Ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kweemveliso kunye nemali eyinkunzi ibiyenye yeempawu zenkqubo yangoku yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi. Ngokungafaniyo nenqanaba lokuqala lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kwi-19thkwinkulungwane, nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwempahla kunye nenkunzi akukhange kukhatshwe yintshukumo ekhululekileyo yabasebenzi kwihlabathi jikelele. Amaziko aguqukayo oqoqosho lwehlabathi, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, abeke imiqobo engqongqo ngakumbi yokufuduka kwabantu abavela kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Ukanti imfuneko yabasebenzi abanexabiso eliphantsi kwiindawo ezityebileyo zehlabathi iyaqhubeka ikhula, nanjengoko abantu abaninzi ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo befuna ukusaba iimeko zokudodobala kwezoqoqosho nobuhlwempu obudla ngokuba sisiphumo senkqubo efanayo yobukapitali behlabathi. eziye zadala impumelelo kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.
Inani labantu abafudukayo ehlabathini lonke liye landa ukusuka kwizigidi ezingama-36 ngowe-1991 ukuya kutsho kwizigidi ezili-191 ngowama-2005, ngokutsho kukaGuy Arnold, umbhali wencwadi ethi. Ukufuduka: Ukutshintsha ihlabathi, olona phando lupheleyo kwisenzeko. Amanani ahlanganisiweyo awaqalisi ukuchaza indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngabasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe kuqoqosho olunempumelelo. Umzekelo, uqoqosho olukhulayo kwiPersian Gulf nakwi-Saudi peninsula lunabemi kancinane ngokwemiqathango yabemi balapho bama-Arabhu, kodwa babamba inani elikhulu labasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe, uninzi lwabo lusuka eMzantsi Asia nakuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Ewe, abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe bayinxalenye engalinganiyo yabemi bamazwe asePersian Gulf- ukusuka kwi-25 yeepesenti eSaudi Arabia ukuya kuma-66 eepesenti eKuwait, ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-90 yeepesenti e-United Arab Emirates naseQatar.
Lo msantsa phakathi kokunyuka kwemfuno kunye nonikezelo oluthintelweyo luye lwadala imeko eqhumayo, enye ezaliswe yinkqubo yehlabathi yokurhweba ngoluntu olunokuthi ngeendlela ezininzi lufaniswa norhwebo lwekhoboka lwe-16.th ngenkulungwane.
I-dynamics yenkqubo yangoku yorhwebo kwimisebenzi ecinezelweyo ibonakaliswe kwimeko yePhilippines. Eli lizwe lelinye lamazwe arhweba ngabasebenzi kumazwe angaphandle. Malunga ne-10 ekhulwini labemi bayo bebonke kunye nama-22 ekhulwini abantu abakubudala bokusebenza ngoku bangabasebenzi abafudukela kwamanye amazwe. Ngeemali ezithunyelwayo ezimalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-20 zeerandi ngonyaka, iiPhilippines zibeka indawo yesine kubantu abathunyelwayo, emva kweTshayina, iIndiya neMexico.
Ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwezaBasebenzi kunye noLungiso loLwakhiwo
Indima yePhilippines njengomthengisi wabasebenzi ngaphandle ayinako ukuqhawuka kumandla e-neoliberal capitalism.Inkqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle kwezabasebenzi yaqala phakathi koo-1970 njengenkqubo yethutyana phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwaseMarcos, ngenani elincinane labasebenzi ababandakanyekayoโ malunga nama-50,000. Ukufakwa kwebhaloni kwinkqubo yokuquka abasebenzi abazizigidi ezisi-9 kutyala kakhulu ukonakala koqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi ngemigaqo-nkqubo yohlengahlengiso eyamiselwa yiBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neNgxowa-mali yeMali yeZizwe eziqala ngo-1980, ukukhululeka korhwebo phantsi koMbutho wezoRhwebo weHlabathi, kunye nokubekwa phambili. lokuhlawulwa kwetyala ngoorhulumente be-post-Marcos kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wesizwe ukususela ngo-1986.
Ulungelelwaniso lolwakhiwo lukhokelele ekuyekisweni koshishino kunye nelahleko yemisebenzi emininzi kangaka yokuvelisa; urhwebo lwenkululeko lutyhalele abantu abaninzi kangaka ngaphandle kwezolimo, inani elikhulu ngqo kwingqesho yaphesheya; kunye nokubekwa phambili ekuhlawulweni kwamatyala kuhluthe urhulumente izibonelelo zenkcitho eyinkunzi enokusebenza njengenjini yohlumo loqoqosho ukusukela kuma-20 ukuya kuma-40 epesenti yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali minyaka le ukuya kuhlawulela ityala. Kwindima edlalwa uhlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo kunye norhwebo lwenkululeko ekudaleni uxinzelelo lokufuduka kwabasebenzi, amava ePhilippines ayafana nalawo aseMexico, elinye ilizwe eliphambili elithumela umsebenzi.
Koorhulumente bala mazwe mabini ngokunjalo, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kusebenze omnye umsebenzi: njengesivalo sokhuseleko lokukhululwa koxinzelelo lwentlalo obelunokuthi ngenye indlela luhanjiswe kwiintshukumo ezigqibeleleyo zezopolitiko nezentlalo zangaphakathi. Abo bafudukayo badla ngokuba phakathi kwabona bantu bangoyikiyo, abona bantu bathambileyo, kunye nabona bantu babukhali kudidi oluphantsi noluphakathi, uhlobo lwabantu abanokwenza amaqela abalaseleyo kunye namalungu eentshukumo eziqhubekayo zotshintsho. Kunye nengxaki yokuhlalisana kwabantwana ngenxa yokungabikho komama, eli lelinye lawona magugu onzakalisayo okufuduka kwabasebenzi abaninzi kwiiPhilippines: ukuba kuvumele abantu bethu abaphezulu ukuba baluhoye uhlaziyo olude lwexesha.
Umsebenzi ongakhululekanga: Ityala loMbindi Mpuma
Ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwezabasebenzi lishishini elikhulu, elivelise intaphane yamaziko anezifunxi-gazi ngoku anomdla wokuyigcina nokwandisa. Uthungelwano lokuthumela ngaphandle kwelizwe labasebenzi lubandakanya abaqeshwa, ii-arhente zikarhulumente kunye namagosa, abathubelezi babasebenzi, kunye nabanikezeli beenkonzo ezinkulu zeshishini elifana nomnikezeli wenkonzo wamazwe ngamazwe wase-US uAramark. Ukurhweba ngabasebenzi kuyanda ukuba kukhulu kwaye kube nengeniso njengokurhweba ngesondo kunye norhwebo lweziyobisi. Ukwanda kwabasebenzi abahlawulelwayo ngokufuthi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokwanda kobukapitali. Kodwa into eyenzekayo ngoku kukwandiswa nokumiselwa kwenkqubo yabasebenzi abangakhululekanga phantsi kweniyoliberal capitalism, inkqubo engafaniyo nokwanda komsebenzi wamakhoboka kunye nokucinezelwa kwabasebenzi kwisigaba sokuqala sokwanda kongxowankulu behlabathi nge-16.th Inkulungwane icaciswe kumsebenzi weengcali zentlalo ezifana no-Immanuel Wallerstein.
Le nkqubo yandayo idala, igcine, kwaye yandise abasebenzi abangakhululekiyo ibonakala kakuhle kwimeko yoMbindi Mpuma. Njengoko U-Atiya Ahmad uyabhala, โNgenxa yokwanda kwezoqoqosho eziphenjelelwa yipetrodollar yamazwe aseGulf ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970 ukuya phambili, kwabakho intlangano enkulu nemanyeneyo yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, amaziko ezentlalo nezopolitiko, neentetho zasesidlangalaleni ukuze kulawulwe kuze kugcinwe abantu basemzini abahlala kuloo mmandla. Ixhaswa yi-kefala okanye yinkxaso kunye nenkqubo yoqinisekiso, oku kudityaniswa kwakha kwaye kuqeqeshe abantu basemzini ukuba babe 'ngabaphambukeli bexeshana.'โ Olu lwakhiwo lukhuthazwayo lwesazisi sokufuduka lukhuthaza ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwendima yabafuduki njengabangaphantsi kwezentlalo kunye nokukhululwa kwabo. isikhundla njengeearhente zopolitiko. Kulindeleke ukuba bahlale kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku baziphatha njengabangathabathi nxaxheba kwezopolitiko zemibutho yabo ebizwa ngokuba yimibutho yabo, nkqu le mibutho ibethwa ngumoya wokutshintsha kwezopolitiko.
Ngowama-2009, i-64 pesenti yabasebenzi bakwiiPhilippines abangaphezu kwesigidi abaye bafudukela kumazwe angaphandle baya kuMbindi Mpuma. Uninzi lwaba basebenzi yayingabafazi kwaye elona candelo likhulu lemisebenzi yayingabasebenzi benkonzo yasekhaya okanye abakhonzazana.
Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yokurhweba ngabasebenzi kumazwe akusingasiqithi weArabia ecaleni kwePersian Gulf. Umqeshwa ovela kwilizwe laseGulf uqhagamshelana nendoda yakhe kwiiPhilippines. Umnxeba wasePhilippines uya kumaphondo akude ukuya kufuna ibhinqa eliselula elithembisa umvuzo we-$ 400 ngenyanga, eyona mali incinci ebekwe ngurhulumente wasePhilippine. Xa esimka, i-arhente eqesha abantu imnika esinye isivumelwano kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, esihlala sibhalwe ngesiArabhu, sisithi uya kuhlawulwa isiqingatha okanye ngaphantsi kweso sixa. Ekufikeni kwakhe kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, ufumana kwiGulf recruiter imvume yokuhlala okwethutyana okanye iqama, kodwa oku kuthatyathwa kuye kunye nepasi lakhe ngumqeshwa okanye ngumqeshi wakhe.
Umsebenzi ofudukayo emva koko ujikelwa kusapho apho asebenza phantsi kweemeko ezifana nekhoboka iiyure ezili-18 ukuya kwezingama-20 ngosuku. Ukwahlukanisiwe nabanye abasebenzi basekhaya bakwiiPhilippines, nto leyo ebangela ukuba unxibelelwano lwakhe nelizwe langaphandle luxhomekeke kumqeshi wakhe. Akakwazi ukumshiya umqeshi kuba isiqinisekiso sakhe sokuhlala okwexeshana kunye nencwadana yokundwendwela zikuye. Noko ke, ukuba uyabaleka aze aye kumqeshwa wabasebenzi, โuthengiswaโ kwenye intsapho, maxa wambi ngexabiso eliphantsi nangakumbi kunolo wawuhlawulwa ngumqeshi wokuqala.
Engakwazi ukulishiya ilizwe kuba engenazo iimpepha, lowo ubalekeyo udla ngokuthengiswa ukusuka kolunye usapho ukuya kolunye ngumqeshwa wabasebenzi. Ukuba unethamsanqa, usenokufumana indlela yokuya kwindlu yozakuzo yakwiiPhilippines, enendawo yokuhlala abantu abaqhweshileyo, kodwa kuya kuthabatha iinyanga ukuba ayizominyaka ukuba iofisi yozakuzo yakwiiPhilippines ifumane amaphepha-mvume ayimfuneko ukuze akwazi ukubuyela ekhaya.
Uguqulwa njani uMmiselo
Kwiinzame zayo zokunqanda le ntengiso yasimahla kubukhoboka okanye ukuthintela abasebenzi ukuba baye kumazwe apho ukhuseleko lwabo ngokwasemzimbeni lunokuba sengozini enkulu njengeAfghanistan okanye iIraq, urhulumente wasePhilippine ufuna iimvume ezikhutshwe ngurhulumente ukuze abasebenzi bakwazi ukuhamba okanye ibeke imiqobo yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Nangona kunjalo, abaqeshwa babasebenzi, abasoloko bekwi-cahoots kungekuphela nje nabaqeshi baseMbindi Mpuma kodwa kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US kunye neekontraka zabucala zase-US, bafumene iindlela zokujikeleza le migaqo.
Uthungelwano lweClandestine luphuhliselwe ukuthubelezisa abasebenzi abasuka kumazantsi ePhilippines besiya kwiindawo ezikuMbindi Mpuma. Iqela labasetyhini ekubanjwe udliwano-ndlebe nabo eDamasko kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo baxelele ngokuthutyeleziswa kwisixeko esisemazantsi ePhilippine eZamboanga ngesikhephe esincinci ukuya kwilizwe laseMalaysia iSabah. Ukusuka apho bakhweliswa kwindawo ekugcinwa kuyo iphenyane elikhulu eliya eSingapore, apho baphinda bothulwa baza baziswa ngezithuthi ezihamba emhlabeni ukuya kwindawo ekufuphi neKuala Lumpur. EKuala Lumpur kwanyanzeleka ukuba basebenze ukuze baziphilise kangangeeveki ezintandathu. Kuphela kusemva kweenyanga ezimbini abathi ekugqibeleni bakhweliswa ngenqwelo-moya ukusuka eKuala Lumpur ukuya eDubai, emva koko basiwa eDamasko.
Ngolu hlobo lothungelwano olungekho semthethweni olusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni, i-ambassy yasePhilippine yaqikelela ukuba i-90 yepesenti yabasebenzi basekhaya be-9,000 eSiriya babekho ngokungekho mthethweni, oko kukuthi babengenamaphepha asemthethweni aphuma kwiiPhilippines. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, oku kwenze ukubafumana kunye nokunxibelelana nabo kube nzima kakhulu emva kokuba uManila ekhuphe imiyalelo kwi-ambassy ngoJanuwari ophelileyo ukuba akhuphe bonke abasebenzi basePhilippines eSiriya.
Imeko iyafana naseAfghanistan naseIraq. Ngesizathu esifanayo, asinalo inani elichanekileyo lokuba bangaphi abantu bakwiiPhilippines abaye bagaywa ngokungekho mthethweni ukuba babe ngabasebenzi benkonzo kwiziseko zase-US yiPentagon kunye neekontraka zasemkhosini zase-US, kodwa i-10,000 mhlawumbi linani elilondolozayo. Kwimeko yase-Afghanistan, intsebenziswano phakathi kwabarhwebi ngokungekho mthethweni, urhulumente wase-US, kunye neekontraka zabucala zase-US zibeka umngeni omkhulu kwilizwe elibuthathaka lasePhilippine.
Impatho-gadalala ngokwesondo: I-Ever-present Menace
Ukugqwesa kwabasetyhini phakathi kwabasebenzi abathengiswa kuMbindi Mpuma kudale imeko egcwele ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Kule nkqubo ukurhweba ngabasebenzi kunye nokurhweba ngesondo kuyanda ukunqumlana. Nantsi isicatshulwa esivela kwingxelo yeKomiti yeNdlu yabaSebenzi abangaphesheya kweePhilippine kulandela utyelelo lwamalungu athile eSaudi Arabia ngoJanuwari ka-2011:
Udlwengulo sesona siganeko sihlala sihlala sikhathaza abasebenzi basekhaya basePhilippines eSaudi Arabia. โฆUdlwengulo kunye nempatho-gadalala ngokwesondo ixhaphake kakhulu kunokuba izibalo zozakuzo zityhilwa, mhlawumbi zifika kwi-15 ukuya kwi-20 pesenti yamatyala axeliweyo kubasebenzi basekhaya ababandezelekileyo. Ukuba umntu uthatha ezi zalathisi njengento emele amatyala angaxelwanga okuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi basekhaya kulo lonke ubukumkani, ngoko umntu akanako ukufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukudlwengulwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kuqhelekileyo.
Omnye unokuya phambili kwaye athi kukho into eyomeleleyo yokurhweba ngesondo ekurhwebeni kwabasetyhini basePhilippines kuMbindi Mpuma ngenxa yokuba izindlu ezininzi zaseGulf zilindele ukuba ukubonelela ngesondo kwinkosi yendlu yinxalenye yemisebenzi yabasebenzi basekhaya. Imiphumo iba yimeko enganyamezelekiyo, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba ukwala kudla ngokubethwa kodwa nangenxa yokuba oku kumxabanisa nomfazi. Eneneni, kwiimeko ezininzi, abasebenzi basemakhitshini โbabolekiswaโ kwizalamane kungekuphela nje ukuba zicoce amakhaya abo kodwa basebenze njengezinto zokudlala zesini kubazalwana abangamadoda okanye abasebukhweni.
Kuthiwa ubukhoboka yinto yexesha elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iintshukumo zongxowankulu behlabathi ziphinde zavelisa inkqubo yengcinezelo yabasebenzi kwihlabathi jikelele ebonelelwa kwaye igcinwe ngokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni nangokungekho mthethweni. Abasetyhini abangabasebenzi basekhaya basezantsi kuluhlu lwentlalontle kwiindawo ezinje ngoMbindi Mpuma. Iimeko zabo zokusebenza, ezidla ngokuquka ukudlwengulwa nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, zenza imeko engaqondakaliyo ebukhobokeni. Njengoko kwakunjalo kubukhoboka bendabuko kwi-18thKunye ne19th kwiinkulungwane, ukupheliswa kwale nkqubo yengcinezelo, abasebenzi abangakhululekanga kumele kube phezulu kwi-ajenda yenkulungwane yama-21.
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