Michael Albert
Emva ngoJuni, uAnthony Lewis
wabhala ikholamu NYT malunga Pol Pot kunye Cambodia kuquka
"Iinkcuba-buchopho ezimbalwa zaseNtshona, ngakumbi uProf.
UNoam Chomsky, wala ukukholelwa ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni
Khambodiya. Ekuqaleni, ubuncinane, babeka iingxelo zokubulala
phantsi kwimizamo yeyelenqe ngabapolitiki baseMelika kunye
cinezela ukutshabalalisa uvukelo-mbuso lwaseKhambodiya.โ Njengoko injalo
isimbo, uluvo lukaLewis lwabonakala lungenabungqina buxhasayo
nangona: (1) Kukho amaxwebhu amaninzi ukuba
UChomsky uzamile ukucacisa inyani malunga neziganeko kwi
IKhambodiya zombini inxulumene noxanduva lukaPol Pot ngokunjalo
njengoxanduva (olusoloko lungahoywa) lwase-US Kwaye, (2)
UChomsky akazange enze naziphi na izityholo โzeyelenqe
iinzame zezopolitiko zaseMelika kwaye ucinezele ukutshabalalisa
Inguquko yaseCambodian," singasathethi ke ngokuba zonke iingxelo
ngokoyikeka kuyo.U-Lewis naye wayishiya loo nto
umxholo Chomsky uphando olubanzi kwiziganeko kwi
ICambodia (kunye nombhali-mbhali u-Ed Herman) yayiluthelekiso lwe
kumajelo eendaba eCambodia nase-East Timor. Chomsky kunye noHerman
waxoxa ukuba impendulo eqhelekileyo kula matyala mabini iyaxhaswa
umgaqo wokuba (1) ulwaphulo-mthetho lotshaba olusemthethweni
(Khambodiya) zinomsindo, kwaye kufuneka zigxile e-US
ingqalelo yoluntu, nangona loo ngqalelo ingekho ngqiqweni
indlela yokuchaphazela iziphumo, ngelixa (2) ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthelekisekayo
yomhlobo (i-Indonesia eTimor) enokuba lula
kupheliswe ngokurhoxisa inkxaso, kufuneka kufihlwe kakhulu
kunokwenzeka.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eli lishishini nje
njengesiqhelo Lewis, The Times, kunye nokusekwa
iingqondi. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkupho kaSeptemba ye
Uqhubela phambili, umhleli uMatthew Rothschild uqhube inqaku lomhleli
ecaphula uLewis ngokuncomekayo. UChomsky noHerman, uRothschild uxelela
thina, kuphononongo lwencwadi yeSizwe yowe-1977 "yazama ukugqobhoza imingxunya
iincwadi ezilumkisa ngenkohlakalo yaseKhmer Rouge,"
"ucaphule ukufunyanwa okuphindaphindiweyo ukuba iingxelo zokubulawa kwabantu zibekho
bubuxoki," kwaye wakhankanya "ukungathembeki okugqithisileyo kwe
Iingxelo zababaleki." UChomsky noHerman "babengalunganga
cebisa ukuba iKhambodiya phantsi kweKhmer Rouge isenokuba
'ifana kakhulu neFransi emva kwenkululeko' kuneJamani
phantsi kwamaNazi." Kwaye uChomsky noHerman bathi:
โAsizenzi ngathi siyayazi ukuba iphi inyani phakathi
ezi mvavanyo ziphikisana kakhulu." Ndaphinda ndayifunda
Uphononongo lwencwadi yeSizwe ngowe-1977. Ijolise ekubhaleni ukuba yintoni na kwaye iyiyo
ayinikwanga ukubonakala kwemidiya yase-US, kwaye yintoni na nengekhoyo
ngokuxhomekeke kwimigangatho enzulu yokufunda. Kuphononongo,
UChomsky noHerman abathathi sikhundla malunga nesikali
zolwaphulo-mthetho eKhambodiya ngese, endaweni yoko, debunking uninzi
I-rhetoric ke ixhaphakile ngokubonisa ukuba isiseko sayo siyarhanelwa
okanye, amaxesha amaninzi, bubuxoki obubonakalayo. Bathatha indawo eqinileyo
koko banokuxoxa ngokuthembekileyo: ukungabi nasiseko kokuninzi
Uhlalutyo ngelo xesha, ubungakanani bokubandakanyeka kwe-US,
kunye nokuziphatha kosasazo oluqhelekileyo malunga nokubini. Chomsky
kunye noHerman akufuneki bakhusele, kodwa imigaqo kwi
ingxoxo eqhubekayo ifuna ingcaciso.NjengoLee, uRothschild wahluleka
ukuchonga iindawo apho uChomsky noHerman "babeka khona i
iingxelo zokubulala phantsi kwimizamo yeyelenqe ngo
Abezopolitiko baseMelika kwaye bacinezele ukutshabalalisa iCambodia
revolution,โ kuba, ewe, akukho zicatshulwa ezinjalo zikhona.
U-Lewis uphinde wabhala ukuba uChomsky noHerman "banqabile
kholelwa ukuba kwakusenzeka ntoni eKhambodiya.โ Kodwa ukuba kukho umntu
wayethe Pol Pot wabulala izigidi ezilishumi abalimi, Rothschild
ngekhe bakholelwe, kananjalo noLewis, Chomsky okanye
Herman, okanye nabani na. Umntu akafanelanga ukuba akholelwe ubuxoki,
ngokucacileyo, kwaye ekuphela kwento uChomsky noHerman abalayo
bakholelwa ukuba yayingamabango obuxoki abonakalayo malunga nokuba "yintoni
kuqhubeka eKhambodiya." Ubugcisa bukaLewis buthetha oko
UChomsky noHerman bathandabuza ukuba kukho izenzo ezimanyumnyezi, ezithi
bubudenge. Ukusebenzisa imigangatho efanayo, nangona kunjalo, uLewis wayenako
baye bamangalela uChomsky noHerman ngokuthi "bangavumi
kholelwa ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni eCambodia" ngexesha lase-US
uhlaselo ukusukela oko bagxeka uPonchaud (umbhali womnye we
iincwadi eziphononongiweyo) zokwandisa inani lokufa e-US
ukuqhushumba ngamathathu. Ukuba Lewis akazange enze oku kugxekwa
usebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wokuba kufanelekile ukwenza ngocoselelo
cela umngeni kumabango okubaxiweyo malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US, kodwa hayi ezo
yotshaba.Rothschild, ukuya phambili,
uthi uChomsky noHerman โbazame ukugqobhoza ezincwadini
eyayilumkisa ngenkohlakalo yaseKhmer Rouge,โ oko kuthetha ukuba
abazange baphumelele kwaye kwakhona ukuba kukho into engalunganga kuyo
ukujonga iingxelo zenkohlakalo ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kwazo. I
amabinzana akwenza kuvakala ngathi uChomsky noHerman
bebechola i-nit-picking, endaweni yokubonisa eyona nto ithethwayo
Ukungabi nasiseko kwamabango enziwayo.Kuphononongo lwe-1977, eyokuqala
yeencwadi ezimbini ezigxekwayo, Ukubulawa Kwelizwe Elithambileyo, nguYohane
Barron kunye no-Anthony Paul ababika ukuba iCambodia yayi
"umhlaba othambileyo" ngeminyaka apho, enyanisweni,
ngokutsho kweCIA, abantu abangama-600,000 babulawa yi-US
imfazwe. Umngxuma wokuqala uChomsky kunye noHerman bazama ukufota ezinxulumene
kuBaron noPawulos bathi โphantse
wonke umntu" wabona ukwenziwa kwesishwankathelo njengoko wayenjalo uPhnom Penh
bakhutshiwe. Imithombo kaBaron kunye noPawulos yayiziintatheli zeCazaux
kunye noSchanberg, bobabini abalikhanyelayo eli bango. I
umngxuma wesibini Chomsky kunye Herman wazama ukupokoza inento yokwenza
I-Barron-Paul ibango lokuba abantu "babalekela kwi
izixeko" ngenxa ye "regimen enzima" ye
amaKomanisi, hayi ibhombu yaseMelika (njengoko kwakunjalo, kunjalo,
yaziwa ngokubanzi ukuba kunjalo). Eminye imingxunya ephosiweyo ifakiwe
ebonisa iifoto zenkohlakalo ezivunyiweyo ukuba zenziwe ngenkohliso,
njaloIncwadi yesibini apho
UChomsky noHerman "bazama ukugqobhoza imingxuma" yaba
Ponchaud's Cambodge Annee Zero. NjengoLewis, uRothschild uphakamisa
Akukho kuphikisayo kwi-Chomsky kunye noHerman's "poking
imingxunya" ngokubaxa kukaPonchaud kulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US
yayilungile. Kuya kuthatha indawo eninzi kakhulu ukuhamba kuyo yonke indawo
ezinye imingxuma poked, kodwa akuyomfuneko, kuba Ponchaud
ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba yonke imibuzo ephakanyisiweyo yayingafanelekanga kuphela,
kodwa iphantsi, kwaye kwiCambodge Annee Zero's American
uguqulelo zonke iimpazamo ziyahlaziywa, njengoko kubhaliwe kwi
Chomsky kunye noHerman's Political Economy of Human Rights (SEP).URothschild naye uthi uChomsky
kunye noHerman banike ingxelo emfutshane malunga nabemi baseKhambodiya
babhaca, basilela ukongeza ukuba koku bebethetha ngamanye amazwi
Ponchaud kunye noCharles Twining, abaphambili kwiSebe likaRhulumente
"Umlindi waseKhambodiya," owaziwa ngumntu wonke ukuba unguye
umhlalutyi ophambili weengxelo zababaleki. URothschild waba
eneneni esithi, ke ngoko, ukuba ezimbini eziphambili
abaphandi beembacu zaseKhambodiya ngelo xesha banikela ngamafutshane
Khawukhe ujonge abantu baseKhambodiya abasabayo. Ngaphezu koko, kutheni
kungalunganga ukuphatha iingxelo zembacu ngenkathalo ukuba Twining
kwaye uPonchaud ucebisa?Intlawulo yokugqibela kaRothschild
ukuba uChomsky noHerman "babengalunganga ukucebisa oko
IKhambodiya phantsi kweKhmer Rouge isenokuba 'yayifana kakhulu ne
France emva kwenkululeko' kunokuba eJamani phantsi kwe
amaNazi.โ Noko ke, ngelo xesha oku kwakugqibelele
ulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo, kwaye lungqinelana nengcali yangoko
uqikelelo. ULacouture ngaphambili wayebanga ukuba iKhmer Rouge
โwaqhayisaโ ngokubulala abantu abazizigidi ezibini ngowe-1976.
Emva kokuba uChomsky ebonise uLacouture kwileta yakhe
ukuba iimbekiselo zakhe kwincwadi kaPonchaud zazingalunganga,
ULacouture upapashe "izilungiso," apho wathi
ukuba ayinamsebenzi nokuba iKhmer Rouge yayibulele
amawaka okanye izigidi. UChomsky noHerman babhala, nabo,
ukuba babecinga ukuba i-100 okanye i-1,000 yayibalulekile, bephawula
kwakhona ukuba eminye imithombo (kubandakanywa iSebe likaRhulumente wase-US)
bebecebisa uqikelelo oluya kwisiphelo esisezantsi seLacoutoure
uthotho oluninzi. UChomsky noHerman emva koko bathi, ngamazwi
egxekwa nguRothschild: โUkuba, eneneni, emva kwemfazwe yaseCambodia
yi, njengoko [uLacouture] ekholelwa, iyafana neJamani yamaNazi, ngoko
uluvo lwakhe [malunga nokungabalulekanga komlinganiselo we
ukufa] mhlawumbi kulungile, nangona sinokongeza ukuba unayo
akavezanga bungqina buxhasa isigwebo sakhe. Kodwa ukuba emva kwemfazwe
ICambodia ifana ngakumbi neFransi emva kwenkululeko, apho
amawaka amaninzi abantu abulawa kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa
phantsi kweemeko ezinzima kakhulu kunezo zishiywe yi
Imfazwe yaseMelika, ke mhlawumbi kukho isigwebo esahlukileyo
umyalelo. Ukuze isiphelo samva siphantse sibe sichaneke ngakumbi
kucetyiswa luhlalutyo olukhankanywe ngaphambiliโฆ.Asiyenzi
yenza ngathi uyayazi ukuba iphi inyani phakathi kwezi kabukhali
Iimvavanyo eziphikisanayo ..." Ukukhathazeka kukaChomsky noHerman
kolu hlaziyo, khumbula, yayikukuqwalasela indlela izibakala
ekhoyo ngelo xesha yahluzwa ngamajelo eendaba
i-ideological prism ukuqonda ngcono loo prism. Babane
akukho siseko sokuthatha nakuphi na ukuma ngokubhekele phaya malunga nembali,
kwaye akazange (oko kukuthi uRothschild ubiza
"equivocating"). Ngayiphi na imigaqo le
ukuziphatha kakubi?Kukho okuninzi kakhulu
ulwazi olukhoyo namhlanje malunga neziganeko eCambodia phantsi
iKhmer Rouge kunangowe-1977, ngakumbi ukususela kwiKhmer Rouge
ulawulo lwahlala ukususela ngo-1975 ukuya ku-1979 nolona luhlonitshwayo
Ukubhalwa kwembali kubonisa ukuba ibarbarism ingundoqo emva
uphononongo lwabhalwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, asazi ukuba njani
abantu abaninzi bafa ngenxa yezizathu ezingezizo ezendalo ezandleni zase-US
imfazwe kunye nemiphumo yayo okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yobugrogrisi yePol Pot. Kodwa, kwi
kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kukho ubungqina obubambekayo
kwavela kubonisa ulawulo olusembindini lwe Khmer Rouge.
Masithi uRothschild unikeze isicatshulwa esibonisa oko
UChomsky noHerman bathandabuza ulawulo oluphakathi ngo-1977
isincoko, njengoko ndikholelwa ukuba benza. Ngaba oku kuya kuba kukugxeka okufanelekileyo?
Hayi, kuba ngokucacileyo akukho nto ifundiweyo emva ko-1977 ine
isiphumo esinengqiqo kwindlela esigweba ngayo uhlolo olwenziwe ngo-1977.
Ezo mvavanyo zinokugwetywa kuphela ngokwesiseko
ulwazi olukhoyo ngoko, nto leyo kanye Chomsky kunye
UHerman ebephonononga ngocoselelo.Ukubaluleka kwe
Ingxabano kaRothschild idlula uChomsky noHerman. Xa i
Isebe lase-US likhuphe iPhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo ka-1965 libanga
ubundlongondlongo yi North Vietnam, UKUBA Stone wabonisa ukuba phantse
onke amajoni eentshaba axeliweyo njengathinjiweyo azalwa
emazantsi. Kwiminyaka kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba
kwakukho iqela lamajoni asemantla kumazantsi ngowe-1964.
engazi kurhulumente wase-US. Ukuba kunjalo, yayililitye ke ngoko
Umxolisi weHanoi? NoZ okanye uProgressive akazukuyenza
kuninzi esinokukupapasha ukuba siye sayeka ukuhlalutya ihlabathi
de bonke ubungqina bungaphakathi ngokupheleleyo.Kum kubonakala ngathi iKhambodiya
ingxoxo ayiqhelekanga kwaye ihlala ibhidekile. (1) Nokuba iPol Pot
yaba sesona saphuli-mthetho sibi kuyo yonke imbali ayinanto
ubume obumanyumnyezi bendima yase-US kulo mmandla-gcina
njengoko siqwalasela amaxesha amva enkxaso yase-US kwiPol
Imbiza, kunjalo. (2) Ukusebenzisa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zePol Pot ngokuphindaphindiweyo
ukuthethelela ukuhlasela kwethu iVietnam okanye njengengxabano yethu
ulwaphulo-mthetho kuMbindi Merika okanye ungenelelo lwase-US ngokubanzi, njengoko
ukuba ungenelelo lwase-US lunenjongo ephezulu, yenye nje enye
indlela kwimpambano yama impiriyali. (3) Umlinganiselo we-US
ubugebenga kunye nosizi oluqhubekayo eCambodia, nangona lukhulu,
akamsusi uPol Pot ekubeni netyala ngezenzo zakhe. (4)
Ingcamango yokuba iPol Pot kufuneka igwetywe ngokwemiqathango yabo bonke
ukufa okungeyomfuneko okwenzeka ngenxa yakhe
Iipolisi zinemfaneleko. Ingcamango efanayo ifanelekile, nangona kunjalo,
malunga noxanduva lokufa ngendlala kunye
izifo ezinokuthintelwa kwimimandla yehlabathi elawulwa yi-US,
njengoMbindi Merika. (5) Amajelo eendaba kunye nezifundiswa
unyango Pol Pot kunye neziganeko ngokubanzi, emva koko kwaye
ekubeni, tyhila, njengesiqhelo, imigaqo emva eqhelekileyo
Uluvo lwase-US malunga nobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko kubonisiwe
kulo lonke eli nqaku.Zeziphi izifundo ezibalulekileyo
ukuze kuthatyathwe inqaku kwithuba kunye neengxoxo ezilandelayo?
Impendulo yam iya kuba ngamanqaku amahlanu angasentla. URothschild ucinga
Izifundo ezibalulekileyo zezi: "I-United States ayifuni
ukwenza bonke ububi emhlabeni," "eyoyikekayo
uguqulo olunobundlobongela olunokubakho lulandelwa ngabaphambili
ubuzwilakhe," "ukuchasana kwethu nokungenelela kunye
ulwazelelelo lunokusenza singawaboni awona malungelo oluntu agqwesileyo
ukwaphulwa kwamanye amazwe," kunye "nengqiqo ehlaziyiweyo yokulumkisa
malunga nokukhupha izibhengezo. โ Ngelixa bekungqinela oko
bonke ububi zivela US (ngaba nabani na ukukhanyela oku?) kunye
obo zwilakhe bozwilakhe buyoyikeka (isifundo endaweni yoko
ebanjwe ngokubanzi eNtshona kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo nguChomsky noHerman),
Kuya kufuneka ndizibuze ngokuchanekileyo ukuba kwenzeka njani
anti-interventionist kunye ne-pacifist iimvakalelo "iimfama
thina" ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu
abachasi bokungenelela baya kuchasa ukunyuka kweWashington a
ukuhlangulwa komkhosi ukusindisa ubomi baseKhambodiya; kodwa kunjalo nje
malunga nawo wonke umntu, ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo kuwo onke amanqanaba, hayi
ngokungekho ngqiqweni, ngenxa yokuba i-US ibhombu kunye nemikhosi ayizange
Abantu baseKhambodiya baba yingenelo gqitha ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha. Ngaba
Rothschild esithi ukuba ekhohlo kufuneka atyhale i US
ungenelelo? Nini? Ngowe-1975? Ngowe-1977? Ngaba utsho njalo
ungenelelo bekufanele ukuba luthethelelwe kulwazi
emva koko iyafumaneka? Oko kungenelela kwe-US e-Indochina
bekuya kuba kukusindisa ubomi? Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko ingongoma yakhe iyavakala
akukho ngxaki. Umntu unokuwaqonda โamalungelo oluntu
"kodwa uzive, ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba ungenelelo lwase-US lunjalo
hayi indlela yokunciphisa. Nakweyiphi na imeko, intsingiselo
ukuba uChomsky okanye uHerman okanye umlo ochasene nemfazwe ushiye,
anti-interventionist ekhohlo, okanye pacifist ekhohlo ixesha kwaba
Ukungaboni ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu e-Indochina, kulungile,
iyahlekisa.Ekugqibeleni, malunga
Umnxeba kaRothschild "kwingqondo ehlaziyiweyo yokulumkisa malunga
ekhupha izibhengezo," ngelixa ndicinga ukuba eli cebiso liyayenza
Ingqiqo encinci iyasebenza koko uChomsky noHerman babhale kuyo
uphononongo lwabo luka-1977, banikwe i-scholarship elumkileyo
oqeshiweyo, ndicinga ukuba ingcebiso iyavakala kakhulu
malunga noko uRothschild wabhala kumhleli wakhe kaSeptemba.