Umthombo: Uhlalutyo
Ngempumelelo yonyulo lwakutsha nje ePeru naseBolivia, nangaphambili eMexico naseArgentina, ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba kukho okwesibini okubizwa ngokuba “yiPink Tide” kwiLatin America? Ukuba kunjalo, sisenza njani ingqiqo yePink Tide yokuqala, impumelelo kunye nokungaphumeleli kwayo, kwaye yintoni enokuthi i-Latin America yasekhohlo ifunde ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala, njengoko ilungiselela ukuthatha amandla kumazwe amaninzi? URené Rojas, unjingalwazi e-SUNY Binghamton, kunye noHilary Goodfriend, weJacobin Magazine Latin America, bathi ngelixa ekhohlo kufuneka isicwangciso esicacileyo sezoqoqosho, kuluncedo okwangoku ngenxa yokungavisisani kwelungelo kulo lonke ummandla.
UGreg Wilpert
Wamkelekile kuAnalysis.news, ndinguGreg Wilpert.
Ngempumelelo yonyulo lwakutsha nje eBolivia nasePeru neminyaka embalwa ngaphambili eMexico naseArgentina, kuyahenda ukucinga ukuba mhlawumbi okwesibini okubizwa ngokuba ngamaza apinki kuza eLatin America okwangoku. Noko ke, kwangaxeshanye ilungelo eligqithiseleyo, enoba kuseColombia, eBrazil, eBolivia, ePeru okanye eVenezuela, lizenza lizive linamandla ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Kuthetha ntoni konke oku ngekamva leLatin America? Ngaba uKhohlo obuyileyo ufundile kwipinki yokuqala? Kwaye kungaqubisana njani ne-far-right kunye ne-neoliberalism?
Le yimibuzo ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiphonononge ngexesha apho abantu kwihlabathi liphela becinga ngokutsha ubume bentlalontle yongxowankulu bejongana nobhubhani we-coronavirus oqhubekayo kodwa ngethemba lokuba kungekudala uza kudlula.
Ukundidibanisa ukuba ndixoxe ngekamva leLatin American Left kwaye yintoni enokufundwa kwiimpumelelo zayo kunye nokusilela ziindwendwe ezimbini. Ndidityaniswe namhlanje nguRene Rojas, unjingalwazi oncedisayo wophuhliso lwabantu kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseNew York, eBinghamton, kunye noHilary Goodfriend, umfundi ogqirha kwizifundo zaseLatin American kwiNational Autonomous University yaseMexico kunye nomhleli oncedisayo. Imagazini kaJacobin kwaye Jacob kwiLatin America. Enkosi, nobabini, ngokundidibanisa nam namhlanje.
Hilary Goodfriend
Enkosi, Greg.
URene Rojas
Enkosi.
UGreg Wilpert
Ke, njengoko ndikhankanyile kwintshayelelo, kubonakala ngathi i-pendulum ijika kwakhona ukusuka ngasekunene ukuya ngasekhohlo ngokoorhulumente abanyulwe eLatin America. Ngoku, ngokucacileyo, ilizwe ngalinye linomxholo walo owahlukileyo, kodwa kukwakho nophuhliso olufanayo, ndingatsho. Ke ukuze siqonde olu phuhliso lwakutsha nje, nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba kufuneka sibuyele umva kuqala ukuba njani kwaye kwakutheni ukuze oorhulumente basekhohlo bonyulwe kwindawo yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yi-pink tide, ebandakanya phantse bonke oorhulumente baseMzantsi Melika ngaphandle kwaseColombia nasePeru, kunye nabaliqela. amazwe akuMbindi Merika awayenorhulumente Wasekhohlo njenge-El Salvador neNicaragua mhlawumbi neHonduras.
Ngoku, masiqale ngawe, Rene. Ubhale uthotho lwamanqaku anomdla kakhulu kwi Jacobin Journal, Catalyst. Kutheni unokuthi abantu baseLatin America banyule abasekhohlo okanye abasekhohlo kwinkulungwane yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-21, okuphakathi kuka-2000 no-2010 kwipinki yokuqala?
URene Rojas
Ndicinga ukuba ngokubanzi, isizathu sokuba aba rhulumente bohlaziyo bonyulwe kwishumi leminyaka lokuqala lewaka leminyaka elitsha kwakungenxa yokuqhawuka kweniyoliberalism kummandla wonke. Ndicinga ukuba, ebudeni baloo minyaka, okwenzekileyo yayiyinto endiya kuyibiza ngokuba luhlobo lokuqala lwengxaki enkulu nenzulu ye-neoliberal order kulo lonke elaseLatin America. Kwaye ngokwemigaqo esisiseko, iprojekthi ye-neoliberal kunye nemodeli yoqokelelo kuninzi lwengingqi ayikwazanga ukuhambisa ngokwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nempilo yabantu abaninzi.
Kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ndicinga ukuba ezi lawulo ze-neoliberal zalahlekelwa semthethweni ngenxa yeengxaki zabo zokumelwa. Yaye uninzi lwabantu aluzange lucinge nje ukuba ubomi babo lwalusongelwa, kodwa lwaluvakalelwa kukuba alunalizwi kwezobupolitika nasekulawuleni oorhulumente bala mazwe. Kwaye ke ezo zinto zadibana ngamandla kwaye zakhokelela kwimijikelo yokuhlanganisana eye yanda ngamandla kule minyaka, iqala ngenene kwiminyaka yokugqibela yenkulungwane edlulileyo, eArgentina, kamva eVenezuela, emva koko eBolivia.
Kwaye yintoni na loo mijikelo yokuhlanganisana, ngaloo maxesha aqatha oqhanqalazo- ngaba bawisa ulawulo, oorhulumente beniyoliberal, kwaye bavula indlela yokuba aba rhulumente bohlaziyo bavotelwe kwiofisi ngabavoti basekuhlaleni, iziseko ezifanayo ezazihlanganise oku. Uqhanqalazo lwamaza kwindawo yokuqala.
Ndingaqhubeka okanye singaxoxa ngakumbi kamva, kodwa inye into endiya kuyithetha-kulapho sinokuqala khona ukwahlula ezinye zezi zinto. Ndicinga ukuba kwakukho i-pink tide, ngokuqinisekileyo kwakukho amaza oorhulumente bohlaziyo abasekhohlo abaye balawula. Kodwa, nakuko kuphindaphindwa kwayo okokuqala, ndicinga ukuba ibingaxhaphakanga njengoko siqhele ukuba luhlobo lokubonisa, zombini indlela esiyibonise ngayo kunendlela esiqhubeka ngayo ukuyichaza ngoku. Ngokomzekelo, ngokombono wam, i-pink tide ngokuqinisekileyo ifakiwe-ngenxa yeempawu endisandula ukuzichaza-ezi mpawu zibalulekileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo zibandakanya amazwe endiwabiza ngokuba yiVenezuela, iBolivia, iArgentina, kunye ne-Ecuador, kodwa ndingawakhupheli ngaphandle amazwe apho abahlaziyi bekhohlo balawula. ezihlala zixinga kumazwe apinki abopheneyo anjenge Chile, Brazil, kunye namatyala akuMbindi Merika ngokunjalo. Singaya, kamva, ngakumbi ukuba kutheni ndingawenza lo mahluko.
UGreg Wilpert
Ewe, ndifuna ukungena kwakhona ukuba yintoni uhlobo lwalo mahluko, endicinga ukuba lunomdla kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba senze loo nto, Hilary, ucinga ntoni? Ndiyathetha, unayo into yokongeza kule nto yayithethwa nguRene malunga nokuba kutheni kwaye kutheni bekukho i-pink tide nokuba uyavumelana naloo nto?
Hilary Goodfriend
Ndicinga ukuba ndingavumelana ngokubanzi neempawu zikaRene. Kwaye ndinomdla wokuva iingcaciso zakhe zokungabandakanywa koorhulumente baseMbindi Melika kuba ndiyavuma ukuba bahluke kakhulu. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba basabela ngendlela efanayo kwintlekele yemodeli ye-neoliberal njengoko yaphunyezwa kuloo ndawo yaseLatin America. Ke, ndicinga ukuba ndingathanda ukuva kancinci phambi kokuba ndiye phambili kuloo nto.
UGreg Wilpert
Qhubeka. URene uyafuna ukuthetha ngakumbi malunga nepinki?
URene Rojas
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ndiza kucacisa kancinci ngale nto. Kwaye ngenene, kwakhona, inento yokwenza nendlela endizichaza ngayo iimpawu eziphambili zepinki, ukuqala. Kwaye phakathi kwezo mpawu, kum, olu hlanganiso ludumileyo lubalulekile. Oko kuphenjelelwa, kuphembelela ukuwohloka kolawulo olukhoyo lweniyoliberal kula mazwe. Ngoko, eVenezuela, ulawulo lwePuntofijo, njengoko uyazi, mhlawumbi lungcono kunathi sonke, uGregory, wangena kwinkqubo yokubola eqala kwi-80s, ngakumbi, emva kweCaracazo. Kwaye ngoko ulawulo luyahlukana.
Unokuthetha into enye malunga nolawulo lwe-neoliberal, ulawulo lwe-neoliberal ye-post corporatist eBolivia, umzekelo, ngokuqinisekileyo e-Argentina ngexesha le-90 phantsi kwe-Menem [uCarlos]. Ngoko ke inkqubo ekhoyo yeqela kunye nolawulo kula mazwe ihlakazekile. Kwaye okwangoku, unolu gxininiso kunye nokunyuka koqhanqalazo oludumileyo, kwaye yiloo nto ehlisa ezi lawulo zikhoyo zeniyoliberal kwaye njengoko bendichazile ngaphambili, izisa amandla oorhulumente bohlaziyo batsha.
Akunjalo. Kwakhona, into endiyijonga njengezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwi-pink tide-ayiyiyo leyo-awuziboni ziphindaphindwa. Umzekelo, ndiza kufika kuMbindi Merika kamva, kodwa masijongane neBrazil neChile okwangoku. Kwaye ndithetha ukuba ngenxa yokuba ndiyazi loo matyala kancinci, kodwa ngokwemiqathango yeBrazil neChile ngo-2002, i-PT [Partido dos Trabalhadores] iza kulawulo-kunye noLula [Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva]. I-PT ihlala isemandleni phantse iminyaka eyi-15. EBrazil [iphoso: eChile], kwenzeka ngaphambili i-Concertación, i-center-left, i-coalition ye-Christian Democrats kunye ne-Socialists, beza kulawulo ngo-'89 kwaye bahlala emandleni ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kude kube yi-2010. Beza emandleni bengakhweli maza yokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi, kwaye abangeni kulawulo njengoko oorhulumente beniyoliberal abakhoyo kula mazwe bewohloka - yinto eyahlukileyo.
Bangena emandleni kwaye bona ngokwabo bancedisa ekuhlanganiseni ii-post-authoritarian neoliberal regimes kula mazwe. IConcertación yaseChile, okokuqala phantsi koomongameli beDemokhrasi yobuKristu, kodwa kamva phantsi koomongameli bobusoshiyali, iLagos yaba ngowokuqala, emva koko yaba ngamasoshiyali-wayengumntu osithandwa sabantu abanenkqubela-phambili kwihlabathi liphela, uBachelet. Into abayenzayo ngokwenene kukulawula, ngempumelelo enkulu, kunye namazinga aphezulu ozinzo, neoliberalism kula mazwe. Ke, iimeko zahluke kakhulu kwaye nangona ushiye abantu abaqhubela phambili emandleni, bangena emandleni belandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye xa sele benegunya, banikwe umsebenzi wokwenza into eyahlukileyo ngokulawula uqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwala mazwe. .
Ndicinga ukuba ungayandisa ezinye zezinto endizichaze kuMbindi waseMelika ngokunjalo. ENicaragua, amaSandinistas abuyele emandleni kwakhona hayi-ndicinga ukuba ixubene ngakumbi, hayi kakhulu ekhwele igagasi lokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi. Liyinene elithi bangena ezikhundleni emva kweminyaka yokuqhekeka koorhulumente benkululeko. Kwaye ke ndicinga ukuba bayabelana namazwe apinki njengoko ndiwabeke ngokwezintlu. Kwaye ndicinga e-El Salvador, ubona into, into efana kakhulu. I-Frente, i-FMLN [Owayesakuba yi-Armed Rebel Movement] iza kumandla, ekunene, njengoko kukho uhlobo lokudinwa kwemodeli yephiko lasekunene. Kodwa kwakhona, abafikeleli kulawulo njengoko oorhulumente bakudala bewohloka, kwaye abaqhutywa kulawulo ngokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi.
Hilary Goodfriend
Hayi, ndicinga ukuba kulungile. Ndikwacinga ukuba kukho umbuzo wokutshintsha kwamaxesha ngendlela yokuba- ayisiyiyo iNicaragua, kodwa uneFMLN [Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front] iza kulawulo e-El Salvador, umzekelo. Kwaye kwakhona uhlobo lukaManuel Zelaya lokujika ngasekhohlo, luhlobo oluhambelana nengxaki enkulu ye-neoliberalism, akunjalo? Ndiyathetha ukuba, oku kusemva kokuba imeko yezemali ibe nengxaki kwaye singena kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kwaye ke ndicinga ukuba kukho indlela apho uMbindi Merika, ngenxa yobume boqoqosho lwezopolitiko, uyazi, ukufakwa kwayo okuxhomekeke kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, i-vis-à-vis-United States, ihlala ijonge emantla. , ngaphezu komzantsi.
Kwaye kukho indlela endicinga ngayo intlekele, ingxaki yezoqoqosho e-US ikwaluhlobo lwenguqu yotshintsho, oyibonayo kuMbindi Merika ngendlela ayifani ncam eMzantsi Melika. Kwaye kukho, ndicinga ukuba ungaphikisa ukuba-ubuncinci ujonge ngakumbi njengeHonduras, El Salvador, kukho indlela abathi oorhulumente banikwe amandla kumxholo wale ngxaki ibanzi ye-neoliberalism.
Isibhengezo seSebe likarhulumente lase-US lokungathathi hlangothi phambi konyulo luka-2009 lwase-El Salvador, yayikokokuqala ngqa ukutsho ukuba abasayi kungenelela okanye bazosebenzisana norhulumente oshiyekileyo, xa benyulwe. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba inento eninzi yokwenza nohlobo lobuso obahlukileyo, bobukumkani obuphantsi kolawulo luka-Obama, kuloo meko. Kwaye ke ndicinga ukuba amaxesha ahlukeneyo, oorhulumente bakuMbindi Merika, baphendula kumzuzu owahlukileyo wezopolitiko noqoqosho. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kunjalo ukuba abakhweliswanga ngokwenene kulawulo kunye neendawo ezifanayo ozichazayo emazantsi. Ndicinga ukuba yinyani leyo.
UGreg Wilpert
Ndicinga ukuba inika umdla, lo mahluko, ukuba wenza uRene kwaye ndiyaqikelela ukuba kuya kufuneka ndiyibone, ukuba iyasebenza kangakanani na kuMbindi waseMelika. Kodwa umahluko phakathi kolu lawulo lweneoliberal olunenkqubela kwaye ndiyaqikelela ukuba wena kunye nelinye lamanqaku akho nibeke iMexico kolu didi, kwaye oko kungaphambi kokuba i-AMLO [Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador] anyulwe phantsi kwePRD [Iqela leDemocratic Revolution], ndiyaqikelela. , kwaye uxolo, ndithetha, iPRI [Institution Revolution Party] kwaye ke oko kubandakanya iBrazil, Chile, kunye neMexico. Kwaye ndiyaqikelela ukuba inokubandakanya mhlawumbi namanye amazwe. Andiqinisekanga.
Ke, abo bangena eziofisini ngakumbi ngohlobo olufana noluthi, ndiyaqikelela, inkqubo yonyulo lwemveli hayi olu hlobo lwesiphithiphithi ekuhlaleni kunye nokukhuthaza uluntu, nto leyo eyenzeka eVenezuela, eBolivia, ndicinga ukuba ungatsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yi-Ecuador. , kananjalo. Kwaye oko kukhokelele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemigaqo-nkqubo, mhlawumbi, malunga neArgentina, ewe. Kwaye kwabakho isiphithiphithi esikhulu kunye nengxaki yezoqoqosho kunye nentshukumo ye-piquetero, njalo njalo. Ke ezo zakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-nkqubo ngokunjalo. Ngaba ungawubonakalisa lo mahluko ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo kwakhona kwaye kutheni bekukho loo mahluko?
URene Rojas
Ewe, ndiyacinga, andifuni ukuyibaxa imigaqo-nkqubo eyahluka-hlukeneyo ephuma kwezi ndlela zahlukeneyo kunye nezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zeendlela eziya emandleni kubaguquli kunye namaqela ohlaziyo kuwo onke. Kodwa ndiza kuthetha ukuba uhlaziyo lwezentlalo olwenziwe kumazwe adibeneyo apinki, ukuba ubuncinci amazwe endicinga ukuba ngamazwe adityanisiweyo ngokufanelekileyo-kunye nezona ziphambili, kwakhona, ukuphinda kwakhona, iArgentina, iVenezuela, kunye Bolivia, ndicinga ngokwenene. Ndicinga ukuba bafikelele ngakumbi- uhlaziyo. Bakhaliphile kwizinto ezininzi, baqala ngothethathethwano eVenezuela emva koko eBolivia neefemu ezinkulu zehydrocarbon zamazwe ngamazwe. Kwathatha isimo esingqongqo kwaye nangona bengakhange bawutshintshe ngokupheleleyo ulawulo lwepropathi, akunjalo. Babefumana okuninzi kwiikhontrakthi kunye nale mizi-mveliso malunga nokomba, ukusasazwa, ukuhlola, yintoni onayo. Kwaye ke oko kwabeka isiseko esibonakalayo sengeniso ethe kratya yokwabiwa kwakhona kwinginginya edumileyo eyayixhasa ezi lawulo zibazise emandleni.
Kakade ke, oku kungqamana nokukhula kweemveliso kunye namaxabiso aphezulu ezi mveliso zendalo. Kodwa ukuba bekungengenxa yonya kunye nokuzingisa abathi aba rhulumente bajongane nongxowankulu bamazwe ngamazwe, ngebangazange bakwazi ukwenza abakwenzileyo ngokweenkqubo zokwabiwa ngokutsha kwezentlalo. Ewe kunjalo, sithetha malunga neenkqubo zogqithiselo lwemali kunye neenkqubo zotshintshiselwano lwemali olunemiqathango. Kwaye kulapho ukufana kuqala khona, ndiyacinga, kudlala.
Uhlaziyo lwentlalo lwalunamabhongo ngakumbi, kodwa ngokomgangatho lwalufana kakhulu. Zibandakanya ukusasaza ingeniso kubantu abangathathi ntweni kwaye okwenzeka kumazwe afana neVenezuela neBolivia neArgentina kukuba bakwazi ukwenza oku ngezixa ezikhulu, iimali ezinkulu. Ngelixa uhlaziyo lwentlalo ngokutsha, umzekelo, e-Brazil nase-Chile belukhutshelo lwemali olunemiqathango oludumileyo e-Brazil, ikwayi-Família. Kwaye njengoko kuchazwa njengeenkqubo ezinje, zazintle ngokwenene ngokwendlela iintsapho eziye zayifumana ngayo- ingakanani imali eyabelwa iintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo. Kwaye kwakhona, ndicinga ukuba ingcambu yala mahluko, obuninzi kunomahluko womgangatho, inento yokwenza namandla abathi oorhulumente batsha basekhohlo kunye nohlengahlengiso baye balawula kwi-pink tide xa kuthelekiswa neendlela eziqhele ukwenziwa nguLula. amandla eBrazil, i-Concertación iza kulawulo eChile, ephinda ibanyanzele ukuba balawule inkqubo ye-neoliberal kunye nemodeli yokuqokelela, kunokuba bacele umngeni kuyo nayiphi na indlela enentsingiselo.
UGreg Wilpert
Ucinga ntoni, Hilary? Ngaba ubona naluphi na uhlobo oluhambelanayo kuMbindi Merika kunye nale nto okanye unayo nayiphi na enye into yokongeza kule nto?
Hilary Goodfriend
Ewe, inomdla. Ndiyathetha, ndicinga ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo, umbuzo wesiseko sezinto zokwabiwa kwakhona ubaluleke ngokwenene, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ndiya kubeka oorhulumente abaqhubela phambili baseMbindi Melika ukusuka phakathi kwe-2000s ngokuqhubekayo kunye ne-pink tide. Ngokuyinxenye, ngenxa yokuba ndicinga ukuba ulawulo lwabo, ukunyuka kwabo emandleni akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-pink tide kuba-ebonelela ngomxholo wediplomatic kunye nesiseko sezinto eziphathekayo kunye nengqiqo yokuba la mazwe angenalo ukuxhomekeka okufanayo kwimpahla. idigri efanayo kwaye ke abekho - ngakumbi ilizwe elifana ne-El Salvador kunye neHonduras ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, baxhomekeke kancinci kakhulu kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ke ukubakho kobudlelwane kunye ne-ALBA [i-Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America] kunye nenkxaso yezinto eziphathekayo abakwaziyo ukuzifumana ngobudlelwane babo neVenezuela, i-ALBA Block, kunye ne-diplomatically neCuba, izibonelelo ababekwazi. ukwamkela ngezo nkcazo kubaluleke kakhulu, ndiyacinga, kuloo meko. Kwaye ke ndiyacinga, njengokuzama ukwahlukanisa ezo ngokwenene kuya kuba ngumngeni omkhulu.
UGreg Wilpert
Uyazi, ndicinga ukuba yinqaku eliphambili elinika umdla kakhulu, uhlobo lwendima edlalwa lulonke, uguquko lwengingqi kwilizwe ngalinye, kwaye andicingi nje ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa kwanale nto uyithethayo, umzekelo, xa Ubhukuqo lwenzeka ngokuchasene noRafael Correa, yayinini loo 2009? Andiwukhumbuli kanye unyaka, ka-2010, ndicinga ukuba yayinguye. I-UNASUR [iManyano yeZizwe zaseMzantsi Melika] yaphela idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye ndicinga kwakhona ngaphambi koko, kwakhona eBolivia, u-UNASUR oye wagqiba ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzameni ukuthintela ukukhwabanisa kuMorales, u-Evo Morales eBolivia. Kwaye ezo luhlobo lwezinto ongaziboniyo ngoku kunye ne-coup entsha, i-coup ka-2019 eBolivia, apho i-UNASUR iye yachithwa ngenxa ye-swing echanekileyo eLatin America. Ke akukho hlobo lokhuselo oluchaseneyo, ngoko ke, ukhuseleko lwengingqi ngokuchaseneyo, ngokusisiseko namandla aphiko lasekunene axhasa ulawulo lobhukuqo-mbuso, ngokusisiseko. Kwaye ngoku unakho, ndiyaqikelela, iPeru - asazi, okwangoku, kanye ukuba kuzakwenzeka ntoni. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-OAS [uMbutho waseMelika] iwugcinile umgama wayo, ngokungafaniyo nowama-2019 eBolivia.
Kodwa nangona kunjalo, inqaku lam lelokuba amandla engingqi, ndiyacinga, adlala into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka siyithathele ingqalelo. Kodwa ndifuna ukuqhubela phambili kancinci kunoko, malunga nokujonga ukuba zeziphi iimpumelelo zaba rhulumente basekhohlo kunye nabasekhohlo kwaye ungacinga ukuba ziintsilelo zabo? Masiqale ngawe ngelixesha. Hilary, ucinga ntoni? Ungayichaza njani impumelelo yabo kunye neentsilelo zabo nje ngokubanzi? Kwaye, uyazi, ungangena kwiinkcukacha kwaye unike imizekelo ukuba uyafuna.
Hilary Goodfriend
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kulungile, kukho ingxoxo eninzi- ngumbuzo omkhulu, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ulwabiwo ngokutsha kunye nengqalelo, zombini ngokungafaniyo kodwa ngokucacileyo ngokwezinto eziphathekayo kubantu ababevinjwe amathuba ngokwembali, uluntu, kunye neeklasi, kumazwe apho ulawulo lwamaza apinki lukhona. ayinakuphikiswa ngayo nayiphi na imetriki kwaye ibaluleke ngokwenene. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba kukho ngokwenene ukuvuselelwa kweentelekelelo zasekhohlo kunye nohlobo lwamandla okucinga ngaphaya kokoyiswa ngokupheleleyo kweshumi leminyaka elilahlekileyo kunye nantoni na, kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ndicinga ukuba kuninzi okuthethwa malunga neentsilelo, ngokuqinisekileyo oorhulumente ababotshwe ngepinki. Kunikwe ingqwalasela eninzi kwindima yemizi-mveliso yotsalo kunye nokungakwazi ukuhamba ngaphaya kokuxhomekeka ekutsalweni kweefosili, kodwa ezinye izinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kwaye kukho izizathu zolwakhiwo lwaloo nto kunye nezizathu zezopolitiko zaloo nto njengamatyala kakhulu. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba impumelelo yepinki yokuqala yayanele ukudala isiseko sokuqhubekeka esikubonayo namhlanje, ukubuyiselwa koorhulumente abathile emazantsi.
Kwangaxeshanye, ndicinga ukuba ithuba esilibonayo, okanye ndingatsho ukuba iintetho ezifana nendibano yovoto esiyibonayo eChile yinto eyahlukileyo. Kwaye ngelixa sinokungena kuloo nto, ndiyaqikelela.
UGreg Wilpert
Ngoko ucinga ntoni, Rene? Ndiyathetha, ungabonisa njani impumelelo kunye nokusilela?
URene Rojas
Ndicinga ukuba ndiza kuyichaza into eninzi uHilary asandul' ukuyichaza. Amazwe endigxile kuwo, kwesi sincoko sokuqala njengeVenezuela neBolivia, neArgentina. Baye batyhubela inkqubo yoko abanye abaphengululi baye bakubiza ngokuthi kukungabandakanywa kwabantu abaninzi. Yiloo nto eyenziwa yimarike. Nantso into eyenziwa yi-neoliberal revolution, inqunyulwe nje iindawo ezinkulu zabemi kukhuseleko olusisiseko loluntu. Kwaye aba rhulumente baphumelele kakhulu ekudibaniseni iziqendu ezinkulu zezi zihlwele, hayi kwinqanaba elifanayo. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo wanika iintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo nezisebenzayo umlinganiselo othile wokhuseleko lwezentlalo eziphulukene nazo kwiminyaka engama-20 okanye engaphezulu koko. Kwaye loo nto ayinakubethwa ngoyaba, yiloo nto uHilary awayegxile kuyo. Kwaye into yesibini uHilary wayichazayo, ukongeza kuyo, ndicinga ukuba la mazwe enze umsebenzi onempumelelo kakhulu kwidemokhrasi yezopolitiko njengoko ezi ntlobo zamacandelo ziphinda zibandakanywe eluntwini. Kwaye kwakhona, andifuni ukuyibaxa indlela iqondo apho- oku kwakungafani nedemokhrasi yoluntu okanye nantoni na efana nayo. Kodwa njengoko babesenza loo nto, ndicinga ukuba babebuyisela abantu abaninzi kwiingxoxo zezopolitiko, kwinkqubo yezopolitiko ngeendlela ezingazange zenzeke kumashumi amabini eminyaka adlulileyo.
Ngoku, ngokweziphene, eyona ntsilelo inkulu, ngokokubona kwam, ibikukungakwazi ukutyhala ngaphaya koqoqosho lweneo-liberal market. Xa uHilary ethetha ngokuxhomekeka kwiimveliso kunye nemithombo yendalo kunye neemarike zangaphandle kwezi- kwaye kwezi zivumelwano kunye neenkampani zamandla amakhulu, njalo njalo. Ndiyathetha, ndicinga ukuba oko kubonisa ukuba abajikelanga kuhlobo olwahlukileyo lweemodeli zophuhliso-indlela abasekhohlo abazama ngayo ukwenza njalo ngeminyaka yama-60s kunye nama-70s kulo mmandla. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba yeyona ntsilelo yaba rhulumente. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba isizathu kukuba baswele amandla oluntu ukusuka kwiziseko zabo, ukusuka kwiindawo zabo zokuvota ukuba batyhalele kwelo cala, sinokungena kulo kamva.
Sendiyithethile loo nto, into yokugqibela endifuna ukuyikhomba kukwimiqathango ngokubanzi, ngokwemiqathango eyongameleyo, ndicinga ukuba impumelelo enye eyathi la mazwe yaphunyezwa nangona kukho intsilelo, yayiliziko lokuzinza okuthile kunye nobomi obude bohlaziyo. echazwe ngaphambili. Ngoku, oku kubonakala ngathi kukuchasana xa ucinga ngo [Mauricio] Macri woyisa umgqatswa kaKirshner eArgentina kwaye ndicinga ukuba u-2015, 2014, andikhumbuli ncam, okanye, ewe, ubhukuqo-mbuso oluchasene neMAS, kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. [2019] eBolivia, okanye ujiko lwasekunene lweLenín Moreno e-Ecuador. Oko kuya kubonakala kubonisa ukuba uhlobo olutsha lwenkcaso exhaswa yi-elite kula mazwe yayiza kubhukuqa ngempumelelo zonke iinguqu. Kwaye ngokombono wam, abazange bakwazi ukwenjenjalo. Ndicinga ukuba ezinye zezi nguqulelo, okwangoku, zilapha ukuhlala. Kwaye nangona aba rhulumente basekunene bazama ukubabhukuqa, bezama ukubabuyisela emva, abakwazanga ukwenza njalo.
Ke, phantsi kweMacri, eArgentina, uhlaziyo olusisiseko olufana nohlaziyo lwemarike yabasebenzi okanye iasignación jikelele [ulwabiwo jikelele], olu tshintsho lwemali olunemiqathango lunesisa. Olo hlengahlengiso kwafuneka luhlale luhleli. U-Macri akakwazanga ukuzihlehlisa. Kwaye ubona into efanayo, umzekelo e-Ecuador, uMoreno uzama ukubuyisela umva ezinye zeenkxaso. Kwaye umphumo waba yimvukelo encinane ezitratweni kwaye kwafuneka abuyele umva. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba oko kuthetha ukuzinza kolu hlaziyo oluninzi kunye noxinzelelo oluthile oluye lwadlala kwamanye amazwe apinki.
UGreg Wilpert
Ndicinga ukuba umcimbi wesiseko sentlalo, ngoko kuthetha, oorhulumente basekhohlo, ngokwenene udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni oku. Kwaye luhlobo lothelekiso olunomdla kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, mhlawumbi. Kodwa ndithetha ukuba, ingongoma kukuba, eVenezuela naseBolivia, ngokucacileyo, ndiyaqikelela, eArgentina apho kukho isiseko esiluqilima sentlalontle urhulumente anokuthi athethe, athembele kuso, kwaye anokudibanisa abantu. Ngelixa e-Ecuador, ndandilapho iminyaka emihlanu ngokwenene ngexesha likarhulumente waseCorrea, kwaye wayengenaso isiseko sentlalo. Akazange abe netheko elisebenzayo, ungatsho. Ngoko ke kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ndicinga esinye sezizathu zokuba i-MAS ibuyele emandleni, ndiyaqikelela, eBolivia kwaye kutheni eVenezuela, uMaduro ukwazile ukuxhoma, nangona kukho izinto ezingathandekiyo, ndingathi, kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko. Ngoku, andifuni ukwenza uthelekiso oluthe ngqo phakathi korhulumente waseMaduro kunye norhulumente weChavez, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho ukuqhubeka apho ngokubhekiselele kwisiseko sentlalontle, nangona ukulahlekelwa kukuthandwa nguMaduro.
Ngoku, ndicinga ukuba yintoni endifuna ukuya kuyo, mhlawumbi, ikwangumbuzo malunga nomba womgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho enithe nachukumiseka kuwo nobabini, ngokubhekiselele kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-extractivsism, ukuthembela kwethu ekuthengiseni impahla ekrwada, endaweni yokuzama. ukutyhalela phambili olu hlobo lomgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino owawukho ngaphambili. Rene, ucebisa ukuba nayo inento yokwenza nokunqongophala kwesiseko sentlalo. Bendizibuza nje ukuba ungathetha kancinci malunga naloo nto, ukuba inokuba kunjalo kangakanani na. Ewe, amazwe amancinci ahluke kakhulu kumazwe amakhulu ngaloo ndlela, kuba ngokucacileyo ilizwe elikhulu - kwaye oku kwaziwa kakuhle kwaye uhlobo lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kukuba, amazwe amakhulu angakwazi ukuhlukana ngokulula kwaye ngoko iBrazil yakwazi ukwakha. iinkampani ezinkulu ezikwazileyo ukukhuphisana kumazwe ngamazwe, ngelixa amazwe amancinci afana nalawo akuMbindi weMelika kunye namazwe amancinci, uyazi, ubungakanani obuphakathi bunobunzima bokwenza oko, ngokwenene. Kodwa, kwaye ke ndiyacinga ukuba ndiyazibuza kukuba, zeziphi ezinye iindlela ababenazo ngokwenene? Kwaye ndiqinisekile, ewe, ndicinga nangabaviwa endiqhelene nabo kakhulu, eyiVenezuelan apho urhulumente uye wazama ukwahluka kodwa wasilela ngokupheleleyo.
Ndiyathetha, into endiyicingayo ngokuthe ngqo, ihlala iboniswa ukuba uChavez uthembele ekuthunyelweni kwe-oyile, eyinyani. Kodwa eneneni, andinazo iipesenti phambi kwam, kodwa ngaphandle kokwenza uninzi lwale nzuzo yeoli kwiinkqubo zentlalo, i-chunk enkulu nayo yathunyelwa kwezinye iindlela zemveliso yemizi-mveliso kodwa basilela ikakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho, ukwenza oko kwaziwa kwezoqoqosho njengesifo Dutch, ukuba ngokusisiseko nje akazange akwazi ukukhuphisana, ngoko ke, kunye nempumelelo kushishino yeoli, nto leyo yazisa nje ingeniso eninzi kakhulu kwaye wazisa amaxabiso jikelele phezulu kwaye ke ngoko. , lawa amanye amashishini awakwazanga ukusebenza kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho ngokufanelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kodwa into endifuna ukubuyela kuyo ngulo mbuzo wokuba zeziphi ezinye iindlela? Ngaba zazikho ezinye iindlela kula mazwe kwaye ukuba kunjalo, ayethini? Andazi ke ukuba unenye into ofuna ukuyithetha ngalonto, Hilary, ekubeni wawuthethe lanto kuqala, ndifuna ukujikela kuwe ndiphinde ndibhekise kuRene. Ingaba ucinga ntoni?
Hilary Goodfriend
Ewe, inzima leyo. Ndiyathetha, ndicinga ukuba ndingatsho kuqala ukuba kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezo nkqubo zohlobo lokutshintshwa kwempahla ekhokelwa ngurhulumente, ushishino, ezaye zakhuthazwa yiCEPAL [iKomishoni yezoQoqosho yeLatin America kunye neCaribbean], njalo njalo, kunye. iphunyezwe kwiidigri ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwinkulungwane yeLatin America. Kwakhona babenemida enzulu kulwakhiwo. Rhoqo uninzi lwezi nkqubo luye lwaphela lusilela, hayi nje ngenxa ye-elite agro-export elite backlash, et cetera, okanye ungenelelo lwama impiriyali, ngokuqinisekileyo kunjalo, kwiindawo ezifana, njengeChile, umzekelo, kodwa ndicinga ukuba kukwakho nendlela apho, ezi nkqubo kanye zokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso zaphela zixhomekeke ekuthengisweni kumazwe angaphandle, nto leyo eyayifuna inkxaso-mali evela kwaloo mizi mveliso inye ebekumele ukuba bayoyise, yaze yaxhokonxa lonke uthotho lokufuduswa kumacandelo emveli athengisa ngaphandle kwelizwe labasebenzi awayengekho. ekwaziyo ukufakwa kumacandelo amatsha. Ke ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukubonisa imida yezo nkqubo. Loo nto ayithethi ukuba oorhulumente ababotshelelwe ngepinki bekufanele ukuba benze into eya kwenza loo nto. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba bangumbuzo onzima kuba uninzi lwabagxeki bezo nkqubo kwiminyaka yoo-70s bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba akukho nto imfutshane kwinguqu epheleleyo yamakomanisi enokususa ummandla wabo ekuxhomekekeni kwawo, ukufakwa kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ndicinga ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, kunjalo, kwaye ke ngumbuzo wokuba luhlobo luni lohlaziyo olunokuthi lwenziwe olunokudala izithuba ezininzi kunye nokuvulwa kweradicalization yezo projekthi. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo intlekele yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, iimpembelelo ezithe zabetha ummandla jikelele, yintoni, ngo-2013-14 ngokwenene, ndicinga ukuba ibonelele ngodonga lokwenyani. Ndicinga ukuba kumxholo wokuwa, kunzima ukucinga eyahlukileyo, masithi nje, ukuba ukhetho lwancitshiswa kakhulu, ngelo xesha kumdlalo.
UGreg Wellford
Ucinga ntoni Rene? Ndithetha ukuthi, zeziphi ezinye iindlela?
URene Rojas
Uyazi, u-Hilary unyanisile. Ngumceli mngeni onzima ngenene, ophantse ungabinakulungiswa. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba nayiphi na impumelelo, oorhulumente abaqhubela phambili kunye noorhulumente abashiye kula mazwe, kufuneka bathembele, kwaye kufuneke ukuba kuphuculwe ngokucokisekileyo uqoqosho lwabo. Kude kube sinomyalelo wentlalontle yehlabathi, olu hlobo lwenkqubo yesimanjemanje luya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwinto eyenzekayo ekhaya, kwinto eyenzekayo kuqoqosho lwelizwe ngokombono wam.
Ndingathethi ukuba iintlobo zeenkqubo eziqinileyo, ezifana nezo ze-ALBA, indlela uMbindi Merika ndithetha ngayo, iVenezuela ixhasa uMbindi Merika, ongayi kubenza bangasebenzi abo, kodwa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kumazwe amakhulu, kuya kuxhomekeka ukuphuculwa koqoqosho lwesizwe kuqala.
Isizathu sokuba oku, ngokombono wam, ndithetha ukuba, kwawona mazwe makhulu, awona qoqosho lwangoku, athatha iBrazil, i-50% yabasebenzi ikuqoqosho olungekho sikweni. Kunzima ukurhoxa bengenalo uhlobo lokhuseleko lokwenyani lomsebenzi wabo okanye iintsapho zabo. Ke ndicinga ukuba oko kufuna uxanduva olukhulu lokuphakamisa imveliso yala mazwe ukufunxa bonke aba bantu kumsebenzi onemveliso.
Ngoku, ewe, kwaye ndicinga ukuba oko kuthetha ushishino. Ayithethi uhlobo lwemizi-mveliso yenkulungwane yama-20. Kuthetha uhlaza, nohlaziyo lwangoku lwemveliso. Kodwa kufuneka, ndiyacinga, la mazwe kufuneka anyuse amanqanaba emveliso, kakhulu, ukuba nalo naluphi na uhlobo lwamathuba. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba la mazwe athembele kwimpahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle, ndicinga ukuba kulapho uqala khona. Uthatha ezo renti kwaye uzibuyisele kuqoqosho lwale mihla. Ndiyathetha, ingcamango yokuhlwayela ioli, andiqondi ukuba i-superannuated. Ndicinga ukuba kuseyiloo nto emasiyenze. Ukutyalwa kwerenti kwirhasi, ukusuka kwisoya, ukusuka ekrwada ukuya ekuphuculeni uqoqosho.
Ndiyacinga, Gregory, unyanisile ngokupheleleyo. Uyayazi imeko ngcono kunathi. Ndiyathetha, iVenezuela izamile ukwenza njalo. Kodwa kulapho ndicinga khona, ukuba iziseko zabo zentlalo bezinazo, zinempembelelo ethe chatha, ngebenze umsebenzi ongcono ekujonganeni nochaso lwabaphezulu kushishino abonwabileyo yimodeli ekhoyo. Ndiyathetha, bayenzile ngezi renti. Bafumana - nangokusasazwa ngokutsha, baxhamla kakhulu kule bonanza. Kwaye xa la mazwe - xa iziseko zawo zentlalo, ezona ndawo ziphambili ziphuma kumacandelo angekho sikweni, ziphuma kumaqela ahlelelekileyo kuqoqosho noluntu, ngokokubona kwam, baya kukhubazeka. Akunjalo ukuba abo bantu abanamsebenzi, ngokuqinisekileyo, babalulekile. Kwidemokhrasi, kufuneka babe nelizwi kwaye bakhathalelwe njengaso nasiphi na esinye isiseko saso nasiphi na esasekhohlo, ngokwembali. Kodwa abanawo amandla entlalontle kuba abanakukwazi ukuchaphazela abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu kunye neengeniso zabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu ngendlela ababekwazi ngayo ukwenza njalo. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba zithotywe kwimida yezoqoqosho. Ke, bayasilela into endiyibiza ngokuba yi-structural leverage. Ngalo naluphi na umzamo wokuhamba ngaphaya koqoqosho lwe-neoliberal oluthanda abantu abaphezulu, olutyekele kwi-oligarchy ngokwezopolitiko zala mazwe, ndicinga ukuba kuya kufuneka kuxhomekeke kumacandelo anamandla okwakhiwa ngakumbi. Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba lo ngumngeni omkhulu. Yingxaki enkulu. Kwaye kufuneka siyisebenze loo nto ngobuchule.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
Lo ngummandla ontsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye imithombo yeendaba phantse ayinamsebenzi njengomgaqo jikelele ekuqondeni, ekuqondeni iintsingiselo, ekutyhileni okwenzekayo. Le ncoko iluncedo, ngokuqinisekileyo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamagqabaza afumaneka ngokubanzi ahlala ebhuda kwaye akhe phezu kweengcinga ezisetyenziswayo kunye nokuthath' icala. Ukucinga ukuba kukho "i-pink tide yesibini"-igama eliyingxaki-eli linqaku elilungileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo lingcono kune-conservative, reactionary, i-autocratic tide. Mhlawumbi indima yenkampani, iminqweno yehlabathi ehlala ingenelela kwaye ifuna ulawulo kufuneka ifakwe ngokucacileyo kwingxoxo. Umbandela omkhulu, kodwa uhlala ukho, ufuna inzuzo esebenza ngokuchasene neyona mfuno yommandla. Unokucinga ukuba "utyalo-mali" naphi na apho luya kuba luncedo, kodwa alusebenzi ngaloo ndlela.
Umzekelo olula nolula ukuqondwa, nangona kukho eminye emikhulu efuna indawo engaphezulu kunalapha. Iinkampani zase-US, umzekelo, ziya kuseka imisebenzi "engaphandle", ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kumazwe atyebileyo, iimarike kunye neenkampani. Yiya kwiindawo eziphuhlileyo kwihlabathi (kubandakanywa, ngokuqinisekileyo, lo mmandla, inkontileka yabasebenzi abanetalente abathi emva koko banikwe owona mvuzo uphantsi kunye neenzuzo ezinokwenzeka, basebenze ngokugqithiseleyo, konke ukunyusa inzuzo yamaqumrhu atyebileyo. Abantu bafuna imisebenzi kunye namagunya atyebileyo. baya kuthatha inzuzo enkulu kumgca wabo osezantsi, beshiya abasebenzi abafumana imbuyekezo enganeno besengxakini kwaye naluphi na uphuculo kumazwe apho amashishini angaphandle asezantsi okanye mandundu ngakumbi ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Konke oku kunempembelelo yezopolitiko, yezentlalo, yezoqoqosho kwaye ichaphazela le nto emva naphambili, phambili nasemva.