili kaLane, Isizwe esingagqitywanga: i-Indonesia ngaphambi nangemva kweSuharto, mhlawumbi eyona mbali yentlalontle yelo lizwe lilusizi. I-Indonesia iphumile elubhacweni imalunga nesihloko esiqaqambileyo: indlela iinoveli zombhali odumileyo uPramoedya Ananta Toer abanegalelo ngayo ekuweni kobuzwilakhe baseSuharto.
UPramoedya ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngoyena mbhali ubalaseleyo waseIndonesia. Kutheni engakhange anikwe ibhaso leNobel kuncwadi ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe yenye yeemfihlakalo zenkqubo yokukhetha i-Nobel opaque. Ufumene, ngo-1995, iMbasa yeMagsaysay, elingana ne-Asiya yeNobel, kodwa, njengoko kulindelekile kwimeko yombhali onembali yezopolitiko ephikisanayo, i-accolade yabangela inkcaso, kunye nomamkeli wase-Indonesia wangaphambili, uMochtar Lubis, wabuya. ibhaso lakhe ngoqhanqalazo.
UPramoedya wayengumbhali weenoveli ezine ezibukhali ezenze into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Buru Quartet": Lo Mhlaba Woluntu, Umntwana Wazo Zonke Iintlanga, Amanyathelo, kunye neNdlu yeGlasi. Kwakhona waphawulwa njengomkomanisi okanye umKomanisi ovumelana naye ngabachasi bezomkhosi ababeyila isiphithiphithi sika-1965. Ngenxa yokukhuthaza kwakhe iimbono eziqhubekayo kumsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli kunye nentsomi, wavalelwa entolongweni, ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala, iminyaka eli-14 kwisiqithi esinzima, esinzima. I-Buru, eyayisebenza njengentolongo yezopolitiko.
Ukudala ihlabathi elingeyonyani ngaphakathi kweendonga zentolongo
Elona candelo linika umdla kule ncwadi kukuchaza ukuba iBuru Quartet kunye nezinye iinoveli ezimbini zabhalwa njani phantsi kwezona meko zinzima. “Ndaqala ukufumana iindlela zokonyusa umoya wabo [amabanjwa], kuba ukubanjwa kwesi siqithi kwakubi ngokwaneleyo, akufuneki sijongane nesimilo esiphantsi ngaphezulu kwayo,” uPramoedya uxelele uLane. “Ndisakhumbula ndiqala ukubalisa amabali. Kwakusebusuku emva kokusebenza: kwiveranda, iveranda yesisele esasizakhele sona. Ndandihleli kwisitulo endandizenzele mna, abanye babemile okanye behleli phantsi bephulaphule.”
Ngaphandle kwephepha lokubhala, uPramoedya wabalisa amabali athi ekugqibeleni enze inoveli yokuqala, Lo Mhlaba Woluntu, kumaqela amabanjwa, awayeza kuwaxelela abanye. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngokubalisa kwakhona, inani elikhulu lamabanjwa ali-14,000 eBuru laweva la mabali. Yayingamabali asuka kwinoveli yokuqala, Lo Mhlaba Woluntu, loo nto yayiwachulumancisa amabanjwa. Oku akuzange kumangalise kuba yayimalunga nokufikelwa zingqondweni kwabantu njengesizwe esibaliswa ngobomi nangezenzo zabalinganiswa abangalibalekiyo awayenokunxulumana nabo amabanjwa aseBuru nabathi basusa intelekelelo yabo kwiimeko ezimaxongo azifumana ekuyo. Echaza le ncwadi, uLane ubhala athi:
Yasekwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini xa amaDatshi ayesalawula e-East Indies. Umntu wayo ophakathi, intombazana yelali yaseJavane ethengiswa njengeshweshwe kumphathi wezityalo zeswekile waseDatshi, ikhula njengomntu onamandla amakhulu obuntu, ulwazi nokuqonda, nangona nangenxa yeemeko zakhe ezicinezelekileyo. Uyachasa kwaye afundise abanye ukuba baxhathise, kuquka nomfundi oselula waseJavanese kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, okhula ekwahlukanisiwe nobufeudalism baseJavane—apho wayevela khona—kwaye kungekudala uza kunyanzelwa ukuba athandabuze ukongama kokuziphatha kwaseYurophu. Ubukroti nokomelela kwesimilo ebusweni bengcinezelo nakwinkqubo yokuchasa yayiyimixholo eyayinamandla okuvuselela isimilo.
Kwakungowe-1975 kuphela, emva kokuba enikwe iphepha, umatshini wokuchwetheza, negumbi lokubhalela, awathi uPramoedya wazibophelela. Lo Mhlaba Woluntu kunye neenoveli zakhe ezilandelayo ukuba aziprinte. Emva kokuba ndifunde zonke ezo ncwadi kunye namava okuthuthwa ngentelekelelo yokuyila yombhali ukuya ekuzalweni kwesizwe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, ndiyakwazi ukunxulumana noxwilo lokuba abo tapol, okanye amabanjwa ezobupolitika, amele ukuba ayeziva ngezo ngokuhlwa zaseBuru.
Ukuchasa uCensorship
Enye into ebalaseleyo kule ncwadi kukubalisa kukaLane indlela iBuru Quartet eyapapashwa ngayo. Apha, amaqabane amabini kaPramoedya, awathi, njengaye akhululwa ekuthinjweni ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, adlala indima ebalulekileyo. Aba yayinguHasjim Rachman kunye noJoesoef Isak, owadala indlu yokushicilela uHasta Mitra epapashe iincwadi kunye neminye imisebenzi eqhubekayo. Nangona iincwadi zazisekwe kwixesha elidlulileyo, nangaphambi kokuzabalazela ukuzimela geqe kumaDatshi, iziphatha-mandla zoLungelelwaniso olutsha zazinexhala malunga nokupapashwa kowayesakuba libanjwa lezopolitiko. Baqalisa ukuvalwa umlomo Lo Mhlaba Woluntu kamsinya nje yakuba yaphuma ngowe-1980. Noko ke, amaqhinga okulibazisa ngobuchule ngakwicala labapapashi, ehambisana neembono ezahlukeneyo kurhulumente ngendlela yokusingatha le ncwadi, avumela le noveli ukuba ithengise amawaka eekopi kangangeenyanga ezili-10 ngaphambi kokuba uvalwe ngokusesikweni.
Ezi zilandelelanayo zavalwa kungekudala emva kokuba zivele. Kodwa ilizwi laliphumile lokuba uPramoedya uphume nemisebenzi yobugcisa, kwaye abantu, ngakumbi isizukulwana esincinci sabafundi kunye neengqondi ezifuthaniselekayo phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo yoMyalelo oMtsha kaMongameli uSuharto, bafumana indlela yokuyibamba kwaye bayifunde. Ukuvalwa kweencwadi, ngokumangalisayo, yayiyeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokutsala umdla kubo.
Ngaphandle kokusekwa kwayo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ye-Dutch East Indies kunye nokuxakeka kwayo ngokuvela kwe-anti-colonial consciousness, nangona ingenanto yokuthetha malunga neziganeko ezikhokelela kwiziganeko ze-1965 okanye malunga neNew Order, i-Suharto censors. babenyanisile ukubona iBuru Quartet njengento ebhukuqayo, kuba iinoveli zazimalunga nokuzabalaza kwabalinganiswa benoveli, ngokukodwa umfundi uMinke kunye neshweshwe lika-Ontosoroh, ukuba bahlukane nexesha elidlulileyo. Njengoko uLane esitsho,
Indlela Umhlaba womntu [Lo Mhlaba Woluntu] ukubulawa koLungelelwaniso olutsha akubanga ngokusasaza umzabalazo weklasi, kodwa ngokudibanisa abafundi abancinci, abanengqondo egxekayo kunye nembali yaseIndonesia ngokubanzi, kunye imbali, njenge. Inxalenye yaloo mbali yayiyinto eyenzekayo kwaye yayisenzeka kumawaka amabanjwa akhululweyo, kodwa yayiquka yonke into eyayifike phambi kwawo. Ukujonga imbali ngeliso elitsha likhululwe kwi-hegemony yabadala kunye nabacebisi babo. Kwi realpolitik ngokwemigaqo, kwakuthetha ukwaphulwa kokufundiswa kwazo zonke iinkcuba-buchopho ezichasene ne-PKI, kubandakanywa nezo zilwa neNew Order. Kwakungekho bacebisi batsha, nangona kunjalo: iincoko kuphela ezaziza kuba nazo, iincwadi kunye nembali ekufuneka ifundwe kwaye iimpendulo zifumaneke. Kwakukule nkqubo apho ngokwaneleyo aba batsha, abaphembeleli abatsha bafumana "iklasi," kwaye ke baqala inkqubo yabafundi abafuna ukulungelelanisa nokusebenza nabalimi okanye abasebenzi.
puzzle
Kukho izinto ezimbini alatha kuzo uLane eziye zaxaka abanye, kuquka nam. Esinye isizathu sokuba uPramoedya engazange abhale nantoni na enkulu yokupapashwa emva kokuba ekhululwe kwi-1979, ngaphandle kweengxelo zexesha elithile, njengentetho yokwamkelwa kwiiMbasa zeMagsaysay kwi-1995 ukuba wayenqatshelwe ukuhambisa ngokwakhe eManila ngabalandeli bakaSuharto.
UPramoedya wayesoloko ekhalaza ngokuba “nebhloko yombhali” ukuchaza isizathu sokuba wayeka ukubhala. ULane ubonisa ukuba ibhloko yalo mbhali yayiluphawu lwento enkulu ngakumbi: ukusilela kweKhohlo ukuzigocagoca malunga nokwenzeka ngo-1965, ukuba yintoni eyakhokelela kuyo, kunye nokwenzeka emva koko. “Le yayiyimvelaphi yebhloko yombhali kaPramoedya. Ukungaphumeleli okunjalo kukungaphumeleli kabini: kuba i-Indonesia njengoko siyazi namhlanje, ngeendlela ezininzi, imveliso yokungaphumeleli kweKhohlo. Ngaphandle kokuqonda le mbali, i-Indonesia yanamhlanje iya kuhlala iyimfihlakalo, ngaphaya kwemizamo yakhe nabani na ukuyitshintsha. ”
I-Lane ngokuqinisekileyo ilungile ukuba akunakubakho ukuqonda kwexesha elidlulileyo ngaphandle komzamo wokuhlangabezana nayo ngokuhlalutya kunye nezopolitiko. Kodwa ubani unokusiqonda isizathu sokuba uPramoedya acebise abantu abaselula ukuba “bafanele babhale phantsi abadala babo njengabangakwaziyo ukwenza nayiphi na iminikelo emitsha.” Kutheni ukhupha iingcebiso kwabaselula xa isizukulwana sakho siphulukene nomzabalazo? Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezilandela emva azenzi iimpazamo ezifanayo ngokuqinisekileyo yintshukumisa entle kodwa ekunzima ukuba ibe sisinyanzelo kwabo bazibona bengaboyikanga. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ngaba baphumeleleyo abakhuthazwa ukuba babhale iinguqulelo zabo zembali. Njengoko isitsho, impumelelo inewaka lootata, kodwa ukungaphumeleli yinkedama.
Enye iphazili, ngeendlela ezininzi, kunzima ukuyiqonda. Oku kukungahoywa kwePramoedya kunye nemisebenzi yakhe kwi-Indonesia yanamhlanje, apho kufuneka ukuba baphumelele ngokungabikho kokuhlolwa. Akukho nanye yeencwadi efundiswa kwizikolo zaseIndonesia, kwananjengokuba “kwizikolo eziphakamileyo eSingapore okanye kwiikholeji zaseUnited States, iincwadi zakhe zikwikharityhulamu.” Umntu uyazibuza ukuba ingaba le mvakalelo yesizwe yokulibala isenokungabi lilifa elidityanelweyo lezehlo abantu, kwanabo babandezelekileyo kuzo, bangafuni ukukhunjuzwa ngazo kuba zazingamava abuhlungu kangangokuba abafuni kuphinda zenzeke. Nangona iincwadi zakhe azijongani nentlekele ye-1965, i-Pramoedya ligama elikhupha elo xesha. Waye a tapol, uphawu elisabangela ukungakhululeki kwabaninzi, kunye neentsingiselo zalo zokuba umntu ongekho kwibutho labantu eliqhelekileyo, ukuba ngumphambukeli. Kwanaphakathi kwabantu base-Indonesia endibaziyo abanenkqubela, bambalwa abangakhululekanga ukuthetha ngeziganeko okanye ubuntu bowe-1965.
Umntu unokuthi oku kuthandabuza kukwenzakala okunzulu okuhlala kunganyangekiyo nakwintlalontle yanamhlanje evulekileyo, apho i-TNI, umkhosi wase-Indonesia, uyaqhubeka nokuphosa umthunzi wezopolitiko zelizwe kwaye uninzi lwabo bathathe inxaxheba ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi basaphila. kunye nezopolitiko. Apha kwakhona, ndikhunjuzwa ngeChile, engazange ibenembali yokwenyani kuluntu ngokubanzi malunga nobhukuqo-mbuso luka-1973 kunye neziphumo zalo ngenxa yokoyika ukuba ukukhumbula iinkumbulo zelo xesha kunokuphinda kuphembelele uluntu olunocalucalulo lwemigangatho luhlala lunjalo-apho uSalvador Allende. Ihlala ingumfanekiso odakumbileyo ukuba uninzi lwabasekhohlo bakhetha ukushiya bengafunwanga.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho ntlupheko, ihlala ngonaphakade okanye imele ihlale ngonaphakade, kwaye umntu unethemba kuphela ukuba imini iya kufika xa isizukulwana esizayo se-Indonesian progressives siya kukwazi ukujongana ngokupheleleyo nexesha labo elidlulileyo kunye nokuzoba izifundo eziyimfuneko ukugqiba ukwakhiwa kwe-Lane. njenge “Lizwe elingagqitywanga.”
Inqaku lokugqibela
In I-Indonesia iphumile elubhacweni, I-Lane ibonisa u-Pramoedya Ananta Toer, u-Hasjim Rachman, kunye no-Joesoef Isak njengabathathu be-musketeers abaye badela ngenkani i-censors. Kodwa njengakwinoveli kaDumas, kwakukho i-musketeer yesine, kwaye yayinguLane ngokwakhe, nangona ngokuqondakalayo eyidlala indima yakhe.
U-Lane wayeligosa eliphakathi kwi-ofisi yozakuzo yase-Australia e-Jakarta xa waye waqhelana no-Pramoedya kunye noogxa bakhe. Esazi kakuhle isi-Indonesian, waqalisa ukuguqulela iinoveli. Xa waxelela unozakuzaku ukuba ebeguqulela iincwadi zikaPramoedya ngexesha lakhe, lo mva weva, waxhalatyiswa yinto enokwenzeka ukuba urhulumente waseIndonesia unokufumanisa ukuba omnye wamagosa angaphantsi kwakhe ebeguqulela iincwadi ezivaliweyo, wenza amalungiselelo okuba athunyelwe. ubuyele eOstreliya. Ukuthotywa komsebenzi wozakuzo, nangona kunjalo, kwaba yinzuzo kwi-Indonesia kunye nathi sonke kuba yayiziinguqulelo zikaLane ezazisa umsebenzi kaPramoedya kwilizwe labantetho isisiNgesi nakwilizwe liphela.
Noko ke, uMax Lane akapheleli nje ekubeni ngumguquleli ophum’ izandla. Uyingqondi kunye nomlweli obomi bakhe buye baba yintsebenziswano ende kunye ne-Indonesia. Yiyo loo nto le ncwadi ingekho lula ukuyichaza ngokwendlela yodidi lwayo. Ngokuyinxenye yimbali yentlalo, ngokuyinxenye yibhayografi yombhali obalaseleyo, ngokuyinxenye libali lohambo lobukrelekrele. Kwaye ngokuyinxenye bubungqina bothando lukaMarxist waseAustralia kwilizwe lakhe awamkelwa ngalo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela