Nangona imeko yezoqoqosho inzima kakhulu ekukhokelela kwi-6 kaDisemba yonyulo lweNdibano yeSizwe eVenezuela (endiyichaze kwinqaku elidlulileyo), urhulumente waseMaduro kunye ne-Bolivarian revolution ngoku banezinto ezimbalwa ezenza ukuba imeko ingabikho ncam. mfiliba njengoko ubani enokucinga ngenye indlela. Ndiya kubonisa lo mxholo wasekhaya, okokuqala, ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yakutshanje, okwesibini, ngokubhekiselele kwiintshukumo zentlalo eziqhubekayo eVenezuela kwaye, okwesithathu, ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yenkcaso kunye nezenzo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo yakutsha nje
Akukho mathandabuzo amancinci ukuba imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle eVenezuela inzima kakhulu okwangoku, kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ukususela ngexesha uHugo Chavez wonyulwa njengomongameli ngoDisemba 6, 1998, ukunqongophala okuqhubekayo (okulawulwa ngamaxabiso) ukutya okusisiseko, kunye nezinga eliphezulu lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqaphela le meko enzima, urhulumente athi isiphumo "semfazwe yezoqoqosho" ngokumelene norhulumente, uMongameli uNicolas Maduro uye wasungula inani lemigaqo-nkqubo eyenzelwe ukujongana nemimandla yengxaki yolawulo lwakhe.
Owona mzamo unzima kakhulu kulo mba unikelwe “kwiMishini eNkulu yeZindlu,” eyathi ukusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-2011 yakha amakhaya aphantse abe ngama-850,000 ngoNovemba ka-2015 kwaye kufanele ukuba ifikelele kwisigidi esinye ekupheleni kuka-2015. urhulumente ukwazile ukwakha umndilili wamakhaya amatsha amalunga nama-200,000 ngonyaka ukusukela oko kwasungulwa eli phulo, nto leyo emele ukwanda okuphindwe kathathu kumndilili wonyaka wama-2000-2011 wokwakhiwa kwamakhaya oluntu. Ngenxa yokuba umyinge wekhaya laseVenezuela linamalungu amahlanu, oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwezigidi ezihlanu abantu baseVenezuela baya kuxhamla kwinkqubo yolwakhiwo lwezindlu ekupheleni konyaka - inani elingabalulekanga ukuba ucinga ukuba eli limele isinye kwisithandathu sabemi baseVenezuela bebonke abangama-30. izigidi.
Umzamo omkhulu wesibini wokulwa neemeko ezinzima yayiluluhlu olutsha lwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, awathi wayinikezela ngo-Oktobha walo nyaka. Ngethuba lobumongameli bakhe beminyaka emibini enesiqingatha, uMongameli uMaduro sele sele eqalise utshintsho oluhlukeneyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wezoqoqosho ukuze afumane ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunqongophala phantsi kolawulo. Emuva ngoFebruwari, umzekelo, uMaduro ubhengeze uluhlu lwamanyathelo ebekufanele ukuba enze enye yezinga eliphezulu lokutshintshiselana ngokusemthethweni lifikeleleke kuluntu jikelele kwaye oko kuya kwenza ukuba utshintshiselwano lwemali yemarike emnyama lube semthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kule migaqo-nkqubo enempembelelo enkulu kwiingxaki zokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunqongophala.
Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente uye wabhengeza ngo-Okthobha ukuba kuza kwaziswa eyona ngeniso isemthethweni. Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zemeko yezoqoqosho yangoku kukuba abanye abathengisi bayakwazi ukwenza ingeniso egqithisileyo ngokuthenga iimpahla ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu elilawulwa ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu baze bazithengise kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi elo xabiso. Okanye, bangenisa iimpahla ngaphandle besebenzisa enye yeendlela ezisezantsi zotshintshiselwano olusemthethweni, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukungenisa elizweni kungabizi kakhulu kubo, kodwa ke bathengise iimpahla nokuba kunjalo ngexabiso elibonisa ixabiso elibalwe kwireyithi yotshintshiselwano yemarike esemva, ngokwenza njalo benze inzuzo egqithisileyo. . Amanyathelo amatsha ezoqoqosho ke ngoko avavanya amaxabiso okwenyani ayo yonke into ethengiswa eVenezuela, kwaye abeke umda wengeniso kwiipesenti ezingama-30 zeendleko zokuqala.
Nangona la manyathelo matsha ekhatshwa zizohlwayo eziqatha kwabo baphula imilinganiselo emitsha yengeniso, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kubonakala ngathi lo mlinganiselo awulandelwa. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kusengaphezulu kwamanqanaba anyamezelekayo (ngaphezu kwe-160 ukuya kuma-200 eepesenti ngowama-2015) kwaye, ukuba ezinye iingxelo ze-anecdotal zinokwenzeka ngokubanzi, abathengisi babhenela kwiimarike ezimnyama nangakumbi, bebandeza iivenkile ezinkulu iimveliso ezingakumbi. Esona sizathu sinokuba sisizathu sokuba la manyathelo matsha abe nefuthe elikhulu (okwangoku?) kukuba ukongamela amaxabiso kunye neengeniso zazo zonke iimveliso kunye nabathengisi baseVenezuela ngumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka ukuba urhulumente waseVenezuela awufezekise. Ngamafutshane, lo mmandla wesibini womgaqo-nkqubo awukabi nampembelelo entle kwimeko yezoqoqosho.
Ilinge lesithathu elingundoqo lomgaqo-nkqubo wowama-2015 belikwindawo yokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngenkqubo entsha ebizwa ngokuba, “Iphulo leNkululeko noKhuseleko lwaBantu” (OLP), elaphehlelelwa kweyeKhala kulo nyaka. Ngandlel’ ithile le nkqubo ibonisa umkhosi wokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, njengoko ibandakanya uhlaselo olukhulu kwiindawo ezinolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu, kungasetyenziswanga kuphela amapolisa, kodwa kunye noMlindi weSizwe. Urhulumente waziva ngokucacileyo ukuba iqhinga lomkhosi elinjalo liya lisiba yimfuneko, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuthontelana kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo lwaseColombia, kodwa nangenxa yokuba izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho ngokubanzi liye landa kulo nyaka uphelileyo (ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yobukho bamajoni aseColombia). Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye amanyathelo angaphambili okulithoba awazange asebenze, abantu abaninzi baseVenezuela babonakala beyivuma inkqubo ye-OLP. Noko ke, enoba iza kungenelela ekwehliseni izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona kunjalo, kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuba kuchazwe.
Ngaphandle kwale miba mithathu ingundoqo yezindlu, umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, nokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente naye uyaqhubeka – kwinqanaba elifanayo nangaphambili – zonke iinkqubo zentlalo zikarhulumente kaChavez, ezaziwa ngokuba ziimishini, njengakwimimandla yezemfundo, zixhaswa ngemali. ukutya, ukhathalelo lwempilo yoluntu, kunye nokwandiswa kweenzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu, phakathi kwezinye iinkqubo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo yindibaniselwano yazo zonke ezi nkqubo ethe yagcina ukuthandwa kukarhulumente nangona imeko yezoqoqosho inzima ilizwe elijongene nayo ngoku.
Iintshukumo ezidumileyo kunye nemibutho
Enye yezona zinto zinamandla kwi-revolution yaseBolivarian kukubandakanyeka kweentshukumo ezidumileyo kunye nemibutho. Nangona iVenezuela ingazange ibenentshukumo eyomeleleyo, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe akuLatin America, anje ngeBolivia, urhulumente weChavez uye waphuma kwiintshukumo eziqhubekayo (jonga imbali kaGeorge Ciccariello-Maher yaseVenezuela: Sayila uChavez). Le mibutho, ngokubanzi, isamxhasa urhulumente, nangona kukho izigxeko ezininzi abanazo ngurhulumente ngenxa yemeko yezoqoqosho enzima ngoku.
Ngexesha lobongameli bukaChavez le mibutho yomelezwa ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yokwandisa nokuvula izithuba zokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente zentlalontle, kumajelo eendaba oluntu, nangokusebenzisa amabhunga oluntu kunye nee-communes (ezi ngamaqela amabhunga oluntu). Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuye kwakho ukuphazanyiswa kukarhulumente ngandlel’ ithile, kodwa aba baye baxhathisa imigudu enjalo, nto leyo ekhokelele kwisixa esifanelekileyo sokruthakruthwano nokukrokrelana phakathi kukarhulumente namaqela asekuhlaleni. Sekunjalo, nangona ezi ngxabano, omabini la macala acace gca ukuba afuna inkxaso yomnye nomnye kwaye ukujongela phantsi okanye ukwaphulwa kwemigangatho ngeli xesha kuya kuba negalelo kuloyiso lwenkcaso, oluya kuba lubi kumacala omabini.
Kutshanje kuye kwavela iphulo elitsha, elaziwa ngokuba yi-“Every Heartbeat Counts”, nto leyo eyindlela eqhelekileyo yobudlelwane phakathi kukarhulumente nentlalontle. Imele ukuhlangana kwamaqela oluntu angaphezulu kwama-20 achasene nongxowankulu, uninzi lwawo ngokwenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala eli phulo ngokucacileyo liphulo lokuxhasa abagqatswa abaxhasa urhulumente abalwela iNdibano yeSizwe, kodwa nangona kunjalo izimele kurhulumente kwaye ifuna ukuyityhalela phambili ngasekhohlo ngokuxhasa ukomelezwa kwamabhunga oluntu kunye nee-communes eVenezuela. . Kunzima ukutsho ukuba eli phulo liza kwenza umahluko na kolu lonyulo, kodwa inkxaso emandla abayinika urhulumente ingenza umahluko kwiisekethe zolonyulo ezixinana kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphezu koko, eli phulo likwangumzekelo wokudala kunye namandla asekho ngaphantsi nje komphezulu wezopolitiko zaseVenezuela, kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nemibutho yentlalontle, nangona kukho ukukhungatheka kunye nomsindo abantu abaninzi abanawo kurhulumente.
Abachasi
Okwangoku, kwelinye icala lokwahlula kwezopolitiko, inkcaso ibonakala ngathi ihlulwe ngaphakathi kwaye ibuthathaka kunanini ngaphambili, nangona ukunyuka kwabo kwi-polls. Ngandlel’ ithile le yimeko engaqhelekanga, ekubeni urhulumente ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo kwindawo yakhe yesibini-ebuthathaka kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-17 yoguquko lwaseBolivarian (uChavez wanyulwa okokuqala ngoDisemba 6, 1998 - kanye iminyaka eyi-17 ngaphambi kukaDisemba. 6 Unyulo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho luka-2015) – eyona ndawo yayibuthathaka yayilixesha lokuzama ukubhukuqa kunye nokuvalwa kweshishini le-oyile ngo-2002. urhulumente ababemthiyile ixesha elide.
Nangona kunjalo, inkcaso isahlulelene ngokunzulu phakathi kwabo baqinisekileyo ukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokubuyela kulawulo kukubhukuqa urhulumente nangayiphi na indlela eyimfuneko ngokuchasene nabo banokukhetha indlela yomgaqo-siseko yokubuyisela amandla. Kwakhona, ukungabikho kwenkqubo yenkcaso ecacileyo kubenza babonakale njengento kuphela abayifunayo kukukhupha i-revolution yaseBolivarian, kodwa abaqondi ukuba bafuna ntoni ngaphaya koko. Inxalenye yengxaki apha kukuba ngexesha lobumongameli bakhe uChavez waphumelela ekukhanyeleni ngokupheleleyo intetho ye-neoliberal kangangokuba akukho namnye kwiqela eliphikisayo onobuganga bokuzisa neoliberalism njengenkqubo echasayo (ngokungafaniyo neArgentina, apho uMacri wayekwazile ukubaleka kwaye aphumelele. kwiqonga le-neoliberal). Kukudityaniswa kokunqongophala kwenkqubo yezopolitiko kunye neyantlukwano yangaphakathi malunga neqhinga elenze ukuba kube nzima ukuba inkcaso ifumane inzuzo kubuthathaka obukhoyo bukarhulumente ukuya kuthi ga ngoku.
Ukujonga ngakwi6D
Njengesiqhelo, ngokunikezelwa kobuninzi beendaba kwi-Venezuela, kukho umzamo owenziweyo wokwenza ukuba kubonakale ngathi ukhetho lwe-Dec.6 luya kutshatyalaliswa ngobuqhetseba. Lo ngumfanekiso ukuba inkcaso yaseVenezuela ikhuthaza ngokunyanisekileyo ngoncedo olungathandabuzekiyo oluvela kumajelo eendaba ngamazwe, urhulumente wase-US, kunye noMbutho waseMelika waseMelika (i-bureaucracy yayo eWashington DC, kungekhona ininzi yamazwe angamalungu ayo). Nangona kunjalo, nabani na oye wazikhathaza ngokujonga ngokusondeleyo inkqubo yonyulo yaseVenezuela, unokubona ngokukhawuleza ukuba mhlawumbi yenye yezona nkqubo zonyulo (ukuba azikho) ezinobuqhophololo emhlabeni. Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba uMongameli uCarter wakhe wathi, "Enyanisweni, kunyulo lwama-92 esilujongileyo, ndingatsho ukuba inkqubo yonyulo eVenezuela yeyona ibalaseleyo emhlabeni."
Ingozi ekhoyo kunyulo lwe-6 kaDisemba ayibobuqhophololo, kodwa ukusabela kwabachasi kwisiphumo. Ukuba ngaba isiphumo abangasithandiyo, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kubanga ukuba kukho ubuqhetseba kwaye baqalise kwelinye iphulo lokutshatyalaliswa kobundlobongela, njengoko benzayo emva konyulo luka-Aprili 2013, olushiya i-11 ifile, kwaye ngexesha likaFebruwari-Meyi. Ngo-2014 izitrato ezivaliweyo ezaziwa ngokuba zii “Guarimbas,” ezabulala abantu abangama-43 kwaye zenzakalisa amakhulu abanye.
Ezona ziphumo zeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kunzima kakhulu ukuqikelela kuba konke kuxhomekeke kwindlela abagqatswa abaqhuba kakuhle ngayo kwinqanaba lezithili zabo zonyulo, ezingamashumi asibhozo anesixhenxe kulo lonke ilizwe. I-PSUV elawulayo ibambe unyulo olusebenzayo lokutyumba abagqatswa ngoJuni ophelileyo, uninzi lwabo lubancinci kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sabo singabasetyhini. Kwakhona, imigaqo-nkqubo yakutshanje kwimiba yezindlu kunye nokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho iye yabangela ukuba urhulumente afumane inzuzo enkulu phakathi kwabemi. Okokugqibela, into yokuba uninzi lwemibutho yentlalontle ibambelele kurhulumente iyanceda nayo.
Kwelinye icala, imeko yoqoqosho emandla yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunqongophala kudale unxunguphalo olukhulu phakathi kwesiseko se-chavista, phantse ukodlula izinto ezixhasa urhulumente. Inyaniso yokuba kukho umkhankaso wamazwe ngamazwe ochasene norhulumente, okhokelwa yi-United States kwaye oorhulumente baseArgentina naseColombia baxhasa inkxaso, kunye noNobhala Jikelele we-OAS u-Almagro, mhlawumbi akayi kuba nefuthe elikhulu kunyulo ngokwalo, kodwa. intando emva kweziphumo kunye neenzame zokugunyazisa unyulo, ukuba iqela eliphikisayo alisifumani isiphumo elisilindeleyo.
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