I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
NikelaUMongameli Chavez ukwazile ukunika i-Human Rights Watch uloyiso olukhulu lobudlelwane noluntu ngokugxothwa kwakhe kutsha nje uMlawuli wayo waseMelika uJosé Miguel Vivanco kunye noSekela Mlawuli uDaniel Wilkinson. Ngokugxothwa, owayalelwa nguChavez ngenxa yokuba uVivanco noWilkinson bangaphandle kwaye babengenalo i-visa evumela ukuba benze umsebenzi wezopolitiko okanye wobugcisa eVenezuela, iVenezuela yabonakala ibonakalisa inqaku leHuman Rights Watch, ukuba urhulumente waseChavez akanyamezeli ukuchasana. Nokuba ukugxothwa kwakufanelekile na kukuphazamiseka kumbandela omkhulu, nangona kunjalo, nokuba ingxelo, "Ishumi Leminyaka Ngaphantsi kweChávez, "U[i] apho i-Human Rights Watch (HRW) inikezelwe eVenezuela ngoSeptemba 18, ifanelekile.
Esinye isiphazamiso, ngeli xesha esibekwe phambili ngabakhuseli bakarhulumente weChavez, kukuba ingaba iHRW yiarhente yorhulumente wase-US kunye ne-impiriyali. Ngokucacileyo iingxoxo ezingeyonyani malunga nexesha elidlulileyo likaVivanco ziphakanyiswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto.[ii] Oku, nangona kunjalo, kukwasebenza ekuphazamiseni uhlalutyo olunzulu noluchanekileyo lokuba ingaba le nto ibhalwe yiHRW malunga neVenezuela iyasebenza kwaye kufanelekile ukuhoywa.
Ukubhala uhlalutyo lwengxelo ye-HRW ngumceli mngeni, nangona kunjalo, kuba iyahenda ukuphendula kwinqaku ngalinye, nto leyo enokwenza ukuba impendulo iphantse ibe yingxelo enamaphepha angama-236. Ke ndiya kuzama ukuyeka ukuphendula kwisityholo ngasinye kwaye ndiya kuxoxa kuphela kwezona zibalulekileyo.
Ngamafutshane, le ngxelo iphakamisa iingxaki ezimbalwa malunga nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo ezopolitiko eVenezuela, kodwa iindawo ezimbalwa apho kujoliswe kuzo ziphantse zarhaxwa elwandle lokuchasa, izityholo ezinobunyani, kunye nokucaca kunye nokucacileyo. Ukuthambekela okucacileyo kukuxhasa inkcaso kunye norhulumente. Ndiza kuphonononga izigxeko ngasinye se-HRW ngendlela efanayo nengxelo ngokwayo, ejongene nocalucalulo lwezopolitiko, inkqubo yenkundla, imidiya yoluntu, imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye nemibutho yoluntu.
INgxelo ngokomongo - iMeta-Criticism
Ngaphambi kokuba siqale uhlalutyo lwengxelo ngokwayo, nangona kunjalo, kunengqiqo ukujonga ngokufutshane ezinye zeengxaki ezingaphezulu kwingxelo.
Okokuqala, ingxelo inika uluvo lokuba malunga nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokubanzi eVenezuela (isihlokwana sithi: “Ukunganyamezeli kwezopolitiko kunye namathuba alahlekileyo okuPhuhlisa amaLungelo oLuntu eVenezuela”), kodwa eneneni kugxininise kumalungelo athile ezopolitiko (hayi nawo onke ezopolitiko. amalungelo, ukushiya ngaphandle amalungelo onyulo, umzekelo), ukungabandakanyi ngokupheleleyo amalungelo ezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Ingxelo ngokwayo ithethelela le ngqwalasela emxinwa ngokuthi le ngxelo "ayijongani nayo yonke imiba yamalungelo oluntu ejongene ne [Venezuela] namhlanje, uninzi lwayo ngaphambi komongameli waseChávez. Kunoko, igxininisa kwimpembelelo imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yaseChávez eye yaba nayo kumaziko anendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amalungelo abantu ayahlonelwa: iinkundla, amajelo eendaba, imibutho yabasebenzi nemibutho yoluntu.”[iii] Le ngxelo ayithethi nje ukuba kukho ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okuninzi eVenezuela kunoko kukhankanyiweyo kule ngxelo, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho exoxa ngalo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekujongwe kuyo kuba “baqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abantu uyahlonitshwa.”
Ugxininiso olunjalo olucalanye lushiya ngokupheleleyo naluphi na uqwalaselo lwesithethe samalungelo oluntu esekwe kakuhle sokuba amalungelo oluntu “awahlulwahlulwa.” Oko kukuthi, onke amalungelo oluntu adweliswe kwiSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR)—enoba ezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho okanye ezentlalo—abaluleke ngokufanayo.[iv] Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba i-HRW ithathele ingqalelo amalungelo ezoqoqosho nawentlalontle, bekuya kufuneka igqibe kwelokuba inkqubela eyenziweyo kwezi ndawo ibe nkulu kakhulu ngexesha lobumongameli bukaChavez. Kwakhona, ukuba ubani ebenokuwathabatha nzulu amalungelo ezoqoqosho, bekuya kuba bubudenge ukubanga ukuba ingqalelo kwiinkundla, amajelo eendaba, imibutho yabasebenzi, nemibutho yoluntu ibaluleke ngakumbi, ekubeni abantu abangenawo aqinisekisiweyo amalungelo abo asisiseko kwezoqoqosho, yaye ngoko ke baxakeke kakhulu ekufumaneni ukutya nendawo yokuhlala, abanako ukuthabatha amathuba kula maziko. Ugxininiso lwe-HRW kumalungelo ezopolitiko lubonakalisa ukutyekela kwabo bangcono, abasele bekwazi ukonwabela amalungelo abo kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo ngaphandle kwemida.
Okwesibini, kuyo yonke ingxelo i-HRW iyasilela ukubonisa iziganeko okanye imigaqo-nkqubo kwimeko efanelekileyo, eyenza kube nzima ukuqonda ukuba kutheni izinto ezithile zenzeka eVenezuela. Ngenxa yoko, ngokungabandakanyi lo mongo, abafundi batolika imiba ingxelo exoxa ngayo nge-lens yocalucalulo lwabo okanye imbonakalo yeendaba zobuxoki zaseVenezuela, njengemifanekiso exhaphakileyo kaChavez "caudillo" okanye "uzwilakhe" waseVenezuela.
Okwesithathu, njengoko phantse bonke abagxeki bengxelo bephawulile, le ngxelo yasungulwa ukuze isebenze ngokugqibeleleyo (ngokukhutshwa kweendaba ezivaliweyo) kwinyanga nje ezimbini ngaphambi kwe-23 kaNovemba yeVenezuela.rd unyulo lwengingqi. Esi sisihlandlo sesithathu apho iHRW ikhupha ingxelo enkulu kamsinya nje phambi kokhuphiswano lonyulo (olokuqala ibingoJuni ka-2004, kanye phambi kovavanyo lokurhoxisa umongameli kunye nelesibini ngasekupheleni kuka-2007, kanye phambi kohlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko lwereferendamu).[v] UVivanco ke ngoko akufuneki othuke ukuba iHRW irhanelwa ngokubeka ixesha leengxelo zayo ukuphembelela ukhuphiswano lonyulo lwaseVenezuela.
Okokugqibela, le yenye yezona ngxelo zinde (ngaphandle kweengxelo zayo zonyaka) ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe yi-HRW nakwesiphi na isihloko okanye ilizwe elinye.[vi] UVivanco uthi isizathu soku kukuba, “Wonke umntu ehlabathini unoluvo lwakhe ngeVenezuela. Kukho izimvo ezininzi kakhulu kwaye ezinamandla kakhulu, kodwa kunzima ukufumana iinyani ezibambekayo. Besifuna ukwenza owona mfanekiso uthembekileyo woko kwenzekayo apha ukuze ihlabathi likwazi oko.”[vii] Ngamanye amazwi, kubonakala ngathi ubuzaza bokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu eVenezuela ayisona inkuthazo yokwenyani kule ngxelo yobude bencwadi, kodwa yimpikiswano ejikeleze iVenezuela eyakhuthaza iHRW ukuba iqhube olu phando lweminyaka emibini.
Ukuze iqela lamalungelo oluntu lenze utyalo-mali olungaka kwiprojekthi (kanti yayixabisa malini kwaye ngubani oyihlawuleleyo?) kungekhona ngenxa yobuzaza bokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho kwemvisiswano kubonakala kungaqhelekanga. Le meko yongeza intembeko kwintetho ephoxayo yeblogger (BoRev.net) ekubonakala ukuba i-Human Rights Watch ikholelwa ukuba injongo yayo yangaphambili iphunyeziwe, yokuncothula intuthumbo, ukunyamalala ngenkani, kunye nokuvalelwa ezintolongweni zezopolitiko kwaye ngoku iyakwazi ukufumana ubunewunewu bokugxila kwiinkundla ezibuthathaka kunye nocalucalulo lwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yokuqesha imisebenzi yenkonzo yoluntu. .
Asikayiboni ingxelo ende ngokuthelekisayo malunga nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu eColombia, eMexico, okanye kwimfazwe yase-US yobugrogrisi. Ngaphezu koko, kubonakala ngathi kukho inkuthazo yezopolitiko kule ngxelo, esekwe kwingxelo kaVivanco, "Siyenze le ngxelo kuba sifuna ukubonisa kwihlabathi ukuba iVenezuela ayingomzekelo wakhe nabani na..."[viii] Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba urhulumente waseVenezuela wayengumchasi ocwangcisiweyo wamalungelo oluntu, akukho mntu unokutsho ukuba izenzo ezinjalo kufuneka zibe ngumzekelo. Endaweni yoko, umfuziselo awukhuselayo uChavez nabaxhasi bakhe (kwaye uChavez ngokwakhe ebesoloko esithi ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka lizifumanele indlela yalo) yimigaqo-nkqubo echasene nobungxowankulu bemarike ekhululekileyo kwaye ixhasa ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi namandla ezopolitiko.
Ezi meta-zigxeko zengxelo ecaleni, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukuphonononga imiba eyiphakamisayo malunga nemeko yamalungelo oluntu eVenezuela. Umntu kufuneka akhumbule ukuba phantse kuzo zonke iindawo ezingahlolisiyo kuye kwakho inkqubela phambili emangalisayo, nokuba, ngokomzekelo, kwimfundo, ekunciphiseni intlupheko, okanye ekubandakanyeni ababengabandakanywa ngaphambili (njengabafazi kunye nemveli kunye ne-afro. -abemi baseVenezuela). Omnye umlinganiselo othile wale nkqubela phambili kukuba iVenezuela lelinye lamazwe ambalwa akuMbindi Melika asendleleni yokufikelela kwiiNjongo zoPhuhliso lweMillennium.[ix]
Ucalucalulo lwezoPolitiko- Iingxaki zokususa imixholo
Onke amacandelo amahlanu engxelo yeHRW abonisa iingxaki ezintathu ezingaguqukiyo ezigqwetha iziphumo zokugqibela. Okokuqala, ngamnye kubo ubonisa ukunqongophala komxholo weengxaki abaxoxa ngazo. Okwesibini, bamela oko abanye baye bakubiza ngokuba zizityholo zobuxoki kuba batyhola urhulumente ngokwenza ububi obuqinisekileyo kwimimandla apho izibakala zingacacanga kangako okanye apho iingxaki ezincinane ngokwentelekiso zijika zibe yimibandela emikhulu. Okwesithathu, kwaye ngokusondeleleneyo nesesibini, icandelo ngalinye lizisa imiba apho ukuchazwa kweziganeko kuxhomekeke ngokukodwa kuloo bachasi. Okokugqibela, ngenxa yokuba kukho ukudityaniswa okuninzi kwimiba exutyushwa yile ngxelo, kukho ukuphindaphindwa okukhulu, ngaloo ndlela kunika ingcamango yokuba zininzi lee iingxaki zamalungelo abantu kunokuba kunjalo ngokwenene.
Ukuqala ngecandelo elimalunga nocalucalulo lwezopolitiko, eli candelo mhlawumbi lelona decontextualized. Umba ophambili ophakanyiswa yi-HRW apha kukusetyenziswa kwento ebizwa ngokuba "luluhlu lweTascón," ilungu leNdlu yoWiso-mthetho uLuis Tascón wadala xa ebhala amagama abasayinileyo besikhalazo sokukhumbula umongameli kwiwebhusayithi yakhe. Injongo yolu luhlu yayikukunika abo bangazange balutyikitye uxwebhu lwezikhalazo, kodwa ababekwe kolo ludwe bengathandi, ithuba lokuba amagama abo acinywe kulo. Olu luhlu, nangona kunjalo, luye lwasetyenziswa ngamagosa karhulumente ukuhlola abafaki-zicelo zemisebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaqeshwa abo baphikisana nenkcaso.
Ingxelo ye-HRW yenza umzamo wokubonelela ngomxholo wembali ngokubonisa ukuba kwixesha langaphambili le-Chavez, oorhulumente bahlala becalula abachasi bezopolitiko kwinkqubo yokuqesha ulawulo loluntu.[X]Kwakhona, iyayichaza injongo yeTascón yokuthumela uluhlu esidlangalaleni (nangona ivakalisa ukuthandabuza ukuba esi yayisisizathu sokwenyani, esithi esi yayisisizathu "esibonakalayo"). Nangona kunjalo, le ngxelo itsiba ngokupheleleyo indlela abalandeli benkcaso kulawulo loluntu ababandakanyeka ngayo ekutshabalaliseni. Ulwazi olunjalo lusenokuba nzima ukulufumana, kodwa ukuba ubani ebenokuthetha naye nawuphi na umlawuli wesebe kulawulo lukarhulumente, angabalisa amabali amaninzi eziganeko ezinjalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umphathiswa okanye usekela-mphathiswa okanye umlawuli wesebe kufuneka abagxothe abo benza umonakalo, ngokulandela iinkqubo ezisesikweni zetyala elinjalo. Oku, nangona kunjalo, kuphantse kungenzeki ngenxa yemithetho ethintelayo yezabasebenzi kwicandelo likarhulumente kwaye kuba kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukubonisa ukucotha emsebenzini.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa koluhlu olunjalo kufuneka kugwetywe (kwaye i-HRW iyavuma ukuba i-Chavez kunye ne-Tascón bayigwebile) kwaye iyanqatshelwa, ubuncinane kuyaqondakala ukuba kutheni amagosa amaninzi karhulumente eyisebenzisa nangona kunjalo. Ukuba umlawuli wesebe ujongene nokukhetha phakathi kokuba nenkqubo yokuqeshwa kwe-apolitical, kodwa isebe elingalawulekiyo ngenxa yokuba abanye abaxhasi benkcaso batshabalalisa ngokufihlakeleyo, ngokuchasene nezopolitiko ngokungekho mthethweni inkqubo yokuqesha kwaye ngaloo ndlela babe nesebe elisebenza ngcono, abaphathi abaninzi baya kukhetha ukhetho lokugqibela.
Ukongeza kule de-contextualization yeemeko apho uluhlu lwe-Tascón (kwaye kamva inkqubo ye-Maisanta) yasetyenziswa, i-HRW iyasilela ukubonisa indlela isicelo sabo esicwangciswe ngayo ngokwenene eVenezuela. Ngelixa badwelisa iimeko ezimbalwa,[xi] ezi zinto zincinane xa kuthelekiswa nenani lilonke labasebenzi abakulawulo lukarhulumente.[xii]
Esona siganeko sibalaseleyo i-HRW ibhekisa kuso, nangona kunjalo, ayinayo nayiphi na imfanelo, imeko yenkampani ye-oyile karhulumente i-PDVSA. Apha i-HRW ikhankanya izehlo ezibini, ukuvalwa koshishino lweoyile ngoDisemba ka-2002, apho abasebenzi abangama-19,000 bePDVSA (malunga nesiqingatha sabasebenzi) bagxothwa ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kukuvalwa, kunye nesiganeko apho umongameli wePDVSA uRafael Ramirez waxelela indibano yabaphathi bePDVSA ngoNovemba. I-2006 ukuba akayi kunyamezela nayiphi na abaxhasi abachasayo kulawulo.
Ngokubiza ukuvalwa komzi mveliso we-oyile kwiinyanga ezimbini, okwaqala ngoDisemba ka-2002, “umsebenzi wogwayimbo olusemthethweni,” i-HRW ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uvelwano lwayo luphakathi kwabachasayo. Kuwo wonke umntu owayekhona eVenezuela ngelo xesha loxinzelelo kakhulu kwaye wabona "iingxelo zoqhankqalazo" zemihla ngemihla, kwakucace gca ukuba ekuphela kwemfuno yababethi yayikukurhoxa kukaChavez. Babenethemba elicacileyo lokuba uChavez uya kurhoxa ukuba unokuzisa uqoqosho oluxhomekeke kwioyile yaseVenezuela emadolweni. Ngenene, olu qhankqalazo ludle ilizwe naphi na phakathi kwe-10 ne-20 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, luqhubele phambili intswela-ngqesho ukuya kutsho kwi-22% engazange ibonwe, kwaye yabangela ukuba uqoqosho lwehle nge-29%.
Ekuphela kwesizathu sokuba iHRW ibhekisele kolu kuvalwa kweshishini leoli[xiii] njengogwayimbo olusemthethweni kungenxa yokuba luxhomekeke kwisigwebo seKomiti ye-ILO yeNkululeko yoMbutho, eyabanga ukuba ifumanise ukuba “ugwayimbo” lwe-PDVSA nalo lubandakanya amabango anxulumene nabasebenzi. Ngokucacileyo iinkokeli zabasebenzi ezichasayo zikwazile ukukholisa ikomiti yeILO ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kukho iimfuno ezinxulumene nezabasebenzi (bezingachazwanga nakwisigqibo se-ILO), zazingaziwa luninzi lwabantu baseVenezuela, akukho nanye kwiimanyano zabasebenzi ezintathu eziphambili zePDVSA ezixhasayo “uqhankqalazo” (nangona ubunkokheli ngenye indlela ukuvelana nenkcaso) kunye nomyalezo kuphela umntu owake wafumana ngexesha "loqhankqalazo" yayikukuba kukunyanzela ukurhoxa kukaChavez.[xiv]
Ngegqabi lomkhiwane lesigwebo se-ILO esingenathemba, i-HRW ngoku ingabanga ukuba urhulumente we-Chavez wayebandakanyeka kucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni lwezopolitiko kwaye wadubula abasebenzi be-PDVSA. Ixhasa ityala layo ngelinye igqabi lomkhiwane, elinguMongameli wePDVSA uRamirez's 2006 efuna ukuba bonke abaphathi bePDVSA babe ngabaxhasi bakarhulumente weChavez. Nangona kunjalo, i-HRW ibanga ukuba esi sinyanzelo senziwe ngabo bonke abasebenzi be-PDVSA, ngelixa enyanisweni sasisenziwa kubaphathi kuphela.[xv] Ngokusilela ukwenza lo mahluko ubalulekileyo i-HRW ingaphinda ibange ukuba ucalucalulo lwezopolitiko ngumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Akufanele yothuse into yokuba umongameli wenkampani afune ukuba bonke abaphathi bakhe babe ngabaxhasi bakarhulumente xa inkampani isachacha kugwayimbo lwezopolitiko. Ngokutolika iziganeko zaseVenezuela ngokwembono yezona zinto zinephiko lasekunene kwezopolitiko zaseVenezuela, iHRW ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uvelwano lwayo luxhomekeke kumacandelo achasene nedemokhrasi ngakumbi kunye nenkohlakalo echasene neChávez yeqela eliphikisayo laseVenezuela.
I-HRW ke iqhubeleka nokudwelisa amatyala amaninzi abambekayo apho abasebenzi bePDVSA bagxothwayo ngokucacileyo ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo zopolitiko. Ngelixa izenzo ezinjalo, ukuba ziyinyani, ngokuqinisekileyo ziphosakele, ezi ziganeko zimbalwa kwakhona azibonisi ukuba i-PDVSA ibandakanyeka kucalucalulo lwezopolitiko olucwangcisiweyo. Kuko konke ukudutyulwa kwezopolitiko, abasebenzi bePDVSA banokukhomba umxhasi ochasayo osebenza kwinkampani.[xvi] Njengoko i-HRW ichaza ngokuchanekileyo, isikhundla esisemthethweni ngokuchasene nocalucalulo lwezopolitiko saphinda saqinisekiswa kwimemo kaJulayi 2007 (p.33).
Ukuzimela kweNkundla - Uhlalutyo oluphikisanayo
Uhlalutyo lommandla olandelayo ophononongwa yi-HRW, inkqubo yezobulungisa yaseVenezuela, igcwele ukuchasana, okujongela phantsi ibango elipheleleyo lokuba inkundla yaseVenezuela ayizimeleyo kwisigqeba solawulo. Eyona nto igxekwayo apha kukuba ngokupasisa umthetho omtsha weNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2004 urhulumente waseChavez ukwazile “ukupakisha nokucoca” inkundla kunye noko kupolitiki zonke iinkundla, kuba ezi ziphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayipheleli nje ekubeni i-HRW iphinde inike ziqinisekiso kwizizathu ezisemthethweni apho "umthetho wokupakisha inkundla" (njengoko bewubiza njalo umthetho ngolwimi lwabachasi) wapasiswa, kuyo yonke ingxelo i-HRW ikhankanya iimeko apho kucingelwa ukuba isigqeba solawulo- Inkqubo yenkundla exhomekeke kuye yenza izigqibo ngokuchasene norhulumente weChavez okanye abaxhasi bakhe.
Kwakhona, i-HRW ibonelela ngemeko yezembali ebidingeka kakhulu ngokuchaza ngokufutshane icandelo lezobulungisa phambi komongameli we-Chavez, elibiza ngokuba “libhanga” ngenxa yorhwaphilizo oluxhaphakileyo kwinkqubo. Kwakhona, ichaza uphando lweNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwe-UN ye-1998, efumene ukuba kuphela i-0.8% yabantu baseVenezuela ababenentembelo kwinkundla. Ngokungaqhelekanga, uphononongo olufutshane lweengxelo ze-HRW malunga ne-Venezuela ngexesha langaphambi kwe-Chavez lifumanise ukuba akukho nenye ingxelo eyayikwinkundla yelo xesha.
Kwakhona, i-HRW iyasilela ukwenza naluphi na uthelekiso olunentsingiselo phakathi kwale nkundla “yengahlawulwanga” yangaphambi kweChavez kunye nenkundla yangoku yeChavez. Uvavanyo lwedatha yovavanyo, nangona kunjalo, lufumanisa ukuba abantu baseVenezuela bavavanya inkundla yabo ngokufanelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa neLatin America iphela. Ngokutsho kweLatinobarometro, kuphela yi-38% yabantu baseLatin America abaphonononga kwiinkqubo zenkundla zelizwe labo njengabenza umsebenzi "olungileyo" okanye "olunge kakhulu", ngelixa abantu baseVenezuela bephendula kakuhle nge-52% yexesha.[xvii]
Ngaphandle kolu vavanyo luhle xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, ingxelo ye-HRW ayiyekeleli ekugxekeni inkundla ye-Chavez-era. I-HRW iqaphela ukuba umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2004 owawuvumela ukongezwa kweejaji ezintsha ezili-12 (kungoko “ukupakishwa” kwenkundla) kwalandelwa sisigqibo esibalulekileyo senkundla sokukhulula abane babaququzeleli bobhukuqo-mbuso ngebango lokuba akukho bhukuqo-mbuso. NgoAprili 2002, kuphela “igunya elingenamsebenzi.” Ingxelo, nangona kunjalo, iyakukhaba ukubaluleka kwesi sigqibo xa ibhekisa kwingozi ekucingelwa ukuba inkulu kakhulu ibhalansi yamandla e-pro-Chavez emele kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oko kukuthi, kufanele ukuba ibe yingqwalasela esebenzayo, esisoyikiso esinzulu kwidemokhrasi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo evumela iinzame zobhukuqo (eyayichitha iNkundla ePhakamileyo nayo, phakathi kwamanye amaziko) okanye inkundla entsha, elawulwa ngabaxhasi bakaChavez. Ngokucacileyo, i-HRW iyayixhasa eyokuqala.
I-HRW iphakamisa inqaku elinye elisebenzayo, nangona kunjalo, kule ngxoxo, yingozi yokuba uMthetho omtsha weNkundla ePhakamileyo wenze ukususa iijaji ezihleliyo kube lula kakhulu. Oko kukuthi, ngelixa inkqubo yokubekwa ityala ngaphambili ibifuna isininzi sesibini esithathwini kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ukuba ivotele eso sityholo, umthetho omtsha uyawuthoba lo mqathango kwisininzi esilula sama-50% kwiimeko ezizodwa. Oku kunokujongela phantsi ukuzimela kwenkundla kwixesha elizayo xa iqela linesininzi nje, kodwa akukho sininzi sesibini kwisithathu kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho (AN) (okwangoku abalandeli bakaChavez balawula phantse ama-90% ezihlalo ze-AN).
Nangona kunjalo, i-HRW ikwazile ukungcwaba le ngongoma ibalulekileyo kwi-decontextualization ngakumbi xa isithi oko kubizwa ngokuba kukupakishwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kukhokelele kuhlobo oluthile “lokutshintshwayo” kokwakhiwa kwayo yonke le nkundla kuba uninzi olutsha enkundleni lusebenzise amandla alo. pakisha zonke ezinye iinkundla (p.49). Into i-HRW isilela ukuyikhankanya kukuba ngokwahlukana kweevoti ezilishumi ukuya kweshumi phakathi kwabachasi kunye nabaxhasi bakaChavez kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkundla yaqhwalela ngokupheleleyo kwiinzame zayo zokuguqula icandelo leenkundla.
Inkqubo yohlaziyo lwenkundla yaqala ngo-2000 kwaye yaphazamiseka ngasekupheleni kuka-2001 xa uLuis Miquilena, umphathiswa we-Chavez wezangaphakathi nobulungisa, owanceda ekuqeshweni kweejaji ezininzi, watshintshela kwinkcaso. Iijaji ezininzi awayezichongile nazo zatshintsha amacala, yiyo loo nto ishumi lavotela ukuchasa ukubekwa ityala kwabane babaququzeleli bobhukuqo-mbuso. Kuphela kwaba kanye ukuba kususwe umqobo wenkundla apho inkqubo yohlaziyo lwenkundla yakwazi ukuqhubeka.
Ingxelo yeHRW eneneni inohanahaniso xa ikhalazela ukuba inkundla entsha iqhube ngokutyumba iijaji ezisisigxina ezitsha, ezithatha indawo yeejaji zethutyana ezininzi. Kwingxelo yayo yowama-2004 ngomthetho omtsha weNkundla ePhakamileyo i-HRW yagxeka ngokukodwa abomthetho ngokungenzi nkqubela phambili kuhlaziyo lwenkundla.[xviii] Emva koko, ngale ngxelo intsha, igxeka inkundla ngokuqhubeka nohlaziyo, inyathelo elibalulekileyo ebelikukutshintshwa kweejaji zexeshana.
I-HRW emva koko ikhankanya amatyala ambalwa apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasilela ukuwisa isigwebo ngokuchasene nolawulo lukaChavez, njengokusilela kwayo ukwenza isigqibo malunga nokuba umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2004 usemthethweni kusini na, nokuba iSindululo soHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko ka-2007 sisemthethweni, nokuba ngamalungelo kamabonakude. Isikhululo i-RCTV sophule umthetho xa singakhange sihlaziywe ilayisenisi yosasazo, kunye nokuba iBhunga leSizwe loNyulo liyafuneka ukuba longamele unyulo lwemibutho. Endaweni yokwenza isigqibo esixhasa urhulumente we-Chavez, inkundla kwimeko nganye ayiphumelelanga ukwenza isigqibo ngendlela enye okanye enye. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntu uzithathela ingqalelo ezi zigqibo kunye nezigqibo ezahlukeneyo ezixhasa inkcaso, ingxelo yeHRW ngokwayo eyichazayo, ezi ngxoxo ziphulukana nokusebenza kwazo.
Imidiya – Ukwenza iNtaba ngeMolehill
Kwicandelo elingobudlelwane bukarhulumente weChavez kunye namajelo eendaba, ingxelo yeHRW ingumzekelo wempumelelo yayo ekongezeni izityholo ngakurhulumente. Idwelisa iindidi ngeendidi zamatyala abalulekileyo ngokuchasene neentatheli ezidumileyo, uninzi lwawo oluye lwasonjululwa ngakwicala lentatheli okanye arhoxiswayo. Kwakhona, ikhankanya ulawulo ekucingelwa ukuba lucinezela kumajelo osasazo osasazo oluwela kakuhle phakathi kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zamanye amazwe aseLatin America naseNtshona. Okokugqibela, ibango lokuba urhulumente waseVenezuela unqanda ubuninzi bemithombo yeendaba ngelixa kwangaxeshanye eziphikisa xa evuma ukuba abantu abaninzi kunangaphambili banokufikelela kumajelo eendaba.
Ngokungafani namacandelo angaphambili, apho kwakukho ubuncinane umzamo wokubonakalisa ukubonelela ngeemeko zembali ukusuka kwixesha langaphambili le-Chavez, ngeli xesha akukho lwazi olunjalo. Ukuba ingxelo ibinike imvelaphi yembali enjalo, i-HRW ibinokunyanzelwa ukuba ivume ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha eVenezuela ikwimeko engcono namhlanje kunangaphambili kukaChavez, xa bekukho uluvo oluninzi kumajelo eendaba. Kwakhona, umzekelo, phantsi koomongameli bangaphambili, abanjengoCarlos Andrés Perez (1989-1993), bekukho ibhodi yovavanyo yokwenyani eyayiphonononga amaphephandaba phambi kokuba apapashwe kwaye yanyanzela amaphepha ukuba apapashe indawo engenanto ngalo lonke ixesha inqaku lithathwa ngokuba linovelwano kakhulu kurhulumente. .[xix]
Ingxelo ke inika umbono wokuba lityala likamongameli uChavez ukuba abeendaba baye bahlukana kakhulu eVenezuela, ngobuxoki bokubanga ukuba "phantsi kweChavez" ijelo likamabonwakude likarhulumente i-VTV "ibe necala kwaye inomkhethe njengabalingane bayo babucala" (iphe. 69). Nangona kunjalo, i-VTV ibisoloko iyitshaneli yeTV exhasa urhulumente, kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba uChavez abe ngumongameli. Ngamanye amazwi, ingxelo inika uluvo olucacileyo lokuba i-VTV yaba yezopolitiko kuphela noChavez, xa enyanisweni ibisoloko iyitshaneli exhasa urhulumente. Kukwanjalo nakwisiphakamiso esingeyonyani sengxelo yokuba ukusasazwa kwemiyalezo karhulumente ngaxeshanye kuzo zonke izikhululo zikanomathotholo kunye nomabonwakude kuyimveliso yorhulumente kaChavez, xa enyanisweni oomongameli baseVenezuela kudala ngaphambi kokuba uChavez asebenzise eli gunya.[xx]
Le ngxelo iphinda igxeke uChavez "udemoni" (p.72) wokuchasa kwakhe ngolwimi olubi, eshiya ngokupheleleyo ukuba inkcaso ifana needemoni kuChavez kwaye uChavez wayephendula ngohlobo lwabagxeki bakhe. I-HRW ke icebisa ukuba yayilulwimi olurhabaxa lukaChavez olwalutyholwa ngeziganeko zobundlobongela obujoliswe kumalungu osasazo lwabucala, ishiya ngokupheleleyo ukuba iziganeko ezichazwa yingxelo zenzeke ngexesha lezopolitiko (2003), apho ubundlobongela. phakathi kwabo bavelana macala omabini bekusiya kusanda. Oku ayisosizathu sobundlobongela obunjalo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda umxholo apho ezi ziganeko zenzeke.
Kwakhona, i-HRW ichaza ngokuchanekileyo ukuba urhulumente we-Chavez uqalise izikhululo ze-TV ezininzi zelizwe (kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho - i-ANTV, inkqubo yoluntu - i-Vive, inkqubo yelizwekazi - i-Telesur, kunye nenkqubo yenkcubeko - i-Tves), ngokungathi le nto imele uhlobo oluthile lwesisongelo. kwintetho ekhululekileyo. Emva koko iyaqhubeka nokuvuma (kumbhalo osemazantsi, nangona) (p.73), ukuba nangona oku kwanda kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamajelo e-TV karhulumente, isabelo sabaphulaphuli kwezi sihlala singaphantsi kakhulu kumajelo abucala. Ngomdla wokungathathi cala, bekuya kuba yimfuneko ukuba i-HRW iphinde ichaze ukuba ngaphandle kokwanda kwamajelo karhulumente, uninzi lwamajelo eTV eVenezuela alawulwa ngasese.
Kucingelwa ukuba i-HRW ayizange ilikhankanye inani elikhulu lamajelo abucala kuba ikholelwa ukuba ulawulo lwabucala olunjalo alunamsebenzi ngenxa yomthetho wakutsha nje wokulawula oonomathotholo nomabonakude. Ngokutsho kwe-HRW, ezi ziye zaqhutywa ekuzijongeni phantsi ngenxa yokuqina kwezohlwayo zesithintelo esikhoyo sokungahloneli amagosa aphezulu karhulumente (ebekho ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50) kunye nomthetho omtsha woxanduva loluntu kunomathotholo nakumabonakude.[xxi]
Njengobungqina boku kusithiwa isoyikiso i-HRW ikhankanya indlela ezibini zezikhululo zikamabonwakude ezinkulu zabucala, iTeleven kunye neVenevision zamodareyitha umgca wazo wokuhlela kwaye zayeka ukungqubana kurhulumente weChavez. Endaweni yokutolika oku njengomzamo wokuba noxanduva ngakumbi kunye nokugcina ekulahlekelweni yi-60 +% yabemi abaxhasa uChavez, i-HRW iqinisekile ukuba esona sizathu solu tshintsho yimithetho yongcoliso ebisoloko ikhona kwiincwadi kwaye awuzange usetyenziswe kwaye umthetho woxanduva lwentlalontle nawo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku awukhange ube nesiphumo sokuvalwa okukodwa okanye isohlwayo. Ngokutolika iimpendulo zezi zikhululo ngale ndlela kwaye ingeyiyo enye, i-HRW ithetha ukuba izikhululo zifuna ukwahlulahlula nokungakhathali. Ngaphezu koko, isikhundla se-HRW sithetha ukuba kungangcono ukuba iTeleven kunye neVenevision bezingatshintshanga imigca yokuhlela ukuya kwibhalansi kunye nokumodareyitha.
Amatyala enkundla achasene neentatheli
Kumatyala enkundla alishumi angumzekelo ajongene neentatheli athi iHRW iwavavanye, amathandathu ngawentetho yenkohlakalo okanye enxulumene noko. Ngokuphakamisa le njengemiba yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo i-HRW ithetha ukuba ukuhlawulisa intatheli ngendelelo ngandlel 'ithile akukho mthethweni, nangona i-HRW ikwasithi ayichasananga nemithetho yokunyelisa. Ngamatyala amane kuphela kwalishumi, nangona kunjalo, aye akhokelela kwisigwebo sokuba netyala, ekwafuneka ukuba libe linye kuphela elihlawule isohlwayo.[xxii] yaye ababini bafumana izigwebo ezixhonyiweyo, omnye kwafuneka acele uxolo, yaye mnye kuphela owayeza kuvalelwa entolongweni