Abasebenzi kwifektri enkulu elawulwa ngabasebenzi baseArgentina babhiyozela isisombululo esiqinisekileyo somthetho kumzabalazo weminyaka elithoba welungelo lokusebenza kunye nokuzimisela kwabasebenzi. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo yase-Neuquén ivotele ukuhluthwa umzi-mveliso we-Zanon ceramics ukunika intsebenziswano yabasebenzi i-FASINPAT ilungelo lokulawula umzi-mveliso ngokuqinisekileyo. Ukusukela oko abasebenzi bathatha iZanon ngo-2001, baye baseka ngempumelelo inkqubo yolawulo lwabasebenzi, badala imisebenzi, baphinda bavelisa iiseramikhi, baxhasa iiprojekthi zoluntu, kwaye bakhokele uthungelwano lwamashishini ahlaziyiweyo angama-200. I-Zanon, ebizwa ngokuba yi-FASINPAT okanye i-Factory Ngaphandle kwe-Boss, ngoku inokuqhubeka nemveliso ngaphandle kwesongelo sokukhutshwa kwifektri yabo.
IZanon, iseyeyona mveliso inkulu yeceramics yaseLatin America, ikwiphondo lasePatagonian laseNeuquén, ummandla onezithethe ezityebileyo zabasebenzi, imbali, kunye nemystique ejikeleze intlango ebomvu, amahlathi atyebileyo, kunye namachibi anqabileyo. Abasebenzi babhengeza ngokusesikweni ukuba umzi-mveliso uphantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi ngo-Oktobha ka-2001 emva kokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwabaphathi bemizi-mveliso.
EArgentina, bangaphezulu kwe-13,000 abantu abasebenza kwimizi-mveliso enabantu abaninzi, aziwa ngokuba ngamashishini ahlaziyiweyo. Ezi ndawo, ezingaphezu kwama-200, zisusela kwiihotele, kwimizi-mveliso eyenziwe ngeseramikhi, abenzi beebhaluni, ezilungele imizi-mveliso, iivenkile zokushicilela, iinkampani zezothutho, kwaneminye imisebenzi emininzi. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yenzeke emva kwentlekele yezoqoqosho ka-2001 xa amazinga entswela-ngqesho anyuka ngaphezu kwe-25% kwaye amanqanaba entlupheko aye ngaphezulu kwama-50%. IZanon, njengomnye wemisebenzi emikhulu kunye nephambili yefektri, yaba luphawu lwezigidi zabasebenzi abaphulukene nemisebenzi ngexesha lemeko yezoqoqosho enzima kwimbali yaseArgentina, apho amawaka eefektri avala. Intsebenziswano ibonakalise ukuba iifektri zinokuvelisa ngaphandle komphathi.
Uloyiso Lomthetho
Ezinzulwini zobusuku ngo-Agasti 13, indlu yowiso-mthetho, elawulwa liqela lasekunene i-Popular Movement of Neuquén (MPN), ivotele ukuba umthetho uhluthe umzi-mveliso weZanon ceramics. Umthetho wokuhluthwa komhlaba upasise iivoti ezingama-26 ezixhasayo kunye neevoti ezilithoba ngokuchasene nomthetho oyilwayo. Amawaka abaxhasi beminye imibutho yabasebenzi, amaqela amalungelo oluntu, kunye nemibutho yentlalontle, kunye neentsapho ezipheleleyo kunye nabafundi, bajoyina abasebenzi njengoko belinde ngaphandle kwepalamente yephondo kwisixeko-dolophu saseNeuquén. Amatsha ntliziyo amaninzi asuka eBuenos Aires ahamba umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-619 ukuya eNeuquén ukuya kuxhasa umlo weFASINPAT womthetho wokuhluthwa, kuquka nabasebenzi abavela kumzi-mveliso wesuti waseBrukman oqhutywa ngabasebenzi, kwiHotele iBAUEN, abameli bombutho wenqanaba kunye nefayile kwinkqubo kaloliwe engaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nabasebenzi basesibhedlele sikarhulumente. .
"Sathi sakufumanisa ukuba baza kuvota, sabiza abalandeli bethu. Bamalunga ne-3,500 abantu abathathe inxaxheba kuqhanqalazo oluquka imibutho yasekuhlaleni, imibutho yamalungelo oluntu, ootitshala, iimanyano zabasebenzi," utshilo uJorge Bermuda, igqala lomsebenzi kumzi-mveliso kudliwano-ndlebe. kunye neNkqubo yeCIP Americas eBuenos Aires. Ngaphandle kwemimoya enamandla yasentlango yasePatagonian, amakhulu alinde isigqibo sokugqibela sowiso-mthetho, agxalathelana kwimililo yomlilo. Njengoko umthetho uvota, abaxhasi babukele kwiscreen esisasaza ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente. Abantu ababebukele bahlanganisana ngoloyiko baza ngoko nangoko bathelela ukuvuyisana nabasebenzi ngaphandle kwabaphathi. I-ceramists e-Burly kwiimpahla zabo zokusebenza ze-beige kunye neebhatyi eziluhlaza kunye ne-logo ye-FASINPAT ehonjisiweyo yamkelana ngeenyembezi kunye novuyo, ikhulula usizi kunye nolonwabo lomzabalazo omude wokulawula umzi-mveliso.
"Oku kungakholeleki, sivuya kakhulu. Ukuhluthwa kuyisenzo sobulungisa, "kusho u-Alejandro Lopez unobhala jikelele we-Ceramists Union, egxininiswe yimvakalelo yokunqoba. "Asibalibali abantu abasixhasayo kwezona zihlandlo zinzima, okanye abantu abayi-100,000 abatyikitye uxwebhu lwezikhalazo oluxhasa ityala lethu."
Abasebenzi bancome inkxaso yoluntu ekwenzeni injongo yokuhluthwa ibe yinyani. “Ivoti ibingeloloyiso lwabasebenzi abangama-470 eZanon kuphela, okanye i-150 yokuqala ethathe indawo yesityalo, kodwa luloyiso loluntu luphela olunike inkxaso yabo,” utshilo uBermuda. Ebudeni bengxoxo-mpikiswano ngalo mthetho uyilwayo, amasekela abameli aphawula ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi siyakuxhasa ukuhluthwa komzi-mveliso ezandleni zabasebenzi.
Ngaphandle koloyiso lwezopolitiko, ukuthinjwa kwesityalo saseZanon kubeka umzekelo osemthethweni wemigaqo yowiso-mthetho oluxhasa abanye abasebenzi abasebenzisanayo abathathe ulawulo lwamashishini avalwa ngabanini bawo. I-bill evotelwe e-Neuquén yinto yokuqala yokuhluthwa ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa ngabasebenzi; urhulumente uya kuhlawula amatyala anelungelo Luis Zanon’s 22 million pesos (malunga ne-7 yezigidi zeerandi). Abona batyalwayo baphambili baquka iBhanki yehlabathi, eyanika uLuis Zanon imali-mboleko yezigidi ezingama-20 zeerandi ukuze kwakhiwe lo mzi-mveliso, kunye nenkampani yase-Italiya i-SACMY, evelisa oomatshini bokwenza iiseramikhi ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye inetyala le-5 yezigidi zeerandi. Lo mdla wawucinezela inkqubo yenkundla yaseArgentina ukuba ithengise ifandesi kwisityalo ukuze kuhlawulwe amatyala.
Nangona amatyala angaphambili okuthathwa komhlaba sele epasisiwe ekuhlaleni, akukho mthetho wokuhlutha umhlaba owenze ukuba kuvotelwe kwinqanaba likazwelonke, oku kuthetha ukuba iimanyano zabasebenzi kufuneka zithathe ityala elishiywe yifemu yoshishino yangaphambili. Ngembuyekezo yesi sivumelwano, iFASINPAT yavuma ukuthengisa imathiriyeli kwiphondo ngexabiso.
Abasebenzi baseZanon baphikisa ngelithi urhulumente akafanelanga ahlawule amatyala kaLuis Zanon, besithi iinkundla ziye zangqina ukuba ababoleki bathathe inxaxheba kubuqhophololo beshishini ngo-2001 kuba iikhredithi zaya ngqo kumnini uLuis Zanon kwaye hayi kutyalo-mali kumzi-mveliso.
"Ukuba umntu kufuneka ahlawule, uLuis Zanon kufuneka ahlawule, ohlawuliswa ngokuphepha irhafu," utshilo u-Omar Villablanca waseFASINPAT. Iqela le-FASINPAT libonise umthetho oyilwayo wokuhluthwa kwangaphambili, apho kwaphunyezwa umthetho okhoyo ngoku, owawuza kulicima ityala kubabolekisi. Bangaphezu kwe-100,000 abantu abatyikitye uxwebhu lwezikhalazo ukuze lo mthetho upasiswe.
Iingcambu zeZanon
Umzi-mveliso omkhulu, ogubungela iibhloko ezininzi zesixeko, wakhiwa kwipaki yemizi-mveliso ekwanti ecaleni kwe-Route 7, uhola wendlela okhokelela kwikomkhulu laseNeuquén. Umzi-mveliso we-ceramics waseZanon wasungulwa ngo-1980, kwiminyaka emithathu phambi kokuba isizwe siphume kwiphupha elibi lolawulo lobuzwilakhe olwalawula isizwe ngoloyiko ukusukela ngo-1976-1983. Amagosa olawulo lobuzwilakhe asemkhosini kunye noonozakuzaku baseTaliyane aba kongamela lo msitho, owawuquka iintsikelelo ezivela kwiMonsignor yeCawa yamaKatolika. ULuis Zanon, okanye uLuigi, ubulele urhulumente wasemkhosini "ngomoya wokhuseleko kunye noxolo olubonelelwe nguMkhosi oxhobileyo ukusukela oko wathatha iintambo ngoMatshi 24, 1976." Loo mhla wamasikizi ngowe-1976 waba sisiqalo selona xesha laphalala igazi elininzi eArgentina, apho umkhosi wagrogrisa ilizwe waza wabashiya ngenkani abasebenzi, amatshantliziyo nabafundi abangama-30,000 XNUMX.
Iimeko ngaphakathi kweZanon ngaphambi komsebenzi wabasebenzi zikhokelele kumndilili weengozi ze-25-30 ngenyanga kunye nokufa okukodwa ngonyaka. Kwiminyaka yokuveliswa kweZanon, abasebenzi abali-14 bafela ngaphakathi kumzi-mveliso. Abaphathi bangaphambili banyanzelise imithetho yokwahlula abasebenzi kunye nokuthintela unxibelelwano phakathi kweeceramists njengendlela yokulawula umbutho wombutho ozimeleyo kwimidla yenkampani. Abasebenzi abaninzi babalisa ngendlela ekwakufuneka balungelelanise ngayo ngokufihlakeleyo ukuze balawule umbutho.
UCarlos Villamonte uthathe inxaxheba kwiinzame zokuphumelela izihlalo zombutho we-renk-and-file, uququzelele ngokufihlakeleyo ekupheleni kwe-90s. "Kwakunzima kakhulu ukubuyisela umbutho wangaphakathi kumzi-mveliso ngenxa yokuba kwakufuneka siyenze ngokufihlakeleyo. Le nkampani yayinenkqubo yengcinezelo kakhulu. Babengakuvumeli ukuba uye kwelinye icandelo, ukuthetha nabanye abasebenzi, okanye ukusebenzisa igumbi lokuhlambela. Ngokukhululekileyo. Amaxesha amaninzi kwakufuneka sinxibelelane ngokugqithisela amanqaku phantsi kweetafile kwindawo yokutyela okanye sihambe kwicandelo ngalinye sisenza amaxesha afihlakeleyo kunye neendawo zokudibana. Enye indlela enjalo yayikukuseka iqela lebhola ekhatywayo yeeceramists. Phakathi kwezinto ezenziwayo, imidlalo, kunye neetumente, abasebenzi bakwazile ukwenza amaqhinga okuphumelela ukumelwa kombutho wevenkile.
Emva kokuba umbutho wombutho wabasebenzi bezikhundla kumzimveliso uphumelele ukulawula umbutho weeceramists ngo-1998, umzabalazo wafikelela esiphelweni ngokuvalelwa kwabaphathi ngo-2001. kwimivuzo engekahlawulwa. Oku kukhokelele kwinkampu yoqhankqalazo lwabasebenzi ngaphandle komzi-mveliso. Ngoxa abasebenzi babemise iintente ngaphandle komzi-mveliso, inkundla yawisa isigwebo sokuba abasebenzi banokuthengisa impahla eseleyo. Emva kokuba isitokhwe siphelile, ngoMatshi 2, 2002, indibano yabasebenzi ivotele ukuqalisa imveliso ngaphandle komphathi. Uninzi kumzimveliso lukholelwa ukuba intshukumo yabasebenzi benqanaba kunye nefayile efumana ulawulo kwimanyano yabangela abasebenzi abagxothiweyo ukuba bangene kumzi-mveliso kwaye baqalise imveliso emva kokuba inkampani ivale iingcango.
Ikamva le-Autogestión
Autogestión obrera-ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi-kuthetha ukuba uluntu okanye iqela lizenzela izigqibo zalo, ngakumbi ezo zigqibo zihambelana nenkqubo yokuvelisa nokucwangcisa. Enye yezinto eziphambili zeZanon yayikukuvelisa irhamncwa elikhulu lomzi-mveliso onombutho osekwe kukulingana kunye nedemokhrasi ngaphandle kwabaphathi abaqeqeshiweyo abaqeqeshiweyo, iinkqubo zokohlwaya, okanye umbutho olawulayo.
Iqela le-FASINPAT likhule ukusuka kubasebenzi be-250 ukuya kwi-470. Baqala ngokuvelisa i-5,000 sq. yeemitha zeeramics ngenyanga xa beqala ukuhlala kwisityalo kwi-2001. Ngokukhawuleza bakwazi ukunyusa imveliso yabo kwi-14,000 sq. metres ngenyanga. Ngo-2008, i-FASINPAT yavelisa i-400,000 sq. yeemitha ngenyanga, irekhodi yolawulo lwabasebenzi kwi-factory.
Nangona beqhubeka nokuba namandla okuvelisa kula manqanaba, imfuno iye yehla mva nje, ikhokelela kwisigqibo sokulungelelanisa amanqanaba emveliso. "Ngo-2009, ngenxa yentlekele, siye sehla imveliso kwi-250,000 sq. Imitha ngenyanga," kuchaza uBermuda, othatha inxaxheba kwisicwangciso sobugcisa kwisityalo.
Ngenxa yentlekele kunye nokuwohloka koshishino lolwakhiwo kummandla, ukuthengiswa kweeseramikhi kwehle nge-40%. Ngokungafaniyo noongxowankulu babo, ishishini labasebenzi be-FASINPAT lithabathe umsebenzi wokunciphisa iindleko, hayi abasebenzi. “Ngoku sinomba womthetho usonjululwe, ngoku kufuneka sisombulule imveliso kwaye silwele inkxaso-mali yamandla,” utshilo u-Omar Villablanca, umsebenzi osemncinci eZanon obesanda kuvotelwa unobhala jikelele womanyano lwe-ceramists kwiphondo. Wandwendwela iBuenos Aires kungekudala emva kokuphumelela ukubonelela ngenkxaso kubasebenzi abaqhankqalazayo kwi-Terrabusi cookie corporation abalwa ngokuchasene nokubeka phantsi kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemivuzo ngokuzithandela. "Iifektri ezivaliweyo zisisiphumo solawulo olungafuni kutyalomali lwepeso yengeniso ekusindiseni imisebenzi."
Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu ngoku kwiifektri ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi iya kuba kukuqulunqa izicwangciso zemveliso zokusabela kwiimarike ezingaqinisekanga. Isimo esisemthethweni seZanon siya kuvumela abasebenzi ukuba bagxile kwimveliso kunye nokuphumeza iteknoloji. Kodwa abacebisi ukuphelisa iinkqubo zabo zoqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Indibano yefektri, eliqumrhu elithatha izigqibo kumzi-mveliso, ivotele ukuqala isikolo samabanga aphantsi kunye nesamabanga aphakamileyo sabasebenzi abangakwaziyo ukugqiba isikolo. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabasebenzi baseZanon abanazo izidanga zabo zamabanga aphakamileyo. “Sisebenzela ukuqeqesha abasebenzi bethu, isikolo samabanga aphantsi kunye namabanga aphakamileyo ngomnye umba, inyathelo elilandelayo iyakuba kukulungiselela abambalwa amaqabane ukuya eyunivesithi kubunjineli, okanye nantoni na abangathanda ukuyifundela."
Kwinqaku le-2004 kwi-Zanon, umphandi kwiintshukumo zentlalo zaseLatin America uRaúl Zibechi wabhala, "Abasebenzi baseZanon banethemba lokuba urhulumente wase-Argentina uya kuthatha isigqibo sokuqaphela isimo sabo kwaye abavumele ukuba baqhubeke nokusebenza phantsi kolawulo lwabo." Iingcali ezininzi eziphanda ngendima karhulumente kunye nokwala kwakhe ngokuzingisileyo ukuqaphela ukuba amashishini aseArgentina angama-200 aphinde adala imisebenzi engaphezu kwe-10,000, yaqikelela ukuba isisombululo esiqinisekileyo sasemthethweni siza kuthatha iminyaka, kwaye yenzeka. Njengombhali oye walandela uphuhliso lokuzilawula kwabasebenzi eZanon, ndabelana ngokungakholelwa, uvuyo, kunye neemvakalelo ngeendaba ezilungileyo.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka elithoba yamadabi asemthethweni kunye nokungaqiniseki, abasebenzi abaqhuba iZanon bakwazile ukudala imisebenzi engaphezu kwama-200; ukwakha iikliniki zempilo kunye namakhaya eentsapho ezisweleyo; ukunikela ngeeseramikhi kumakhulukhulu amaziko enkcubeko, amathala eencwadi, kunye neeprojekthi zoluntu; inkxaso-mali yogwayimbo lwabasebenzi abalwela iimeko ezingcono zokusebenza; ukwakha uthungelwano lweentshukumo zentlalo; ukuyila indibano yedemokhrasi kunye nenkqubo yolungelelaniso ngaphakathi kumzi-mveliso eyathatha indawo yolawulo lwemigangatho; singasathethi ke ngokuqhuba ngempumelelo umzi-mveliso lowo umnini wangaphambili wayefuna ukuwuvala ngokulungileyo, khawucinge ukuba bangenza ntoni ngoku.
EZanon, abasebenzi bahlala besebenzisa isilogeni: "Zanon es del pueblo" okanye iZanon yeyabantu. Abasebenzi baye benza iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luyaxhamla kulawulo lwabasebenzi kulo mzi-mveliso.
“Ndibona ngathi umthetho ligalelo lethu kubasebenzi, yintlabathi yethu ukuba abasebenzi bahlaziye amathemba okuba bangatshintsha izinto,” utshilo uRaul Godoy, ongumsebenzi kunye netshantliziyo elingagungqiyo kumzi-mveliso. Ngelixa amanye amashishini ahlaziyiweyo esilwa izoyikiso zokugxothwa kunye neminye imingeni esemthethweni, ngoku angajonga kwimbumba yeFASINPAT njengesibane sempumelelo. Kwaye abanye abasebenzi abajongene nokudubula baya kukhuthazwa ngakumbi ukuba balandele umzekelo wabasebenzi baseZanon bokuqhuba iifektri zabo kunye nokuzibeka kwinkonzo yabantu.
UMarie Trigona yintatheli esekelwe eArgentina kwaye ubhala rhoqo kwiNkqubo yaseMelika (www.americaspolicy.org). Unokufumaneka ku mtrigona(a)msn.com.
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