UMichael Albert kuQoqosho lweNxaxheba
Udliwanondlebe noJustin Podur
Incwadi kaMichael Albert, Parecon: Life After Capitalism, isandula kupapashwa nguVerso Press. Waye wadliwano-ndlebe nguJustin Podur, umbhali kunye nomlweli osekelwe eToronto.
UJustin Podur: Ngaphambi kokuba singene kwiinkxalabo malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho kwincwadi yakho entsha, ngaba unganika isishwankathelo esifutshane sengqiqo kunye neempawu zemodeli?
UMichael Albert: Uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba, okanye i-parecon ngokufutshane, ngumbono omtsha wezoqoqosho ocetywayo ukuthatha indawo yobukhapitali. Iinqobo zayo ezikhokelayo kubumbano, iyantlukwano, ulingano, kunye nokuzilawula.
Umanyano luthetha ukuba uqoqosho kufuneka lubangele ukuba abantu baxhalabele impilo-ntle yabanye kunokuba banyathelene. Iyantlukwano ithetha ukuba uqoqosho kufuneka luvelise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha endaweni yokuvelisa ukufana. Ulingano luthetha ukuba uqoqosho kufuneka lunike abantu umvuzo ngokomlinganiselo womzamo abawuchithayo kunye nokuzincama abakunyamezelayo kumsebenzi oluncedo eluntwini kunokuba baxhomekeke kwipropati, amandla othethathethwano, okanye imveliso. Kwaye ukuzilawula kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi kunye nabathengi kufuneka babe nefuthe kwimveliso, ulwabiwo, kunye nezigqibo zokusetyenziswa kunye nenqanaba leempembelelo ezihambelana nesigqibo esinxulumeneyo kubo kunokuba abanye abantu babe nelizwi elikhulu kwaye abanye bathobele ngokupheleleyo.
Amaziko aphambili eParecon okufikelela kwezi ziphelo ngabasebenzi abathatha inxaxheba kunye namabhunga abathengi, iindlela zokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezithi ulwabiwo lube nempembelelo ngokomlinganiselo othile ochaphazelekayo, icandelo labasebenzi eliqinisekisa iimeko zokuxhobisa ngokuthelekiswayo kubo bonke abasebenzi, umvuzo ngokomlinganiselo nobude. yomsebenzi oxatyiswe ngokwentlalo, kunye nokwabelwa uthethathethwano lwentsebenziswano endaweni yomyalelo wegunya eliphakathi okanye ukhuphiswano lokunqunyulwa umqala.
Uthungelwano lwabasebenzi abahleli kwindlwane kunye namabhunga abathengi aqhelekile kwimbali yonke kwaye ayindawo nje yokuphuhlisa kunye nokubonakalisa izinto ezikhethwayo nokuba kwiqela lomsebenzi, icandelo, indawo yonke yokusebenza, okanye ishishini, okanye kwikhaya, ummelwane, ummandla, okanye ilizwe. Iindlela zokuthatha izigqibo zikwayaziwa ngokubanzi - umntu omnye umgaqo wesininzi sevoti enye, okanye umthetho weekota ezintathu, njl. njl., ukuvumelana, kunye nokwahluka kokuvota okubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwabelana ngolwazi olunxulumene nezigqibo kunye nokusasazwa, iingxoxo, ukulibaziseka kunye nokuvalwa, njl. , kodwa konke oku kukhethwe kwimeko ngokwesiseko ulwahlulo lunempembelelo ngokulinganayo ngokwenqanaba abantu abachatshazelwa ngalo.
Ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba luyinto yokuqala. Imisebenzi yabiwe ukuze umdlali ngamnye abe โnobunzima bomsebenziโ obunokuthelekiswa nobo bonke abanye abadlali malunga nomgangatho weziphumo zobomi kwaye, ngakumbi, iziphumo zokuxhobisa. Akukho mntu wenza umsebenzi ojongeka kakhulu kwaye okruqulayo, kwaye akukho namnye owenza umsebenzi wokwakha ukuzithemba ngokugqithisileyo, ukukhuthaza izakhono, kunye nokufikelela kumandla anamandla. Endaweni yoko, sonke sinomxube wezinto esizenzayo, ngokuqinisekileyo zilungele amandla kunye notyekelo lwethu, ezinye zazo ezixhobisayo kwaye ezinye azikho, kodwa zizonke ezinokuthi zithelekiseke kwiimpembelelo zazo zokuxhobisa kuye wonke umntu xa ewonke. I-parecon isenayo imisebenzi yokulawula, ukuqhuba imisebenzi, imisebenzi yoyilo, njalo njalo. Kodwa ayinabo abantu abalawula kuphela, ukuqhuba, ukuyila, njalo njalo. Kwaye ngokufanayo i-parecon inemisebenzi yendibano, yokucoca imisebenzi, imisebenzi yenkonzo, ukumba kunye nokuthwala imisebenzi, njalo njalo, kodwa ayinabo abantu abahlanganisayo kuphela, abacoci, abancedisi, okanye abathwali.
Uninzi lwabantu abasekhohlo bayasiqonda isizathu sokuba umvuzo ungaquki imbuyekezo kwimali eyinkunzi, kodwa iparecon nayo iyawukhaba umvuzo ngokwesiphumo. Endaweni yoko, abantu bahlawulwa ngokomzamo wabo kunye nombingelelo, owahlukileyo kwimveliso, xa abantu behluke kwizakhono zabo, basebenzise izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, njl. ngokulinganayo, uya kufumana umvuzo ngokulinganayo. Ukuba usebenza nzima okanye ngaphantsi nzima, ezinye izinto zilingana, uya kufumana ngokomlinganiselo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi umvuzo. Ukuba ubunomsebenzi otyhafisayo okanye owonwabisa ngakumbi, kwakhona ubuya kufumana umvuzo ongakumbi okanye ongaphantsi.
Kwaye okokugqibela, njengophawu lokugqibela oluchazayo lweziko, ulwabiwo loqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba alusekho ngokhuphiswano lweemarike ezigqwetha indlela yokuziphatha, ziseka amaxabiso acalu-calulo ngokumanyumnyezi, zibangele umvuzo ongekho sikweni kunye nokwabiwa kwengeniso, ukugqwesa utyalo-mali ukuze kusetyenziswe ukuqokelelwa kwengeniso (okanye intsalela) endaweni yengeniso. ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu, kunye nokwaphula i-ikholoji, phakathi kwezinye iintsilelo, okanye ngocwangciso olusembindini olunegunya noluchaseneyo nokuzilawula, phakathi kwezinye iintsilelo. Endaweni yoko, ulwabiwo kwi-parecon lufezekiswa ngocwangciso lokuthatha inxaxheba. Abasebenzi kunye namabhunga abathengi bacebisa ukubandakanyeka kwabo, kwaye bazibandakanye kwinkqubo yothethathethwano yokulungisa amagalelo okugqibela kunye neziphumo zisebenzisa impembelelo yokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezifanelekileyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziphuhliswe ngokukhululekileyo nezivakaliswe ngokukhululekileyo.
Incwadi yam entsha, iParecon: Life After Capitalism, iqala ixoxa ngeenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezichazwe ngasentla. Emva koko ivavanya ngeliso elibukhali ubungxowankulu bangoku kunye nokuthengisa isoshiyali kunye namaziko obusoshiyali acwangcisiweyo ngokuhambelana nezo nqobo. Emva koko inikezela ngokugqibeleleyo ngakumbi kwaye, ndiyathemba, ngendlela enyanzelisayo amaziko oqoqosho amatsha, athatha inxaxheba kwaye aphonononge iipropati zawo ezizimeleyo nezidibeneyo. Kwaye okokugqibela, ijongana neenkxalabo ezahlukeneyo abafundi abanokuba nazo malunga ne-parecon.
JP: Okona kulungileyo, imibutho yanamhlanje ayiboni ingcinezelo yodidi nobungxowankulu njengekuphela kwendlela okanye eyona ndlela iphambili yengcinezelo. Endaweni yoko bayayichasa i-sexism, i-heterosexism, ubuhlanga, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo ze-hierarchy. Ngeli xesha, iParecon ixoxa kancinci ngayo nayiphi na kwezi. Kutheni kunjalo?
MA: Ngokuqinisekileyo ezopolitiko, ukuzalana, inkcubeko, kunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi zibalulekile, hayi ezoqoqosho kuphela. Kodwa masithi ubuchaza amaziko amatsha ezopolitiko anqwenelekayo (uhlobo olutsha lwendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye inkqubo yenkundla, masithi), okanye amaziko amatsha anqwenelekayo entlalontle kunye nendawo yokuhlala (mhlawumbi iindlela ezintsha zobuzali, masithi), okanye iindlela ezintsha zenkcubeko ezinqwenelekayo (iindlela zoluntu ezinxulumene , yithi). Uya kugxila kwingqiqo yangaphakathi yendawo yakho ekugxilwe kuyo, kodwa hayi kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo ngaxeshanye. Uya kuthetha kakhulu malunga neentsapho kunye nokunyuswa, njl., kodwa hayi kakhulu malunga namaxabiso okanye ukutshintshiselana ngezibonelelo. Kodwa ukuthetha kwakho ikakhulu malunga nokuba ngumzali, okanye izithethe zenkolo kunye nokwaziswa koluntu, okanye ukugweba akuyi kuthetha ukuba ucinga ukuba amaxabiso okanye iindawo zokusebenza azibalulekanga, ewe, kwaye kwangale ndlela inye ukugxila kwam kuqoqosho xa ndizama ukuveza uqoqosho. Umbono awuthethi ukuba ndicinga ukuba uhlanga okanye isini okanye ezinye izinto azibalulekanga, ngakumbi xa okuchaseneyo kuboniswa rhoqo kule ncwadi nakuko konke ukubhala kwam.
Umbono wezoqoqosho kufuneka uhloniphe izithethe ezivela kwisini esikhululekileyo, isini, uhlanga, kunye nobunye ubudlelwane. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba i-parecon iyakwazi oko, kwaye incwadi iyayiphendula loo nto. Ke ngeli lixa ndivuma ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukulwa notyekelo lokubaxa ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunikela ingqalelo kwezinye izinto ezibandakanya zombini iimbono kunye neendlela zombutho kubutshantliziyo bemiba emininzi, ndicinga ukuba nangalo mba wojoliso oluninzi, ngamanye amaxesha. Kuyavakala ukujongana nendawo enye yoluntu kwaye unike ingqwalasela encinci kwamanye amalungu. Ukuthetha ngokuthe gca malunga nombono wezoqoqosho kum kubonakala ngathi lelinye ixesha, njengokuba ukuthetha ngokucacileyo malunga nezopolitiko, inkcubeko, okanye umbono wobudlelwane kuya kubandakanya ukuqaqambisa indawo yoluntu lonke.
JP: Kodwa luthini uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba malunga nomsebenzi wasekhaya, umzekelo, okanye malunga nabasetyhini abenza umsebenzi ochazwe ngokwesini emsebenzini? Okanye ithini ngokuqhomfa?
MA: I-Parecon ayithethi nto malunga nokuqhomfa. Okanye malunga nokukhulisa abantwana, okanye ngokwenza uthando, okanye malunga nesigidi sezinye izinto. Kwaye okuncinci eyithethayo malunga neemeko zoqoqosho olongezelelekileyo kubanzi kakhulu.
Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba kukho i-parecon kuluntu, ngoko nayiphi na enye into ekhoyo kuluntu ngaphaya koqoqosho lwayo kuya kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane luhambelane noko uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba lucela kubantu. Yile nto ipolitiki elungileyo enokuthi ithini malunga nezinye iintshukumo kuluntu ngaphandle kwezopolitiko, okanye ingathini icandelo lenkcubeko elungileyo malunga nezinye iintshukumo ezingaphaya kwezenkcubeko. Oko kukuthi, ukuba umntu uphakamisa umbono wenxalenye ethile yoluntu - njengam kuqoqosho - ngoko ithi lonke uluntu kufuneka luhambelane. Incwadi icacile malunga noku.
Ukuba sibiza ukukhulisa abantwana okanye ukuhlamba izitya emsebenzini wesidlo sangokuhlwa, kwaye sihlala kwi-parecon, emva koko ukukhulisa abantwana okanye ukuhlamba izitya kuba yinxalenye yenkqubo yokulungelelanisa izakhiwo zemisebenzi, kwaye kuhlawulwa kwaye kugqitywe ngendlela ye-parecon, njengayo yonke enye into. kuqoqosho. Kwimeko apho, i-parecon ingatsho malunga nokukhulisa abantwana kanye uhlobo olufanayo lwezinto ezizithethayo malunga nokuvelisa iibhayisikile okanye ukwenza utyando okanye ukumba amalahle. Kufuneka yenzeke kwiindawo ezilungeleleneyo zemisebenzi. Kufuneka ifumane igalelo layo kwinkqubo yocwangciso lwentlalo, njengegalelo kwimveliso. Kufuneka ihlawulwe ngokomzamo kunye nokuzincama. Abanye abantuโnjengomvuzo wemisebenzi yasekhaya ebikho ngamaxesha ahlukahlukeneyoโbathanda loo ndlela yokujongwa kwemisebenzi yasekhaya, kuquka ukukhulisa abantwana. Kwaye ukuba uluntu lunqwenela ukuyiphatha ngolo hlobo le misebenzi, i-parecon ayinakuba nangxaki ekuvumeleni olo khetho.
Kodwa masithi, endaweni yoko, njengoko abanye abantu ukuquka nam benokukhetha, ukuba ukukhulisa abantwana kunye nokugcinwa kwendlu akusebenzi ngendlela efanayo nokwenziwa kweebhayisikile, utyando, kunye nokwembiwa kwamalahle. Masithi sithatha isigqibo sokuba kukho into efihlakeleyo kwaye enzulu kakhulu ebandakanyekayo-okokuqala ngenxa yokuba umxhamli oyintloko womsebenzi ngumsebenzi wokwenza lo msebenzi kunabathengi abakude, kwaye okwesibini kuba kukho into eyahlukileyo kakhulu malunga neebhayisekile njengemveliso kunabantwana okanye nokuba igumbi lokuhlala elicocekileyo okanye eliyilwe kakuhle njengemveliso? Xa kunjalo, uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba alunakuthetha kakhulu ngale misebenzi - ngaphandle kokuba abantu abaphuma kwiintsapho nakubomi bentlalo ngokubanzi baya kusebenza kwaye badle kuqoqosho, kwaye ke kuya kufuneka ukuba bafanele ukwenza oko. Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba akukho nto inokuthiwa malunga nemisebenzi, malunga nesidingo sokulingana kuyo, njl.? Akunjalongo noko. Ithetha nje, endaweni yoko, ukuba into ekufuneka itshiwo malunga nokukhulisa abantwana kunye nokunyamekela ikhaya ingaphezulu lee kumbono wobudlelwane kunokuba kumbono wezoqoqosho. Ukuze uqoqosho lube sigqibo seempawu zokukhuliswa kwabantwana kunye nobomi bekhaya obusekwe kwindlela uqoqosho olucinga ukuba kufuneka zenziwe ngayo iibhayisekile, kubonakala ngathi akukho ndawo, kum.
Kwelinye icala, ingxelo yokuba usapho kunye nentlalontle kufuneka ihambelane ne-parecon, ifanelekile, ndiyacinga, kwaye iyafana noko ithethwa nguparecon kwinkqubo yesikolo kunye nezinye izinto, ngokunjalo. Uluntu olune<em>parecon alinakuba nenkqubo yesikolo esengqiqweni evelisa abafundi abaphumeleleyo abangakwaziyo okanye abangakuthandiyo ukuba nenxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo kwizakhiwo zemisebenzi elungeleleneyo, yaye abanako ngengqiqo ukuvelisa abafundi abaphumeleleyo abalindele ukongamela abanye okanye ukulawula abanye ekuhleni. i-hierarchy yeklasi, kuba i-parecon ayinayo indawo kobu budlelwane.
Ngokufanayo, uluntu alukwazi ukuba nengqiqo ubomi bentsapho obuvelisa abantu abalindele ukuba kubekho ubudlelwane bolawulo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini malunga nefuthe kwiziphumo zoqoqosho okanye malunga nengeniso evela kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho kuluntu olune-parecon, ngenxa yokuba i-parecon ayinayo. Ukuvumela olo hlobo lokungalingani kunye noluhlu lwemigangatho. Kwi-parecon akukho ndawo yokusebenzela okanye ukusetyenziswa kunokunciphisa impembelelo yabasetyhini kwi-vรs-a-vรs yamadoda, okanye ukunciphisa ingeniso ehambelanayo yabasetyhini kunye namadoda, okanye ibeke abafazi kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, kuba akukho okunjalo. uluhlu olucwangcisiweyo lwamandla, umvuzo, okanye iimeko zinokubakho kwi-parecon, ixesha.
Kodwa ngaba abafazi abanakufumana isivumelwano esikrwada ukuba bayalingana kwezoqoqosho kodwa kufuneka benze yonke into, okanye phantse yonke into, kusapho nakwintlalontle? Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo banako, ngoko ke uguquko lobuzalwana lunokukhupha intsalela engasemva.
Ke ndicinga ukuba impendulo yeyokuba i-parecon ihambelana kakhulu nokuphelisa inkqubo yezesondo okanye yesini kwaye ihambelana kakuhle nezinto ezintsha zabasetyhini ngokubanzi, kodwa ayigqithisi imida yayo yokuthetha ngaphezulu kunokuba ifanele ukwenza malunga nezinye iindawo zobomi. njengokungathi uqoqosho yayiyindawo yokuchaza kunye nokugqiba ubudlelwane obunjalo kwisimo sabo esihle nesipheleleyo.
JP: Kuthekani ngenkcubeko? Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho ubuhlanga emsebenzini? I-Parecon ayibonakali ithetha ngaloo nto. Ngaba iyakuphika ukubaluleka? Kwaye luthini uqoqosho lokuthatha inxaxheba ngenkolo, okanye malunga nokuphuhlisa uluntu lwenkcubeko malunga nobumi besizwe, okanye imiba yobuhlanga?
MA: Ukuba besine-parecon kuluntu oluneziseko zenkcubeko yocalucalulo, iziseko zocalucalulo ziya kubangela uluntu olunye - masithi abamhlophe e-US - balindele ukuba neemeko ezilawulayo kunye nengeniso, kunye nolunye uluntu okanye uluntu - masithi abamnyama kunye nabamhlophe. ILatinos e-US - ukuba neemeko eziphantsi kunye nengeniso. Kodwa uqoqosho lwe-parecon alunakwanelisa ezi zinto zilindelekileyo ezizalwe kwinkcubeko yobuhlanga. Kuya kubaphula.
Abasebenzi abamhlophe kwi-parecon banokuba nesimo sengqondo sobuhlanga kubasebenzi abamnyama, sitsho. Kodwa babengenakufumana umvuzo ophezulu ngokucwangcisiweyo, okanye imisebenzi engcono, okanye amandla angaphezulu. Akukho mntu unokuba neenzuzo ezinjalo kwi-parecon nangasiphi na isizathu, kuba wonke umntu okwi-parecon unomsebenzi olungeleleneyo, wonke umntu uvuzwa ngokufanelekileyo ngomgudu, kwaye wonke umntu unelizwi elilinganayo kwimveliso, ukusetyenziswa kunye nezigqibo zokwabiwa.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo elungeleleneyo kunye nokuzilawula kunye nomvuzo wayo olinganayo, i-parecon iphelisa ubuhlanga kunye nazo zonke ezinye iindidi zamandla kunye nengeniso kubomi bezoqoqosho. Akukho luhlu olunjalo kuba amaziko awabavumeli ngokoqobo ukuba balo naluphi na uhlobo olunjalo. Kusenokubakho izimo zengqondo zocalucalulo, ewe, kwaye kusenokubakho abantu abathile abanqwenela ukwaphula iifitsha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ze-parecon-kwaye ke ngokuqinisekileyo imodeli kufuneka ibe neendlela zoluntu olucinezelekileyo okanye oluncinci ukuba luveze kwaye lubonise umdla wabo, kunye ne-parecon. inaloo nto, njengoko ichazwe kumzekelo kunye nencwadi.
Ithini iparecon ngonqulo? Ithi phantse akukho nto. Unqulo asiyonto iphambili kwezoqoqosho, njengokuba isini singenjalo.
Noko ke, iParecon ithi, kwibutho labantu apho kukho i-parecon, unqulo olubangela ukuba amarhamente alo alindele ukunandipha iimeko ezingakumbi zezoqoqosho xa kuthelekiswa nabantu bezinye iinkonzo, kuya kungqubana nezoqoqosho, yaye kuya kufuneka kubekho into ethile. nika. Oku kufana nomzekelo ongasentla wenkqubo yesikolo ekufuneka ihambelane, okanye umzekelo wobomi basekhaya kufuneka buvisisane. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo i-reverse ibambe inyaniso ngokunjalo.
Oko kukuthi, masithi - njengoko ndicinga ukuba sifanele - siphuhlise umbono onamandla kwaye onyanzelisayo kunye nofanelekileyo kubudlelwane benkcubeko kuluntu oluhle, kunye nobudlelwane besini, kunye nabanye. Ke ezi ziya kuba neempawu kunye neempawu esizibhiyozelayo kwaye sinqwenela ukuzonwabela, kwaye ezi mpawu ziya kuba neempembelelo ezibanzi. Uqoqosho kuluntu apho le mibono ikhoyo kuya kufuneka ihambelane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo ezibekwa yimibono. Ngaba iparecon iya kuyenza loo nto? Ndicinga njalo, kwaye incwadi ixoxa ngemiba enjalo - nangona kunjalo umntu akanakuqiniseka de le mibono iphuhliswe.
Ndiyakholelwa, ngamanye amazwi, ukuba xa imibutho yabasetyhini iveza umbono wobudlelwane bobudlelwane naxa imibutho echasene nobuhlanga kunye neminye imibutho enxulumene nenkcubeko kunye noluntu ibeka umbono wenkcubeko, naxa i-anarchists nabanye bejongana nemicimbi yezopolitiko eluntwini. iveze umbono wezopolitiko, kuya kuvela ukuba i-parecon iyahambelana kwaye ide ixhase yonke le mibono. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba lowo ngumgangatho ochanekileyo wokugweba ngawo umbono wezoqoqosho kunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi bentlalo.
Ke ukuze ndicace ngokupheleleyo kule nto, ukuba ndithe, okanye incwadi ye-parecon ithe, nantsi i-economics ethatha inxaxheba, lo ngumbono woluntu, oluya kubanga ngokungagungqiyo ukuba ekuphela kwento ebalulekileyo luqoqosho - ukuze umbono wezoqoqosho ijongana nayo yonke into ebalulekileyo kuwo onke amacala obomi. Kodwa andithethi loo nto, nencwadi ayithethi loo nto. Endaweni yoko mna kunye nencwadi sibanga into echaseneyo-ukuba sifuna umbono wezinye iindawo zobomi, kanye njengoko siwufuna kwezoqoqosho, kwaye hayi kancinci, kwaye umbono wezoqoqosho kufuneka uhambelane neminye imibono, kanye njengoko. umva kuyakufuneka ukubamba. Loo nto ayiluphakamisi uqoqosho okanye ijongele phantsi nantoni na eyenye.
Okokugqibela, malunga nombono wenkcubeko, kukho iinzame zokuzama ukucacisa umbono wenkcubeko onokuthi uhambelane ne-parecon kwaye unokukhululwa ngokuthelekisayo, njengomzekelo isincoko sakho, Life After Racism, kwiZNet.
JP: Kodwa kuthekani ngorhulumente? Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho ubusela okanye ugonyamelo okanye olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho? Kwaye uluntu luthatha njani isigqibo sokuba ezinye izinto uqoqosho olunokuthi zingenziwa mazingazenziwa โ njengokunyhashwa kwamalungelo ezilwanyana?
MA: I-Parecon ayisayi kuhoya urhulumente kunokuba ingahoyi usapho, okanye intlalontle, okanye imfundo, okanye umbhiyozo wenkcubeko, okanye inkolo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Umbono wothatho-nxaxheba lwezoqoqosho kunye nencwadi ye-parecon ithi malunga norhulumente sifuna amaziko amatsha anokuphumeza umthetho, ukugweba, kunye nokuphunyezwa ngeendlela ezixhasa imilinganiselo esiyibekekileyo. Ithi imeko enjalo kuya kufuneka ihambelane ne-parecon, kwaye i-parecon iya kufuneka ihambelane nemeko enjalo.
Akukho nto ifana noqoqosho lodwa. I-parecon yelizwe lokwenyani ayinakuze ibekho ngaphandle kwepolitiki ehamba kunye, ngokuqinisekileyo, okanye ngaphandle kwenkcubeko kunye nenkqubo yokuzalana, njalo njalo. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ukucinga ngoqoqosho ngokwalo kufuna okanye kude kusifune ukuba sigqithe kwimida yezoqoqosho ngokubonisa ukuba ubunjani ubume bepolitiki (okanye ukuzalana, okanye inkcubeko). Ukwenza oko akuyondawo yombono wezoqoqosho.
Ingaba imiqobo yangaphandle ingabekwa njani kuqoqosho? Umzekelo wakho mhle. Ipolitiki elungileyo inokuthatha isigqibo sokuba kukho imigaqo ekufuneka ithotyelwe vรs-a-vรs uhlobo oluthile, okanye mhlawumbi zonke izilwanyana - kwaye ke uqoqosho kuya kufuneka luthobele, kanye njengokuba uqoqosho bekuya kufuneka luthobele ukuba ipolitiki ithi hayi. omnye unokuba nompu wesandla, njengomnye umzekelo.
Okokugqibela, okubangela umdla, kukho iinzame ezisendleleni yokuzama ukucinga indlela yokwenza imisebenzi yezopolitiko ngokuhambelana ne-parecon. Jonga, umzekelo, isincoko sikaStephen Shalom ngeparpolity kwicandelo le-Life After Capitalism le-ZNet.
JP: Ngokubhekiselele kuqoqosho ngokwalo, ingaba abasebenzi bakho kunye nabathengi bamabhunga kunye nomvuzo wemizamo kunye nokuzincama kunye nezakhiwo zemisebenzi ezilungeleleneyo kunye nokuzilawula kunye nocwangciso oluthatha inxaxheba nje โngobusoshiyali obusuka ngaphantsiโ? Iyintoni ingongoma yokuyila igama elihle lento eqondwa ngumntu wonke kaMarxist? Kutheni uzithathela imbeko ngento ongayiqalanga? Ngaba awukayithathi nje iMarxism yakudala wayipakisha kwakhona, watshintsha negama ukuzama ukuqhatha abantu abangabaziyo?
MA: Ukuba ngegama elithi usoshiyali uthetha abasebenzi kunye nabathengi abalawula ubomi bezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokwahlukana ngokwemigangatho enciphisa ukhetho lwabantu, ngoko, ewe, unokuthi i-parecon yilo hlobo lobusoshiyali, kanti into eye yaphantsi kwegama elithi isoshiyali kwixesha elidlulileyo 't. Bendihlala ndiyenza loo nto, kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa ndiye ndacinga ukuba kufana nokuvuthuza emoyeni, kwaye mhlawumbi ayisiyonto nje engenamsebenzi kodwa nokuba nemveliso echaseneyo, kuba ndicinga ukuba inokuthintela ukuphuhla kombono omtsha ngokwenene, ngakumbi ukunxibelelana nawo, njengoko. ukuba uthi umntu ngusoshiyali udlulisa umbono olungileyo.
Izigidi ngezigidi zabantu zibize ubunini boluntu okanye urhulumente obuthatyathwe kunye neemarike okanye ucwangciso olusembindini kunye nezahlulo zamashishini kunye nemivuzo yamandla okanye imveliso, isoshiyali. Umbhalo ngamnye kaMarx obonisa umzekelo onzulu wezoqoqosho obizwa ngokuba yisoshiyali unaloo maziko angundoqo. Iqela ngalinye likaMarxist eliye lafumana ithuba lokuseka inkqubo yezoqoqosho liye lazibandakanya ezo mpawu kwiinjongo zalo. Lonke iqela elinjalo ngeli lixa likwinkcaso liye lasebenzisa amacandelo kwaye lenza ucazululo oluchasa ubungxowankulu, kodwa oko kukwangqinelana nokufika kwezo mibutho endaweni yaleyo indululwe kwi-parrecon.
Ngoko yintoni enxibelelana ngokuchaneka ngakumbi nangokucacileyo: Ukubiza umbono omtsha woqoqosho ngoqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba nokwamkela ukuba into eye yaphantsi kophawu lobusoshiyali bubusoshiyali kwaye iyala? Okanye kukubiza lo mbono mtsha wezoqoqosho ngokuthi ngubusoshiyali nokukhanyela ukuba nantoni na kwixesha elidluleyo ebizibiza ngokuba bubusoshiyali, eneneni, yayibubusoshiyali, obuchasene neenkolelo zabo bonke abalandeli babo?
Kodwa inqaku lokwenyani, ukuze uphendule wonke umbuzo wakho, kukuba i-parecon ayiyonjongo kaMarxist. Iyawakhaba amaziko athe iMarxism ibisoloko iwaxhasa kwaye ibonelela ngamaziko awohlukeneyo kwindawo yawo. Ngaphezu koko, i-parecon iyalugatya ulawulo lodidi lwabantu abalawula iimeko zokuxhobisa emsebenzini wabo, kwaye le ngqalelo ye-parecon ayikho ngokupheleleyo kwiMarxism njengoko ibikho kakhulu kwimbali yokwenyani.
Ke, i-parecon ineenqobo ezikhokelayo ezahlukeneyo, amaziko ahlukeneyo, kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye neempembelelo kunento eye yaphantsi kweleyibhile ye-socialism kwaye kunento echazwe kakhulu ngabaMarxists. Ukuba ayihambi njengedada, ayithethi okwedada, kwaye ayiqubhi njengedada, kuthetha ukuthini ukuthi idada?
Ngokumalunga nemvelaphi, kuyinyani ukuba abasebenzi kunye namabhunga abathengi abe yinxalenye yalo lonke ulwando olukhulu kwimbali yanamhlanje. I-Parecon iyangqinelana nelo lifa lemveli, kwaye ayiyontsusa kuloo nto kodwa iyinxalenye yenkqubo yembali. Kodwa i-Marxist Bolshevism yawatshabalalisa amaziko anjalo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amaziko anjalo aye achithwa ngaphakathi ngenxa yokufuna izakhiwo ezihambelanayo nezisebenzayo ngenxa yokuxinga, endaweni yoko, kunye neenketho zobuMarxist.
Ngokufanayo, ubunini boluntu kunye okanye urhulumente yinxalenye yenkqubo yobusoshiyali kunye neMarxist kunye nembali kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ifana kakhulu nokupheliswa kwe-parecon okanye ubunini babucala bepropathi enemveliso. Loo nto ichanekile.
Kwelinye icala, i-socialist kunye ne-Marxist practice ibisoloko imalunga nomvuzo wamandla okanye imveliso, kanti i-parecon imalunga nomvuzo womgudu nokuzincama. Kwaye inkqubo yobusoshiyali ne-Marxist isoloko ibandakanya icandelo leshishini lendlela yokusebenza eliphakamisa malunga namashumi amabini epesenti yabasebenzi ukuba babe negunya lokuthatha izigqibo phezu kwabanye, ngelixa i-parecon idibanisa imisebenzi elungeleleneyo kwaye isusa olu hlobo lolawulo lodidi. Kwaye i-socialist kunye ne-Marxist practice isebenzise iimarike kunye okanye ucwangciso oluphakathi, ngelixa i-parecon izikhaba zombini ezi ndlela zonikezelo kwaye ibandakanya isicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba kwindawo yabo.
Ngoko ugxininiso lwebhunga ludala kodwa luhlaziywe kancinane. Isikimu sentlawulo siye savela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa asizange siphononongwe ngokupheleleyo, ngokunjalo nangeyona ntsingiselo yokuzilawula. Ulungelelwaniso lwemisebenzi kunye nokucwangciswa kothatho-nxaxheba ubukhulu becala buyintsusa, nangona ubukhulu becala buphuma ngaphandle kweminqweno kunye nezenzo eziphinde zavela kwimbali. Ukuyibeka yonke imodeli yoqoqosho kunye nokubonisa iipropathi zayo ngokuqinisekileyo intsha, ubuncinci njengoko ndiyazi.
JP: Ehlabathini lonke, kukho iintshukumo zokwenyani ezizamayo, kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela zobukapitali. Khawucinge ngeendibano nemizi-mveliso ebuyiselweyo eArgentina; โiiplane de vidaโ eCauca, eKholombiya; Inkqubela phambili eyenziwe ngoorhulumente abaqhubela phambili kwezentlalo kwiindawo ezinjengeCuba, iVenezuela, iKerala, neWest Bengal. Kukho amashishini eMondragon kwilizwe laseBasque eSpain. Kukho uthungelwano olupheleleyo lwamashishini "economia solidaria" kwihlabathi liphela. Kwaye okwangoku, iParecon ayinathemba. Kukho ireferensi encinane kakhulu kuwo nawaphi na amava athile. Kufana nokuba akukho mgudu wenziwayo wokufunda kwinkqubela phambili kwinkalo efanayo. Ngaba ithiyori yeParecon ivela naphi na? Ngaba iphuma kuwo nawaphi na amava? Ngaba iphuma kufundo lwento ethile? Okanye ngaba yingcinga nje yezoqoqosho?
MA: Ngokwenyani kukho ireferensi kuyo yonke into oyikhankanyayo kwincwadi entsha, kodwa uchanekile ukuba akukho nto ingako. Le ncwadi ayenzi zifundo zemeko yawo onke loo mava, okanye nokuba nawaphi na kuwo. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba idada esithubeni. I-Parecon ivela kuvavanyo lwembali yeenguqu ezahlukeneyo kunye nemizabalazo kunye namava asebenzayo amva nje, nakuphononongo lweengcinga zoqoqosho, ngokunjalo. Ngapha koko, ishumi leminyaka lamava obuqu kunye neziko le-pareconish phakathi kwe-capitalism yentengiso yazisa umbono, ngokunjalo.
Kodwa nangona ndingawuchithanga lo mbuzo ngokuvumelana ne-ajenda yawo kwaye nditsho nje ukuba i-ajenda ilandelwe kwi-parecon, ndifuna ukuphendula ngenye indlela. Masithi yayiyimeko yokuba umntu owaphukelwa yinqanawa kwisiqithi kwindawo ethile - kunokuba abantu abanamava ahlukeneyo abaphembeleli bafunde kakuhle kwiimbono zabanye abantu kunye neembali zentshukumo kwaye baye baphonononga kwaye basebenza kubo amashumi eminyaka, njalo njalo - wayehleli ecamngca, umhla nezolo, eyedwa, kwaye waba nentelekelelo elula nangona wayeqhawule umtshato kuyo nayiphi na ingxelo yehlabathi lokwenyani, wavelisa umbono wezoqoqosho. Babengazi nto malunga kwaye abazange bafunde zifundo kwiintshukumo zabasebenzi, kumaphulo abathengi, kulo lonke ilifa lethiyori yezoqoqosho, ukusuka kwimbali yongxowankulu kunye noqoqosho lwasemva kongxowankulu, kwimibhalo kunye nezifundo zabanye, njalo njalo (konke kunjalo. ngokungafaniyo nababhali bombono we-parecon, mna kunye noRobin Hahnel). Babecinga nje. Ngoku andicingi ukuba oku kunokwenzeka kude, mhlawumbi akunakwenzeka, kodwa masicinge ukuba, nangona kunjalo, yenzekile.
Siya kusabela njani?
Eyam inokuba ukuba ndivile ngale nto ndingayithandabuza ixabiso layo elinokubakho, kodwa ndingawufunda lo mbono, kwaye ukuba ndiwuthandile, mkhulu. Ndingamangaliswa kukuba ilungile, kodwa yintoni? Ukuba ngumbono olungileyo, ndiyawuthanda, nokuba uvela phi na.
Kwelinye icala, masithi umntu uye wantywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kwizifundo ezingapheliyo zazo zonke iintlobo zeeprojekthi kunye neenkqubo kunye namava embali, kwaye emva koko bavelisa umbono wezoqoqosho - iseti yamaziko acetywayo. Ndingalindela ukuba iya kuba mnandi kakhulu kwaye ilungile. Kodwa ukuba ndiyayifunda, ibe ngumbono ombi, andiwuthandi.
Inqaku lam lelokuba xa kugwetywa umbono akukhathaliseki nokuba loluphi uphando, uphononongo, kunye nomsebenzi ovela kulo, ngubani owabhalileyo ngokukodwa, kwaye ubhalwe ngoluphi ulwimi (nangona ukuba oko kujongwe ukuba kwabelwane ngako ngokubanzi kungcono iyafikeleleka). Okubalulekileyo ngamaziko acetywayo kwaye ngakumbi iipropathi zawo, ukuba nokwenzeka kunye nokufaneleka kwawo. Singayithandabuza into yokuba umbono ocetywayo ngaphandle konxibelelwano oluninzi kunye neenkqubo zokwenyani zezoqoqosho kunye nembali kwaye ngaphandle koqeqesho oluninzi kwezoqoqosho kwaye ngaphandle kwamava obuqu anxulumene kakhulu kuya kuba kuhle kakhulu - kodwa kunjalo, ubungqina buya kuba kwipudding.
Ngapha koko, i-parecon iyavela kwimbali yengcinga ye-libertarian radical, kwimbali yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko oluqatha, kumava eentshukumo ezichasene nongxowankulu kunye neenguqu, ukusuka kwicala elitsha lasekhohlo, kunye nokuvela kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho ezinxulumene nexesha langoku - kodwa, ukuba Inyani i-parecon ivele kwisibini sabantu abancokolayo kwaye bekhubeka kuyo, okanye ukuba bekuvele ilaphu elipheleleyo ephupheni - ayinamsebenzi. Umbono yile nto uyiyoโฆkwaye kufuneka ugwetywe ngokusekelwe kwiipropati zamaziko eliwacebisayo.
Ndiyenza le ngongoma kuba ngelixa ndicinga ukuba imibono yezopolitiko, yenkcubeko, kunye nokuzalana / yentlalontle yeentshukumo iya kuvela kufundo lwamava adlulileyo kunye neemvavanyo, ukuqhelana nembali efanelekileyo yengcinga, kunye namava ngovavanyo, njengoko lo mbono wezoqoqosho uyenzile. , ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba bafike endaweni ilaphu lonke ukusuka kwenye indawo, Ndiqinisekile ngekhe ndifune ukuphoswa ziinzuzo ngenxa yokubagweba ngaphandle priori.
JP: Wenza wuphi umahluko iparecon? Ngaba nayiphi na kwezi zinto zinento yokwenza nazo zonke izinto ezingxamisekileyo ekufuneka sizenze ngoku? Ukuchaza iparadesi eneenkcukacha zekamva kubonakala kuxabiseke kakhulu kunokuba nezicwangciso zokwenza okwangoku. Zeziphi iindidi zeenkqubo ezinethuba lokuphumelela ngoku? Ukhathalelo lwempilo, izindlu, umvuzo wokuphila, imbuyekezo - ukusebenzela uqoqosho lwala maphulo, ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani oza kucinezela kwaye njani kwaye yintoni eya kuthatha ukuzisa ezi ntlobo zezinto, kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuchaza uluntu lwe-utopian.
MA: Ndicinga ukuba kukho izizathu ezibini eziphambili zokuba kutheni ukuphuhlisa umbono wezoqoqosho (kunye nomnye umbono ngokunjalo) kunempembelelo enkulu kwinto esiyenzayo ngoku.
Isizathu sokuqala sinento yokwenza nentshukumisa, okanye ithemba. Kungumbono wam ukuba umqobo omkhulu kubantu abaninzi ukuba babandakanyeke kwiintshukumo yinkolelo yokuba "ayikho enye indlela" kwinto esiyinyamezelayo ngoku. Oku akuthethi ukuba abantu abanjalo bacinga ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi yokuqhubhisa i-Iraq, okanye akukho ndlela yimbi yokupasisa uMthetho wePatriot, okanye akukho ndlela yimbi yokuba ne-IMF. Inobuqili ngakumbi. Baziva, amaxesha amaninzi nje ngokuqonda kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ngokucace kakhulu, ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi yokuchaza amaziko oluntu asisiseko. Kwaye baziva, hayi kancinci ngenxa yokutsho kombutho kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukuba loo maziko asezantsi avelisa okungekho sikweni kuzo zonke iintlobo, ukusuka kwintlupheko ukuya emfazweni kunye nokusuka kuntloni ukuya ekusweleni amandla. Ngoko bavakalelwa kukuba ngoxa kunokwenziwa uhlaziyo oluthile, ekuhambeni kwexesha inzuzo iya kuncipha njengoko ubunzima beengcinezelo ezisisiseko buphelisa amanyathelo alungileyo. Bavakalelwa kukuba ukulungelelanisa ngokuchasene nentlupheko kunye nemfazwe, ngakumbi ngokuchasene nokungalingani kunye nokwahluka, kufana nokulungelelanisa ngokuchasene nomxhuzulane okanye ngokuchasene nokwaluphala - lusukelo lwe-naรยฏve. Ukulwa nobuhlwempu kunokuphumeza okuncinane, yaye nakanjani na oko kuphunyeziweyo kuya kubuyiselwa umva. Ngoko kutheni uthatha inxaxheba? Kutheni le nto sikwabelwa naliphi na ixesha elincinane lokuphumla umntu analo kwintshukumo yomzabalazo? Kutheni ubeka umngcipheko wokuba nzima-ukufumana ukulingana, ukuze ubonise, uqhankqalaze, uququzelele?
Ngoko ke indlela yokuqala umbono onxibelelene ngayo nolungiselelo lwangoku kukunceda ukuphikisa uluvo lokuba akukho ndlela yimbi kunobukapitali kwaye ngokwenza oko ukunceda ukulwa nokungabi nathemba.
Indlela yesibini umbono onxibelelana ngayo noko sikwenzayo ngoku kukwazisa uqheliselo lwethu. Ewe, kufuneka silwele ukhathalelo lwempilo, umvuzo ophilayo, usuku olufutshane lomsebenzi kunye neveki yomsebenzi, ukulawula ngakumbi emsebenzini, ukwabiwa kwakhona kwengeniso, utshintsho lwebhajethi, iipatheni ezintsha zotyalo-mali, kunye nolunye utshintsho oluninzi lwezoqoqosho - ungakhankanyi utshintsho kwezinye iindawo. yobomi. Kodwa sitsala nzima njani ngenxa yabo? Zeziphi iintetho kunye nocazululo esilusebenzisayo? Ngawaphi amaqumrhu esiwasebenzisayo? Impendulo, ndicinga ukuba, ixhomekeke kakhulu kungekuphela nje kwizinto esizikhethayo ngoku (ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka sikhethe phakathi kwezinto ezinokwenzeka ngoku), kwaye kungekhona kuphela kwizinto esizichasayo, kunjalo-kodwa nalapho ufuna ukugqiba kwixesha elizayo. Oko kukuthi, ngelixa kufuneka sikhethe phakathi kokhetho olunokwenzeka ngoku, kwaye oluchasa ububi esibuchasayo, kufuneka sikhethe iindlela ezihambelana neenjongo zethu eziphambili kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni kwaye ziya kusinceda ukuba sifikelele kuzo kunokuba sibe yimiqobo ekwenzeni oko. . Kwaye ukuze sazi ukuba yintoni ezalisekisa ezi mpawu, kufuneka sazi ukuba zeziphi iinjongo zethu zekamva kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni.
Ndicinga ukuba i-parecon inegalelo elikhulu nanamhlanje. Ifakโ ithemba. Kodwa ikwanegalelo, umzekelo, ukuqonda okutsha kobudlelwane bodidi kunye neempembelelo zemibutho kwingqiqo yabantu kunye neentshukumisa ngaphakathi kweentshukumo zethu. I-Parecon ichasene kakhulu neLeninist, umzekelo, kwaye ithwala ngokuthe ngqo into esiyenzayo ngoku. Ukuqonda okuvela ngokuba nombono wothatho-nxaxheba kwezoqoqosho kunokuthi kwaye kufuneka kuyalele indlela esiwakha ngayo amaziko ethu, luhlobo luni lwezakhiwo zemisebenzi esizibandakanya kwiiprojekthi zethu nakwimibutho yethu, luhlobo luni lwezigqibo esizisebenzisayo, kwakunye namabango esiwenzayo kunye nemibutho yethu. indlela esithetha ngayo ngabo ukuze sikhulise ukuqonda okuqinisekileyo malunga nokwenza utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. I-Parecon ikhokelela ekwakhiweni nasekuqesheni iindawo zemisebenzi ezilungeleleneyo, ekugxininiseni ukuzilawula, ekufumaneni umvuzo ofanelekileyo, ngokunxulumene nomahluko phakathi komnxibelelanisi kunye neeklasi zabasebenzi, kokubini kwiintshukumo zethu nangokuphathelele iimfuno zethu kumaziko asele ekhona.
Kodwa akukho nanye kule ngxoxo yokubonisa into endikrokrela ukuba ubhekisa kuyo xa usithi "iiparadisi ezineenkcukacha zekamva" okanye ezinye iifomyula ze "utopian". Le yingxoxo, endaweni yoko, yeenkcazo eziphilileyo neziqondakalayo zento esiyifunayo ngokubanzi kumaziko amatsha achazayo, kunye nokucaciswa kweziphumo zokuba nezo njongo zekamva lethu kunye nokhetho esilwenzayo ngoku.
I-JP: I-Parecon inika iimpendulo kwiingxaki ezidalwe ziimarike, ipropati yabucala, kunye nentlangano yomsebenzi we-hierarchical. Kodwa kukho ezinye iingxaki zobungxowankulu. Kuthekani ngeyantlukwano yehlabathi yamandla nobutyebi? Kuthekani ngeyantlukwano ekhoyo phakathi kwamazwe atyebileyo nahlwempuzekileyo, apho amazwe atyebileyo ephanga amahlwempu? Ngaba kuqhubeka ukwenziwa amathanga kumazwe aseMerika? Ukuxhaphazwa okuqhubekayo kwabasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe kunye nokulawulwa kwabaphambukeli kwimida? Ubudlelwane bobungxowankulu bezoqoqosho obukhatywayo yiParecon babusekwe kula mahluko. Nangona kunjalo iParecon ayinalo uhlalutyo okanye iimpendulo kwezi ngxaki: akukho ntetho yamazwe ngamazwe, akukho ntetho yemida, akukho ntetho yokusasazwa kobutyebi emhlabeni wonke, ukusasazwa kobutyebi phakathi koluntu okanye iintlanga. Ezi ziya entliziyweni yobukhapitali, kunye โnobomi emva kobukapitali.โ Kutheni kungekho ngxoxo ngazo?
MA: Ewe, eneneni andiqondi ukuba le miba ayingeni kumbindi wongxowankulu ngokobuqu, kangangokuba ibonakalisa ifuthe lobungxowankulu kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe. Ubungxowankulu liqela elithile lamaziko oqoqosho okusingatha imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kuluntu. I-Parecon yenye iseti yamaziko okusingatha imisebenzi yezoqoqosho.
Ukuba une-parecon enye emhlabeni, kunye ne-capitalism eninzi, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba neengxaki ezininzi zohlobo olubonisayo. Incwadi ithetha ngento emayenziwe ngoko, kwaye ayahlukanga kakhulu ngokwengqiqo kunangoku. Abantu abanentliziyo elungileyo[?] abahlala elizweni elinoqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba, okanye nakweliphi na elinye ilizwe, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kusebenza nzima ukunciphisa nokuthintela izigulo ezimanyumnyezi oziphawulayo. Uluntu olune-parecon ngokuqinisekileyo aluthabathi nxaxheba ekuxhaphazeni ezo zigulo kodwa endaweni yoko lusebenzisana ngokoqikelelo lwe-pareconish nangeendlela ezijolise ekunciphiseni umahluko phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu.
Ukuba endaweni yoko, unama-parecons kuphela emhlabeni, ezi zinto zimbi ozikhankanyayo ziphelile, nangona usafuna ii-arhente zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemibutho, ngokungathandabuzekiyoโฆumcimbi odlula imodeli yezoqoqosho.
Ngokuyintloko, akukho nto kwi-parecon, ndiyakholelwa, eqhuba uluntu ukuba luzame ukuxhaphaza abanye. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo umzuzu nje uqoqosho lwehlabathi lubandakanya izithethe ze-pareconish, nokuba nokwenzeka kokwahlukana okunjalo kuya kunyamalala. Yintoni i-parecon ethetha ngayo malunga nokungalunganga okuchazayo yinto onokuthi uyilindele - eyona njongo yoqoqosho lumanyano, iyantlukwano, ulingano, kunye nolawulo lwesiqu sakho ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngamafutshane, umntu ulwela ukusondela kwezi njongo.
Le ncwadi imalunga neenkqubo zezoqoqosho kumazwe, nangona kunjalo, hayi malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe, ngoko ke ijongana nokugqibela ngokufutshane nje. Asikuba izinto ezinjalo zingabalulekanga. Kukwayinyani ukuba le ncwadi ayibhekiseli ekupheliseni ilizwe. Mna ngokwam ndiyathandabuza ukuba isiphelo esinjalo sibaluleke kakhulu, okanye siyanqweneleka, kwaye andiqinisekanga ukuba sinentsingiselo eyinyani nakwesiphi na isiganeko. Ndicinga ukuba ukuphelisa amazwe esizwe kuya kuba yi-homogenist kwaye kuncitshiswe iyantlukwano - ngaba senza ukuba sibe nolwimi olunye, inkcubeko enye - ngaphandle kokuba yonke le ndlela inye kukuba njengokuba kukho imimandla ngaphakathi kwelizwe, kufuneka kubekho izizwe emhlabeni, kodwa ihlabathi lifanele ukuba lilonke ngaphezu kokuba linjalo ngoku. Oko akuhambelani nangayiphi na indlela ne-parecon, ewe, kwaye ngokwenene iyahambelana nayo.
JP: Kucacile ukuba ukuba "umbono wezoqoqosho" uyasilela ukuqwalasela ukuba ubutyebi bendalo buphelile, ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha e-fossil kukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwemozulu, ukuba ukulungelelanisa uluntu malunga neemoto kuyintlekele, ngoko kuphepha enye yeengxaki ezingxamisekileyo. uqoqosho lujongene. I-Parecon ijongana nemibandela yendalo ngendlela engaqhelekanga, isithi: โAmaxabiso abonisa iindleko ezipheleleyo zentlalo nezendalo.โ Ngaba ngokwenene izenzekela? Akunakwenzeka na ukuba iparecon isenokusebenzisa ubugcisa obungafanelekanga bendalo, okanye ifakwe isali ngesiseko esikhokelele kwezo ntlobo zokhetho? Uyayigxotha "i-bioregionalist," "i-ecology enzulu," kunye ne "incinci-intle" iimbono zohlobo njenge-anti-ecological, kodwa ubonakala ucinga ukuba i-parecon ikhathalela indalo ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene?
MA: Abantu baphila ngokwemeko kunye nefuthe kunye nokuphenjelelwa yindalo yabo yendalo. Thina kunye nemilambo kunye ne-atmosphere kunye nazo zonke ezinye zidibene kunye, iqumrhu elinye kwinqanaba le-ikholoji - kwaye ibambe okufanayo kwezinye iintlobo, nazo ziyinxalenye yaloo nto, kunjalo.
Uqoqosho lumalunga nemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nolwabiwo olwenziwe ukuphendula iminqweno yabantu.
Kubungxowankulu oku kuthetha ukuba uqoqosho lumalunga neengeniso kubanini kunye newonga eliphakamileyo labaququzeleli. Ezo ndidi zimbini zongamele ukwenziwa kwezigqibo zongxowankulu kwaye ukongezelela amaziko oqoqosho ongxowankulu enza ezo njongo ziqhube uqoqosho.
Kwi-parecon oku kuthetha ukuba uqoqosho lumalunga nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu kunye nokuphuhlisa amandla oluntu ngokuhambelana nokuqhubela phambili ubumbano, iyantlukwano, ukulingana, kunye nokuzilawula. Bonke abalinganiswa banezwi elilinganayo kwaye amaziko ezoqoqosho enza loo minqweno ibe yimiba eqhuba uqoqosho.
Naluphi na uqoqosho, ubungxowankulu, uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba, okanye ngenye indlela, luchaphazela i-ikholoji ngokuchaphazela umxholo apho zonke iintlobo, izixhobo, umhlaba owakhiweyo, kunye nathi "zihlala," kubandakanywa ukusebenzisa izixhobo phezulu okanye ukuzigcina, njl.
Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho, i-vรs-a-vรs ecology, kukubonelela uluntu ngolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neziphumo zokhetho olunokwenzeka lwezoqoqosho kwiimeko ze-ikholoji njengoko ulwazi kunye neendlela zivumela. Uluntu ke ngoko kufuneka luthathe izigqibo ngolungelelwano kubo bonke.
Ubungxowankulu abufikeleli okanye bunike ulwazi olufunekayo, kwaye bugqwesa iinjongo ukuze, nangayiphi na imeko, iziphumo ze-ikholoji zingabonakali, zingahoywa, kwaye zigxothwe nanini na ukuziqwalasela kuya kuphazamisa ingeniso.
I-Parecon, ngokuchaseneyo, iyafika kwaye inikeze uqikelelo olungcono lwentlalo yokwenyani (kubandakanywa nendalo) iindleko kunye nezibonelelo - ubuncinci ikwenza oko njengoko sithetha ngempembelelo ebantwini, kwaye ikwaququzelela ukuzimisela ngokuhambelana nolu lwazi. . Ngaba sifuna inzaliseko engakumbi kunye nophuhliso lwabantu ngokwaneleyo ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenzisa inxalenye yemithombo eseleyo ekhoyo engahlaziyekiyo okanye eyaneleyo ukuphelisa ukukhula okuthile kwendalo? Abantu kufuneka benze isigqibo, ngegalelo elifanelekileyo, kunye nolona lwazi lufanelekileyo - kodwa uqoqosho akufuneki lugwebe imicimbi enjalo njengephambili. I-Parecon ilandela lo myalelo.
Kodwa kuthekani ngezinye izilwanyana? Lowo ngumba woqoqosho ongaphaya. Kwipolitiki, abantu banokugqiba, ngokomzekelo, ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwebhabhathane lungcwele kwaye alukwazi ukuphazamiseka kakhulu lungenzakali ngokukhetha komntu. Emva koko loo myalelo uya kunyanzeliswa kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba alukwazanga ukufika kumyalelo onjalo ngaphakathi kodwa i-parecon yayinokusingatha ngokulula nayiphi na imiqobo efike kwinqanaba lezopolitiko ngenxa yemigudu, umzekelo, yabameli bamalungelo ezilwanyana.
Kuthekani ngemibono yokuba incinci intle okanye ezo ziphembelela i-bioregionalism? Ezi ngcamango ziza ngeendlela ezimbini. Eyokuqala ithi iindlela zokuvelisa ezincinci zihlala zineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwaye kufuneka siqaphele le nyaniso kwaye sikhethe iindlela ezinjalo xa kunengqiqo ukwenza njalo. Ngokunjalo, ithi ukuzimela kwasekuhlaleni kudla ngokuba neengenelo ezibalulekileyo kwaye kufuneka sikulumkele oku kwaye sikhethe ukuzimela xa kusengqiqweni. Oku akulunganga nje kuphela, kwaye akwanelanga kuphela i-parecon, kodwa i-parecon ibonelela ngeendlela zokwenza le miyalelo ngaphandle - ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zoqoqosho zemarike, eziya kwenza ukuba uvavanyo olunjalo lungenzeki kwaye luya kuba lucalu phakathi kokubini kunye nasekhaya ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ngokunjalo. .
Ngamanye amazwi, olu guqulelo lolu lwazi luthi ekumiseleni ubungakanani bemisebenzi, okanye uluhlu lonikezelo (lwasekhaya okanye olubanzi) kufuneka sihambelane neendleko ezipheleleyo zentlalo kunye neenzuzo ezibandakanya indlela yokuchaphazela i-ikholoji. I-Parecon yenza konke oku.
Olunye uguqulelo olu lwazi luthi siyazi, i-priori, ukuba incinci ihlala ingcono kwaye indawo yokuhlala ihlala ingcono. Le nguqulelo yezimvo, ndiyacinga, ayilunganga kakhulu. Enyanisweni asiyazi ukuba incinci kunye neyasekhaya zihlala zingcono.
Olu guqulelo lusuka kwisiyalo esinengqiqo ukuba siqaphele ukuba nokwenzeka kweenzuzo ezivela ezincinci kunye nezasekhaya, ukuya kuthi isoloko iyinyani ukuba encinci kunye neendawo ziya kuba zilungile. Esebenza kolu guqulelo lokuqonda, umntu unokutsho ukuba endaweni yeendawo ezimbalwa zokusebenza ezivelisa iinqwelomoya zelizwe lonke, endaweni yoko kufuneka sibe neplanti yokuvelisa inqwelomoya kuyo yonke i-bioregion-okanye masithi, kuba ithini inkcazo ye-bioregion. ayicacanga ngenene, kuyo yonke isiphaluka. Oku kuya kuba koyikeka ngokwendalo, kwaye kuya kuba koyikeka nokusetyenziswa kwamandla abantu. Kwaye-ngaphambi kokuba nabani na athi, kulungile, kodwa iinqwelomoya zihlukile - kuyafana nokuba kuyinyani kwiivenkile zebhayisekile. Ngaba kufuneka sibe neevenkile ezimbini okanye ezintathu zokwakha iibhayisekile zabantu ezidibanisa iimveliso ezimbalwa ngokwentelekiso, okanye ngaba uqoqosho lwesikali lwenza ukuba kucebiseke ngakumbi ukuba nezinkulu?
Kwaye kuyafana nokuzimela. Ummeli wenguqu eqinile yokuqonda ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuthi abantu kwintlango ye-bioregion kufuneka badle kuphela into abanokuyikhulisa kwindawo, abantu kwi-bioregion engenawo amalahle, ioli, isinyithi, njalo njalo, kufuneka benze ngaphandle, kwaye abantu abahlala kwi-bioregion enandipha uluhlu olukhulu lwezinto zendalo, kufuneka baphumelele kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabo bonke abanye. Kodwa, ukubeka ngolu hlobo, ngokucacileyo oku akukho ngqiqweni. Kwaye ngomzuzu sivumela oko kuveliswa phaya ukuba kugqitywe apha, sithi imiba yokwanela kwendawo ingumcimbi wetyala ngokwetyala.
Uqoqosho olulungileyo lufuna ukugqiba ubungakanani bemisebenzi kunye noluhlu lokubonelela kunye nokunqweneleka okanye ukungafumani amagalelo ukusuka kude, imeko ngemeko, kungekhona i-priori. Ukuthi imimandla kufuneka ikwazi ukuzimela ithi inkoliso yehlabathi ifanele ingabi naoli kwaphela, ingabi nayo intsimbi, ingabi namalahle, ingabi nazinki, ingabikho tungsten, ingabi naorenji, njl. , okanye nayiphi na imveliso efuna amagalelo angaphaya kommandla wabo. Kutheni le nto ithetha oku kwiimeko apho ukonwabela iyantlukwano eyongezelelweyo kwandisa inzaliseko ngaphezu kweendleko zothutho?
Ngokunyaniseka, andiqondi ukuba le yimibandela entsonkothileyo. Asinakuthi inkulu intle okanye incinci intle. Asinakutsho ukuba ukwaneliseka kuyinto entle okanye ukwabelana ngento yonke kumntu wonke kuyinto entle. Into esinokuyithetha kukuba ukukhetha isikali kunye nokukhetha amanqanaba okufumaneka ngokufanayo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zabantu kwaye kuphuhliswe izinto ezinokwenzeka ngabantu ngelixa ukukhuthaza imilinganiselo abantu abayibambileyo ngeli lixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindleko ezizeleyo neziyinyaniso zentlalo nezendalo kunye neenzuzo kunye nokuthobela. imiqobo ekuvunyelwene ngayo ekuhlaleni intle. Kwaye yiloo nto i-parecon eququzelelayo.
JP: Xa kuziwa kwimibuzo efana ne-ecology okanye ezinye izinto ezicacileyo, ngamanye amaxesha uyaphikisana ukuba akunamsebenzi ukucacisa ngokugqithisileyo. Utshintsho lwentlalo luyinkqubo yokulinga kunye nephutha, kwaye uvavanyo lokwenyani lwezimvo lukwisicelo sabo. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka kuphela kwaye kunqweneleka ukuzoba iinkcazo ezibanzi zombono - amabhunga, isicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba, izakhiwo zemisebenzi ezilinganayo, njl. Umntu uthatha isigqibo njani sokuba eli nqanaba lokuchaneka lilungile - ukuba amaphepha angama-300 alungile, amaphepha ali-300 mancinci kakhulu, amaphepha angama-10 maninzi kakhulu. Into oyichazile sele icace kakhulu kubafundi abaninzi, kodwa ayicacanga ngokwaneleyo kwabanye abaninzi. Kubonakala kungafanelekanga.
MA: Andicingi ukuba iyathandabuzeka, nangona kunjalo abantu abanengqiqo banokungavumelani malunga nokuba ingakanani inkcazo evakalayo. Masithi umntu ebechaza ubukhapitali. Ewe banokukhetha ilizwe-bathi i-US, okanye bathi iThailand, okanye nantoni na-kwaye banokuchaza nangabuphi na ubudeโฆukuya kumashumi amawaka amaphepha. Kodwa masithi ingcamango ayikuko ukuveza iimpawu ezipheleleyo zesiganeko ngasinye sobukhapitali, kodwa iimpawu ezibanzi zobukhapitali ngokwabo. Injongo kukuchaza iimpawu ezingundoqo nezichazayo zonke iimeko zongxowankulu ezifanayo, hayi iimpawu ezizodwa okanye iimpawu ezizikhethelayo zayo nayiphi na kuzo. Injongo kukuchaza inxalenye ebenza babe ngoongxowankulu, hayi iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo ezinokuthi zahluke ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. Ukuba kukho amaphepha angama-50,000 e-US ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye afanayo eThailand ngokweenkcukacha, naseMzantsi Afrika ngokweenkcukacha, nakwiJapan ngokweenkcukacha, njalo njalo - inxalenye echaphazelekayo kumbuzo malunga ne-capitalism nganye inxalenye ethelelanayo, engaphantsi kakhulu kwamaphepha angama-50,000.
Asinazo ii-parecon ezininzi zokuzivavanya, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo siyazi ukuba ukuba besenza njalo bekuya kubakho isixa esikhulu seenkcukacha kwinto nganye, kwaye uninzi olunokwahluka kwinto nganye. Ngokufanayo, nangaphakathi kwi-parecon - njengangaphakathi kuqoqosho longxowankulu - kuya kubakho ulwahlulo olukhulu ukusuka kwiziko ukuya kwiziko, kwaye nakumaziko odidi olunye, olufana nezityalo zendibano, kuninzi kuya kuba ngokuzikhethela, ukutsho, ukwahluka kwimeko. kwityala.
Ngoko umsebenzi kukuchaza iimpawu eziphambili ezichazayo. Kukuchaza amaziko aneempembelelo ezimisela iimpawu ezibanzi nezingundoqo kuqoqosho.
Esinye isizathu sokunciphisa oko sikwenzayo, ngaphaya koko kuchaza uhlobo olubandakanya, kukuba xa sithetha ngombono wexesha elizayo, ukuya phambili kunokwenzeka ukuba kusithathele ngaphaya kwemimandla apho sinokuzithemba ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye sikwenza njalo. kungekho nzuzo iluncedo. Into esiyidingayo kwindlela yombono wezoqoqosho kukubetheka okubanzi, iimpawu ezichazayo, iimpawu ezinokunika ithemba, zisikhuthaze, kwaye zinike umxholo kunye nesikhokelo malunga nendlela esiququzelela ngayo kunye nento esiyifunayo ngoku, kunye nendlela esiphuhlisa ngayo. izakhiwo esifunda kuzo nezithi zibe yinxalenye yekamva. Ndicinga ukuba ukuxoxa ngombutho wendawo yokusebenzela kunye nokwahlulwa kwabasebenzi, umvuzo, ukwenza izigqibo, kunye nokwabiwa kwinqanaba elibanzi, kunye nengqalelo eyaneleyo kubantu kunye nobudlelwane babo ukwenza ityala lokunqweneleka kunye nokusebenza, kwenza oko kufunekayo. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba sengqiqweni ukuya phambili ngakumbi kwiinkcukacha zoqikelelo ukunika ukuthungwa ukuze kube lula ukuqonda. Kodwa xa sisenza loo nto, sifanele sicace ukuba zizinto ezinokwenzeka esizinikezelayo, kunokuba sichaze izinto ezicacileyo.
I-Parecon ngumbono othile wezoqoqosho. Uqoqosho olungenabasebenzi kunye namabhunga abathengi asebenzisa iindlela zokulawula ukuzilawula ukwenza izigqibo, iindawo zemisebenzi ezilungeleleneyo, umvuzo wemigudu nokuzincama, kunye nocwangciso lokuthatha inxaxheba, asiyonto iphambili. Ukuba enye yezi mpawu zichazayo ineziphene, kuya kufuneka siphinde sicinge. Kodwa ngaphaya kwezi mpawu zibanzi kukho indawo enkulu yokwahluka kunye nokwahluka. Singathetha ngezinye zezinto ezinokuthi zijongeke, ukunika ukuthungwa kunye nengcaciso ecacileyo, kodwa akufuneki siyibhidanise kunye neempawu eziphambili.
Ke, xa ndizama ukubonisa izinto eziphambili, kubandakanya izinto zokulungiselela kunye nokucaciswa kwenkcaso, ifika kumaphepha angama-300. Abanye banokuphela ixesha elide okanye elifutshane-nokuba kungenxa yokubandakanya ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, okanye ukuba nesimbo esicacileyo okanye esisebenzayo. Kodwa yonke le nto ithetha ngombono womgqatswa, ukuze kuthiwe. Umbono wezoqoqosho uba ngumbono wokwenyani, hayi nje ucetywayo, ngokokubona kwam, xa usabelwana ngokubanzi kwaye usetyenziswa. Oko ngokuqinisekileyo akubambeleli kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba, okwangoku. Kwaye ukuba kwaye xa ibambe, ngoko ke siya kwazi ukuba uyintoni na umbono ekwabelwana ngawo.
I-JP: I-economics ethatha inxaxheba sele ikhona iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ngoku - ukuba uchanekile kumabango akho ukuba umbono ubaluleke kakhulu kwi-activist advance kunye nokuba i-parecon ibonelela ngombono osebenzayo kunye nofanelekileyo, kutheni ukwamkelwa kungakhange kube ngcono ukuza kuthi ga ngoku? Kwaye ulindele ntoni ukuza kwi-parecon ngoku? Ngaba uyakholelwa ukuba ukuba abantu abaneleyo bafunda incwadi malunga nemisebenzi elungeleleneyo, ukucwangciswa kwenxaxheba, kunye namabhunga abasebenzi kunye nabamelwane, loo nto iya kutshintsha? Ngaba ucinga ukuba utshintsho lwentlalo lusebenza ngolo hlobo? Ngaba yakha yasebenza ngolu hlobo?
MA: Lo ngumbuzo onzima, ngakumbi kum. Kutheni le nto i-parecon, okanye into efana nayo, ngoku ingamkelwa ngokubanzi ngabachasene nongxowankulu kwihlabathi liphela? Ewe, impendulo ye-parecon ngokwayo ngokuqinisekileyo iyinxalenye yokuba akukho baphembeleli behlabathi bayivileyo, kuncinci ukwazi okwaneleyo malunga neepropathi zayo ukuba babe noluvo lwayo. Ayikhatywanga okanye ayihoywa ngabachasi bongxowankulu kwihlabathi jikelele kule minyaka ilishumi uyikhankanyayo; ayaziwa nje kubo.
Kodwa oko kuphakamisa umbuzo ongaphambili. Kutheni le nto ishumi leminyaka bekunzima kangaka ukufumana ulwazi lwale modeli ngaphandle kwaye malunga nabantu abanokuthi bayixhase ngokufanelekileyo, okanye, ukuba akunjalo, ukuyicokisa okanye ukuyihlaziya kwakhona emva koko kuthethe nantoni na evela kuloo nkqubo?
Kusenokuba kuthathโ ixesha ukuba iingcamango ezintsha zibonakale. Kungenzeka ukuba imibono emitsha kufuneka ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubaphulaphuli bokuqala, nangona bencinci, ukufikelela kubaphulaphuli abaninzi kamva, kwaye i-parecon yayingenaso eso sibheno sifunekayo, ubuncinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kungenzeka ukuba kukho imiqobo enzima yokuthintela ukufikelela kubaphulaphuli ababanzi, njengokuchaswa kwabantu abaninzi abangabavakalisi okanye iinkokeli zentshukumo kwiinkalo ezithile ze-parecon, ezikhokelela ekuthandeni ngaphantsi kunabaphulaphuli ababanzi, kwaye zibakhokela. ukuba ayenze ibonakale kwabo baphulaphuli babanzi.
Ngokuphathelele okuza kwenzeka ngalo mbono ngoku, kuya kufuneka sibone. Kukho imiqondiso ethembisa kakhulu, nangona kunjalo. Incwadi entsha ibifumaneka ukususela ngoMeyi. Kukho malunga neshumi elinesibini lezivumelwano zamalungelo angaphandle ezivaliweyo okanye eziphantse zavalwa, kwaye ezinye ezimbalwa kumanqanaba okuqala ophononongo. Oku kukubonakaliswa kokuqala okubanzi kwamazwe ngamazwe imodeli eya kuba nayo. Uphononongo lubonakala lusenzeka ngesantya esikhawulezayo kuneencwadi ezidlulileyo kwi-parecon. Umdla kuhlobo lokuthenga kwangoko mkhulu kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na incwadi edlulileyo kwisihloko, kunye noshicilelo lokuqala kunye nolwesibini oluqinileyo luthengisa phambi kokuba bafikelele kwiivenkile. Ngoko ke ndicinga ukuba kukho ubungqina bokuba kukho umdla kumbono wezoqoqosho ochasene nongxowankulu. Ukuba abantu bayazi ukuba kukho incwadi ezama ukuyibonelela, abaninzi baya kuyifunda. Kuya kwenzeka ntoni emva koko, kuya kufuneka sibone.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisiqingatha sokugqibela sombuzo wakho, ukufunda, ukuthetha, ukucinga, ukwenza - zonke ezi ziyinxalenye yezinto ezichaphazela iimbono zabantu kunye nokunyaniseka. Ngaba ukho umntu ocinga ngenye indlela?
Ngaba ndicinga ukuba incwadi inokuba nempembelelo ebaluleke kakhulu? Ewe ndiyacinga ukuba ingenzeka. Iincwadi ezininzi zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo, ngoko lo mbuzo ubonakala usonjululwe ngobungqina. Kodwa kwakhona kuyinyani ukuba nayiphi na incwadi enempembelelo enkulu kwezopolitiko iya kukwenza oko ngokukhapha iingxoxo, iingxoxo, kwaye kwimeko yombono, kunye nolungiselelo kunye nombutho. Ngoko umbuzo uvulekile ukuba ngaba uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba luya kugwetywa ngokubanzi, kwaye ukuba luya kuthi, ukuba lugwetywa ngokubanzi, luphumelele uvavanyo njengombono ofanelekileyo, nokuba, ukuba luphumelele uvavanyo njengombono ofanelekileyo, iintshukumo ziya kuyifumana ifanelekile. ukukhuthaza kunye nokusebenzisa ekufikeleleni kwabo kunye nomzabalazo.
Ekubeni ndicinga ukuba umbono ubaluleke kakhulu, ndiyathemba ukuba zonke iimpendulo zale mibuzo ziya kuba nguewe. Ukuba azinjalo, ndiyathemba ukuba kukho enye into eza kuzalisa isithuba esikhoyo ngoku malunga nokwabelana ngombono wezoqoqosho. Ndiqinisekile ukuba eso sikhewu sifuna ukuvalelwa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela