Ndikhumbula ukuba, kumatyotyombe eBrooklyn ngeminyaka yee-1930, ubawo nomama, ngamaxesha anzima, baphethukela kubasindisi: igrocer yasekona, eyayinikela ngetyala ngokubhala izinto ezithengiweyo zosuku kumqulu wephepha; ugqirha onobubele owandinyanga iirickets iminyaka ngaphandle kokundihlawulisa; UMalume uPhil, owafumana iphepha-mvume lokusebenzela emkhosini, owasiboleka imali xa sasinengxaki yokuhlawula irenti.
UPhil notata babengabazalwana ababini kwabane, abangamaYuda abasuka eOstriya, abeza kweli lizwe ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala baza basebenza kunye kwimizi-mveliso yaseNew York. Ubawo, ejonge ukubaleka umzi-mveliso, waba yiweyitala, ubukhulu becala emitshatweni, ngamanye amaxesha kwiindawo zokutyela, kunye nelungu leLocal 2 yeWaiters Union. Ngelixa umbutho wawulawula ngokungqongqo ubulungu bawo, ngoBubusuku boNyaka oMtsha, xa kwakukho imfuneko yeeweyitala ezongezelelweyo, oonyana bamalungu, ababizwa ngokuba โngabancinane,โ babesebenza kunye nooyise, nam ndenza njalo.
Ndandicaphukela umzuzu ngamnye wayo. I-tuxedo ye-waiter engafanelekanga, eyayibolekwe kutata, imikhono yayimfutshane ngokungaqhelekanga (utata wayene-five-five-five kunye ne-16 ene-6 footer). Indlela abaphathi abaphatha ngayo iiweyitara ezityiswe amaphiko enkukhu kanye phambi kokuba baphume bayokuphakela iindwendwe inyama eyosiweyo nefilet mignon. Wonke umntu enxibe iilokhwe zabo ezintle, enxibe iminqwazi esileyo, ecula โAuld Lang Syneโ xa kuqala uNyaka oMtsha kwaye nam ndime apho kwisinxibo somlindi wam, ndibukele utata, ubuso bakhe bunzima, ecoca iitafile zakhe, engaziva konwaba ngokuza kweqela. Nyaka omtsha.
Igama likatata yayinguEddie. Kwiminyaka yokudandatheka, imitshato yaphela, kwakukho umsebenzi omncinci, kwaye wadinwa kukujikeleza kwiholo yomanyano, edlala amakhadi, elindele umsebenzi. Ngoko waba, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ukucoca ifestile, umthengisi we-pushcart, umthengisi wesitrato se-neckties, umsebenzi we-WPA eCentral Park. Njengomcoci weefestile, ibhanti lakhe elixhasayo laphuka ngenye imini waza wawa kwileli kwizinyuko zekonkile yokungena kaloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba. Wayezenzakalisa kakhulu. Umama akazange amvumele ukuba aphinde acoce iifestile.
Ubomi bakhe bonke wayesebenza nzima efumana imali encinane kakhulu. Bendisoloko ndizicaphukela iingxelo ezingoosopolitiki, abahlalutyi beendaba, kunye nabaphathi beenkampani abathetha ngendlela, eMelika, ukuba usebenze nzima, uyakuba sisityebi. Ndandisazi ukuba obu bubuxoki, malunga notata kunye nezigidi zabanye abasebenza nzima kunaye nabani na. Umama wayesebenza esebenza engafumani ntlawulo tu. Wakhulela eSiberia.
Ngelixa utata wayesebenza iiyure zakhe emsebenzini, wayesebenza imini yonke nobusuku bonke, elawula usapho, ekhangela ukutya, epheka yaye ecoca, esa abantwana kugqirha okanye esibhedlele esibhedlele ngenxa yemasisi noqwilikana kunye nokhohlokhohlo kunye ne-tonsillitis kwavela nantoni na. Nokunyamekela imali yosapho. Utata wayenemfundo yebanga lesine yaye wayengakwazi ukufunda kakhulu okanye ukwenza izibalo ezininzi. Wayehambe waya kutsho kwibanga lesixhenxe, kodwa ingqondo yakhe yayingaphaya koko; wayeyingqondo namandla osapho.
Sasihlala kwizindlu zokuqeshwa ezilandelelanayo, ngamanye amaxesha amagumbi amane, ngamanye amaxesha amathathu. Ebusika obuthile sasihlala kwisakhiwo esinezifudumezi. Ngamanye amaxesha, sasihlala kwindawo eyayibizwa ngokuba โkwiflethi enamanzi abandayoโโengekho ubushushu ngaphandle kwesitovu samalahle sasekhitshini. Akukho manzi ashushu ngaphandle kwalawo sibilise kwakweso sitovu. Kwakusoloko kuludabi ukuhlawula amatyala. Ndandidla ngokufika ekhaya ndivela esikolweni ebusika, xa ilanga litshona ngentsimbi yesine, ndifike endlini kumnyamaโiNkampani yoMbane iwucimile umbane, yaye umama wayehleli phantsi, ezinitha ngekhandlela.
Kwakungekho friji, kodwa ibhokisi yomkhenkce, esasisiya kuyo โkwiziko lomkhenkceโ size sithenge isiqwenga somkhenkce seesenti ezintlanu okanye ezilishumi. Ebusika ibhokisi yomthi yayihlala phezu kwefestile ngaphandle nje kwefestile, kusetyenziswa indalo ukugcina izinto zibanda. Kwakungekho neshawari, kodwa ibhafu ekhitshini yayiyibhafu yethu.
Thina makhwenkwe amane sakhula kunyeโsilala ababini okanye abathathu ebhedini, kumagumbi amnyama nangenamtsalane. Ngoko ixesha elininzi ndandichitha esitratweni okanye ebaleni lesikolo, ndidlala ibhola yezandla, ibhola ekhatywayo, ibhola ethambileyo, i-stickball, okanye ndifunda amanqindi kumfana oselumelwaneni owayesenza iGolden Gloves yaye yayiluhlobo lwethu lwabantu abadumileyo.
Ukususela kwiminyaka esibhozo ndandifunda naziphi na iincwadi endandizifumana. Eyokuqala ndayithatha estratweni. Amaphepha okuqala akrazulwa, kodwa oko akuzange kube namsebenzi. YayinguTarzan kunye ne Amatye e-Opar kwaye ukusukela ngoko ndandingumntu othanda u-Edgar Rice Burroughs, hayi iincwadi zakhe zaseTarzan kuphela, kodwa nezinye iingcamango zakhe: IiChessmen zaseMars, malunga nendlela iimfazwe ezazisilwa ngayo ngabakwaMartians, nabaphumi-mkhosi, behamba ngeenyawo okanye ngamahashe, bedlala iintshukumo zechess; Undoqo woMhlaba, ngempucuko engaqhelekanga esembindini womhlaba.
Ukufunda iDickens
Xa ndandineminyaka elishumi ubudala Post New York wanika iseti yemisebenzi epheleleyo kaCharles Dickens (abangazange bayive, kakade). Ngokusebenzisa iikhuphoni ezisikwe kwiphephandaba, babenokufumana ivolumu veki nganye ngeepeni ezimbalwa. Ngoko babhalisa, kuba babesazi ukuba ndiyakuthanda ukufunda. Kwaye ke ndafunda iDickens ngokulandelelana esizifumana ngayo iincwadi, ukuqala ngayo UDavid Copperfield, uOliver Twist, Ulindelo olukhulu, Amaphepha ePickwick, Amaxesha Anzima, Ibali lezixeko ezibini, nabo bonke abanye, de aphela amakhuphoni nam ngokunjalo. Ndandingazi ukuba uDickens ungena phi kwimbali yoncwadi lwanamhlanje kuba wayekuphela kwento endandiyazi ngolo ncwadi. Into ebendiyazi kukuba uvuse umoya kum. Okokuqala, ukucaphuka ngenxa yegunya elingafanelekanga elikhukhumele bubutyebi yaye ligcinwe ngumthetho. Kodwa ubukhulu becala uvelwano olunzulu ngamahlwempu. Ndandingaziboni ndilihlwempu ngendlela uOliver Twist awayehlupheka ngayo. Andizange ndiyiqonde into yokuba ibali lakhe lindichukumise kangaka kuba ubomi bakhe babundichukumisa gqitha.
Ngomhla wam wokuzalwa we-13th abazali bam, besazi ukuba ndibhala izinto kwiincwadana, bandithengela umatshini wokuchwetheza owakhiwe ngokutsha. Iza nencwadi yokuziqhelanisa yokufunda inkqubo yokuchukumisa, kwaye kungekudala ndandichwetheza uphononongo lwencwadi kuyo yonke into endiyifundileyo kwaye ndiyigcina kwidrowa yam. Zange ndizibonise mntwini.
Ukususela kwiminyaka eli-14 ubudala ndandisenza imisebenzi yasemva kokuphuma kwesikolo neyasehlotyeniโukuhambisa iimpahla kwindawo yokucoca, ndisebenza njengekhadi kwibala legalufa eQueens. Ndaye ndancedisa kwiivenkile zeelekese ezilandelelanayo abazali bam abazithengayo ngelinge lokuzama ukwenza imali eyaneleyo ukuze utata ayeke ukuba yiweyitala.
Ndikhumbula okokugqibela kwezo meko zokuthengisa iilekese, kwaye yayiyinto eqhelekileyo. Thina sobathandathu sasihlala phezu kwevenkile kwiflethi yamagumbi amane kwindlu emdaka enemigangatho emihlanu eBushwick Avenue eBrooklyn. Isitrato sasihlala sigcwele ubomi, ngakumbi entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, xa wonke umntu wayebonakala engaphandle: abantu abadala behleli ezitulweni, oomama bephethe iintsana zabo, abaselula bedlala ibhola, "abafana abadala" baphosa inkunzi yenkomo, bekhohlisa namantombazana.
Ndilikhumbula ngokukhethekileyo elo xesha kuba ndandineminyaka eli-17 ubudala yaye ndandiqalise ukuba nomdla kwiipolitiki zehlabathi. Ndandifunda iincwadi zobuFasi eYurophu. UGeorge Seldes Sawdust Kesare, malunga nokuhlutha kukaMussolini igunya eItali, yandichukumisa. Andizange ndikwazi ukuyikhupha engqondweni yam inkalipho yeSekela le-Socialist uMatteotti, owavukela uMussolini waza warhuqwa kwikhaya lakhe wabulawa ngootsotsi abanehempe emdaka.
Ndafunda into ebizwa Incwadi eBrown yeNgcali yamaNazi, eyayichaza oko kwakusenzeka eJamani phantsi kukaHitler. Yayiyidrama engaphaya kwayo nantoni na enokucingwa ngumbhali wemidlalo yeqonga okanye umbhali weencwadi. Yaye ngoku umkhosi wamaNazi wawuqalisa ukuhamba: ukuya kungena eRhineland, eOstriya, naseCzechoslovakia. Amaphephandaba kunye nonomathotholo babezele yimincili: u-Chamberlain udibana noHitler eMunich, isivumelwano esimangalisayo sokungabi nobudlova ngequbuliso yeentshaba ezimbini ezinkulu, iSoviet Russia kunye neJamani yamaNazi. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuhlasela kwePoland kunye nokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Imfazwe yamakhaya eSpeyin
IMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseSpeyin, eyayisandulโ ukuphela ngoloyiso lwenjengele yobuFasi, uFranco, yabonakala isesona siganeko sisondeleyo kuthi sonke, kuba amawaka aliqela amajoni aseMerikaโamakomanisi, amaSoshiyali, abavukeliโbaye bawela iAtlantiki ukuze balwe norhulumente wedemokhrasi waseSpeyin. Omnye umfana owayedlala nathi ibhola yasesitratweniโemfutshane nobhityileyo, eyona mbaleki ikhawulezayo ekuhlaleni, wathi shwaka. Kwiinyanga kamva, ilizwi lafika kuthi: UJerry uye eSpain ukulwa noFranco.
Kwi-Avenue yaseBushwick, phakathi kwabadlali bebhola yomnyazi nabathetha esitratweni, kwakukho amakomanisi aselula, amadala kunam ngeminyaka embalwa. Babenemisebenzi, kodwa emva komsebenzi nangeempela-veki babesasaza uncwadi lobuMarxist elumelwaneni, yaye bethetha ngezobupolitika de kube sebusuku nabani na onomdla.
Ndandinomdla. Ndandifunda ngoko kwenzekayo ehlabathini. Ndaxabana nabafana abangamakomanisi. Ngokukodwa malunga nokuhlasela kweRashiya eFinland. Bagxininisa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ngeSoviet Union ukuba izikhusele kuhlaselo lwexesha elizayo, kodwa kum yayisisenzo esikhohlakeleyo sokuhlasela ilizwe elincinane, yaye akukho nasinye kwizizathu zabo ezazisebenza ngenyameko eyandicengayo.
Sekunjalo, ndavumelana nabo kwizinto ezininzi. Babebuchase ngokukrakra ubuFasi, njengoko nam ndandicaphukile ngenxa yeyantlukwano yobutyebi nobuhlwempu eMerika. Ndandibathandaโbabebonakala benolwazi oluninzi ngezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, noko kwakuqhubeka ehlabathini lonke. Yaye aba nesibindiโndandibabonile bechasa amapolisa asekuhlaleni awayezama ukubayekisa ukusasaza uncwadi esitratweni, okanye aqhawule amaqhina abo engxubusho. Ngaphandle koko, babengabafana abaqhelekileyo, abadlali abalungileyo.
Ngenye imini ehlotyeni andibuza enoba ndandifuna ukuhamba nawo na ukuya โkumbonisoโ ngaloo ngokuhlwa. Ndandingazange ndiye kwinto enjalo. Ndiye ndangxengxeza kubazali bam saza igquba lethu lakhwela uloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ukuya eTimes Square. Ukufika kwethu, yayiyingokuhlwa nje eqhelekileyo eTimes Squareโizitrato zizele ngabantu, izibane zikhazimla. โUphi umboniso,โ ndabuza umhlobo wam uLeon. โYima,โ watsho. โIntsimbi yeshumi.โ Saqhubeka sihambahamba phakathi kwesihlwele.
Njengoko iwotshi ekwinqaba yabetha ishumi, imeko yatshintsha. Phakathi kweso sihlwele, kwatyhilwa izibhengezo, yaye abantu, mhlawumbi iwaka okanye ngaphezulu, baba yimigca ethwele iibhanile nemiqondiso nabacula amazwi angoxolo nokusesikweni nabanye oothunywashe abalishumi elinesibini belo xesha. Yayinika umdla kwaye ingasoyikisi. Bonke aba bantu babezigcina ezindleleni, bengavaleli izithuthi, behamba ngocwangco, imigca engenabundlobongela kwiTimes Square. Mna nomhlobo wam sasihamba ngasemva kwabafazi ababini bephethe ibhanile, yaye wathi: โMasibakhulule.โ Ngoko ke ngamnye wethu wathabatha isiphelo sebhena. Ndaziva ndifana noCharlie Chaplin ngaphakathi Amaxesha angoku, xa ethatha iflegi ebomvu ngequbuliso wafumana abantu abaliwaka bematsha emva kwakhe bephakamise amanqindi. Seva iisirens, ndaza ndacinga: kumele ukuba kukho umlilo ndaweni ithile, ingozi yohlobo oluthile. Kodwa emva koko ndeva izikhalo ndaza ndabona amakhulu amapolisa, ekhwele amahashe, ebetha ngeenyawo, etyhutyha abantu ababematsha, eqhekeza abantu ngamagqudu.
Ndamangaliswa. Le yayiyiMelika, ilizwe apho, nokuba yintoni na iimpazamo, abantu babenokuthetha, ukubhala, ukuhlanganisana, ukubonisa ngaphandle koloyiko. YayikuMgaqo-siseko, uMqulu wamaLungelo. Sasiyidemokhrasi. Kwimizuzwana nje embalwa, ndajijwa yindoda enkulu kakhulu, yandibamba egxalabeni, yandibetha kanobom. Ndibone nje blur. Ndandingazi nokuba yiclub okanye linqindi okanye iblackjack, kodwa ndankqonkqozwa ndafa.
Ndavuka emnyango mhlawumbi emva kwesiqingatha seyure. Ndandingazi ukuba lingakanani ixesha eligqithileyo, kodwa yayisisimo esoyikekayo endavuka kuso. Kwakungekho mboniso uqhubekayo, kungekho mapolisa abonakalayo, umhlobo wam uLeon wayengekho, yaye iTimes Square yayizele zizihlwele zayo zesiqhelo ngobusuku bangoMgqibeloโngokungathi akuzange kwenzeke nto, ngokungathi yayiliphupha lonke. Kodwa ndandisazi ukuba yayingelophupha elo. Bekukho igaqa elibuhlungu ecaleni kwentloko yam.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, kwakukho ingcinga eyayibuhlungu kakhulu entlokweni yam: loo makomanisi aselula akwibloko ayenyanisile. Urhulumente namapolisa akhe babengengoosompempe abangathathi cala kwibutho labantu elikhuphisanayo. Babengakwicala lezityebi nabanamandla. Ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo? Yizame, kwaye amapolisa aya kube elapho namahashe awo, iinduku zawo, nemipu yawo, ukukunqanda.
Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu ukuya phambili, ndandingasenguye umntu okhululekileyo, ikholwa kubuntu obuzilungisayo bedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Ndandingumntu oqaqadekileyo, ndikholelwa ukuba kukho nto ithile isisiseko engalunganga kweli lizweโkungekhona nje ubukho bentlupheko phakathi kobutyebi obuninzi, kungekuphela nje impatho embi yabantu abantsundu, kodwa into ebolileyo engcanjini yayo. Le meko yayingafuni nje umongameli omtsha, okanye imithetho emitsha, kodwa ukuncothulwa kolungelelwaniso oludala, ukumiselwa kohlobo olutsha lwebutho labantuโintsebenziswano, uxolo, ukulingana.
Ndandingasengomntu wenkululeko, ndandingumntu othanda iRadical
Mhlawumbi ndiyabaxa ukubaluleka kwala mava, kodwa andicingi njalo. Ndiye ndakholelwa ukuba ubomi bethu bunokuguqulwa kwelinye icala; iingqondo zethu zamkela indlela eyahlukileyo yokucinga, ngesiganeko esibalulekileyo, nangona sincinane. Loo nkolelo isenokoyikisa, okanye ibangele imincili, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ucamngca nje ngayo okanye wenza okuthile ngayo.
Iminyaka eyalandela loo mava eTimes Square isenokuthiwa โyiminyaka yam yobukomanisi.โ Oko bekuya kuba lula ukuqondwa phosakeleyo kuba igama elithi โumkomanisiโ lidibanisa uJoseph Stalin kunye nemithetho yokufa nentuthumbo, ukunyamalala kwenkululeko yokuthetha, umoya woloyiko nokungcangcazela odalwe eSoviet Union, ulawulo olubi olwathabatha iminyaka engama-70, ukwenza ngathi "ubusoshiyali."
Akukho nanye kwezo yayisezingqondweni okanye kwiinjongo zolutsha lwabasebenzi endandibazi ababezibiza ngokuba โngamakomanisi.โ Ngokuqinisekileyo akukho engqondweni yam. Kuncinci okwaziwayo ngeSoviet Union, ngaphandle komfanekiso wothando, othandwa ngabantu abafana nomfundisi wezakwalizwi wamaNgesi, iDean yaseCanterbury. Kwincwadi yakhe Amandla eSoviet, esasazwa ngokubanzi yintlangano yamakomanisi, wanika abo bacinga ngeenjongo ezintle abadaniswe bubukhapitali umbono ababewulangazelela: wendawo apho ilizwe โlilelabantu,โ apho wonkโ ubani wayenomsebenzi nenkathalo yezempilo yasimahla, yaye abafazi babenamathuba alinganayo namadoda; yaye ikhulu lezizwe ezahlukeneyo laphathwa ngentlonelo.
ISoviet Union yayilolu rhatyazo lothando, kude. Into eyayikufuphi, ibonakala, kukuba amakomanisi ayeziinkokeli ekuququzeleleni abantu abasebenzayo kwilizwe lonke. Yayingabona basebenzi banesibindi, bebeka emngciphekweni wokubanjwa kunye nokubethwa ukuze baququzelele abasebenzi beemoto eDetroit, abasebenzi bentsimbi ePittsburgh, abasebenzi bempahla e-North Carolina, abasebenzi boboya kunye nesikhumba eNew York, abenzi bonxweme olude kuNxweme oluseNtshona. Babengabokuqala ukuthetha, ngaphezu koko, ukubonisa, ukuzibophelela kumasango efektri kunye neengcingo ze-White House, xa abantsundu behlanjululwa eMzantsi, xa "i-Scottsboro Boys" yayithunyelwa entolongweni e-Alabama.
Umfanekiso wam โwomkomanisiโ wawungengomphathi weSoviet, kodwa utata womhlobo wam uLeon, umqhubi wenqwelo-mafutha owayebuya ekhaya evela emsebenzini egruzukile yaye enegazi ngenye imini, ebethwa ngamabanjwa omqeshi wakhe (ewe, elo gama kungekudala laba yinxalenye yesigama sam). ngokuzama ukuququzelela amaqabane akhe kwimanyano.
Wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba amakomanisi yayingabokuqala abachasi bobuFasi, beqhankqalazela ukuhlasela kukaMussolini eTopiya kunye nokutshutshisa kukaHitler amaJuda. Yaye, eyona nto yayichukumisa kakhulu, yayingamakomanisi, amawakawaka awo, awazinikelayo ukuya kulwa eSpeyin, kwi-Abraham Lincoln Brigade, ukuze athelele amatsha-ntliziyo asuka kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuze akhusele iMadrid nabantu baseSpeyin kumkhosi wamaFasi kaFrancisco. UFranco, owanikwa izixhobo kunye neenqwelomoya yiJamani ne-Itali.
Ngaphezu koko, abanye babona bantu babalaseleyo kweli lizwe babenxibelelene nombutho wamakomanisi ngandlelโ ithile; kwakukho amaqhawe namaqhawekazi umntu anokuncoma. Kwakukho uPaul Robeson, imvumi-umdlali-mdlali obalaseleyo, olizwi lakhe elimangalisayo linokuzalisa iMadison Square Garden, ekhala ngokuchasene nobuhlanga, ngokuchasene ne-fascism. Kwaye amanani oncwadi (ingaba uTheodore Dreiser kunye neWEB Dubois yamakomanisi?), kunye netalente, abadlali be-Hollywood abayaziyo intlalontle kunye nababhali kunye nabalawuli (ewe, "I-Hollywood Ten," ihanjiswe phambi kweKomiti yeCongress, ikhuselwe nguHumphrey Bogart nabanye abaninzi. ).
Liyinyaniso elokuba, kuloo ntshukumo, njengakuyo nayiphi na enye, wawunokubona ubulungisa obukhokelela kwiimfundiso ezisisiseko, iingcinga ezivaliweyo ezingangenelwanga ngamathandabuzo, ukunganyamezeli ukuchaswa kwabantu ababengabona batshutshiswe kakhulu ngabavukeli. Kodwa, nangona ingafezekanga, kwaye yayilizothe, yayiyimigaqo-nkqubo ethile, izenzo ezithile, kwahlala kukho ukucoceka kweyona nto ifanelekileyo, emelwe kwiithiyori zikaKarl Marx, kunye nemibono ebekekileyo yabaninzi abacinga abancinci kunye nababhali. Ndikhumbula ukufunda kwam okokuqala Imanifesto yobuKomanisi, nto leyo eyabhalwa nguMarx noEngels xa nabo babeselula benenzondelelo yempambanoโuMarx wayeneminyaka engama-30, Engels engama-28. Uhlalutyo lwabo lobukhapitali lwalunengqiqo, imbali yabo yokuxhatshazwa, ukudalwa kwabo kobutyebi obugqithiseleyo nobuhlwempu, kwanakwidemokhrasi yenkululeko yeli lizwe. . Yaye umbono wabo wobusoshiyali wawungengowozwilakhe okanye wolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni kodwa wawungowoluntu olukhululekileyo. โUbuzwilakhe beqela labasebenziโ yayilinqanaba lexeshana, apho uluntu lwaluya kuphuma kubuzwilakhe bezityebi ukuya kubuzwilakhe bamahlwempu ukuya kwibutho labantu elingenacalucalulo ledemokhrasi yokwenyaniso, inkululeko yokwenene.
Inkqubo yezoqoqosho esengqiqweni, esesikweni iya kuvumela usuku olufutshane lomsebenzi ize ishiye wonkโ ubani ekhululekile ukwenza njengoko ethandaโukubhala imibongo, ukuba nendalo, ukudlala imidlalo, ukuba ngumntu wokwenene. Ukuzalisekisa amandla abo njengabantu. Ubuzwe buya kuba yinto yexesha elidluleyo. Abantu ehlabathini lonke, balo naluphi na uhlanga, nokuba kukweliphi na ilizwekazi, bebeya kuhlala ngoxolo nangentsebenziswano.
Kufundo lwam lokufikisa, ezo ngcamango zagcinwa ziphila ngababhali ababalaseleyo baseMerika. Ndifunde eka-Upton Sinclair Ihlathi. Umsebenzi kwiisitokhwe zaseChicago yayingumfanekiso woxhatshazo longxowankulu. Yaye kumaphepha okugqibela ale ncwadi, umbono woluntu olutsha uyachulumancisa. UJohn Steinbeck's Iidiliya zomsindo yayisisikhalo esicikizekileyo esichasene neemeko zobomi apho amahlwempu ayenokusebenziseka kwaye naziphi na iinzame zawo zokuguqula ubomi bawo zahlangatyezwa neeklabhu zamapolisa.
Xa ndandineminyaka eli-18 ubudala, ndingaphangeli, intsapho yakowethu ilufuna ngamandla uncedo, ndathabatha uviwo olwalubhengezwe kakhulu kwiNkonzo Yabantu ukuze ndifumane umsebenzi kwiYadi Yasemanzini yaseBrooklyn. Abafana abangamawaka angamashumi amathathu, (abafake izicelo zabasetyhini babengacingelwanga) balubhala uviwo, bekhuphisana ngamakhulu ambalwa emisebenzi. Kwakungowe-1940, kwaye iinkqubo zeSivumelwano Esitsha zaye zakhululeka kodwa zazingaluphelisi udandatheko. Xa kwakubhengezwa iziphumo, abangama-400 ababefake izicelo babefumene amanqaku ali-100 ekhulwini kwiimviwo yaye babeza kufumana imisebenzi. Ndandingomnye wabo. Kum nentsapho yam, yayiluloyiso. Umvuzo wam uya kuba yi-$4.40 yeeyure ezingama-40 ngeveki. Ndandikwazi ukunika intsapho i-10 yeedola ngeveki ndize ndifumane isidlo sasemini kunye nokusebenzisa imali.
Ikwayintshayelelo kwilizwe loshishino olunzima. Ndandiza kuba ngumfundi oqeqeshelwe ukusebenza enqanaweni iminyaka emithathu elandelayo. Ndandidla ngokusebenza โezindleleni,โ indawo enkulu ethambekele ekupheleni kwezibuko apho inqanawa yedabi, USS Iowa, yayiza kwakhiwa. (Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ngeminyaka yee-1980, ndabizwa ukuba ndiye kuba lingqina kwityala elaliseStaten Island labalweli bomkhosi wokulwa nemfazwe ababebonise ngokuchasene nokubekwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwinqanawa yedabi eyayimi aphoโ USS Iowa). Umsebenzi wethu, ngokusisiseko, yayikukudibanisa iipleyiti zentsimbi zomzimba womzimba, sirhubuluza kakhulu ngaphakathi kumagumbi amancinane entsimbi โkumzantsi ongaphakathi,โ apho ivumba nezandi zaziphakanyiswa izihlandlo ezilikhulu. Sasilinganisa saza sakhanda, sasika saza sayiwelda, sisebenzisa โizitshisiโ kunye โnezitshiphuโ.
Akukho basebenzi basetyhini. Imisebenzi yezakhono yayibanjwe ngamadoda amhlophe, awayeququzelelwe kwimibutho yezandla ye-AFL eyaziwa ngokungakhathaleli abantu abantsundu. Abantsundu abambalwa kwindawo yokugcina iinqanawa babeneyona misebenzi inzima, eyona inzima ngokwasemzimbeni, njengee-riveters.
Eyona nto yayisenza lo msebenzi unyamezeleke yayikukufumana umvuzo othe chu, nesidima esiphelekayo sokuba yindoda esebenzayo, engenisa imali ekhaya njengotata. Kwakukho neqhayiya lokuba sasisenza okuthile kwimigudu yemfazwe. Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo yayikukuba ndafumana iqaqobana labahlobo, abafundi endandifunda naboโabanye babo babengabalinganisi beenqanawa njengam, abanye abachwephesha beenqanawa, oomatshini bomatshini, abafakela imibhobho, abasebenzi bentsimbi, njl.njl.โababengamagatya aselula, ababezimisele ukwenza okuthile ukuze batshintshe. Umhlaba. Hayi ngaphantsi.
Ukuququzelela uManyano
Sasingabandakanywanga kwiimanyano zabasebenzi abanezakhono ngoko ke siye sagqiba ekubeni sihlanganise abafundi abafunda umsebenzi ukuze babe ngumbutho, umbutho. Siya kusebenza kunye ukuphucula iimeko zethu zokusebenza, ukunyusa umvuzo wethu, kunye nokudala ubuhlobo phakathi nasemva kweeyure zokusebenza ukuze songeze ulonwabo kubomi bethu bemihla yokusebenza.
Oku sikwenzile, ngempumelelo, ngabasebenzi abasebatsha abangama-300, kwaye kum ibiyintshayelelo yentatho-nxaxheba yokwenene kumbutho wabasebenzi. Sasiququzelela umanyano, kwaye sisenza oko kwenziwa ngabantu abasebenzayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, sidala iindawo ezincinci zenkcubeko kunye nobuhlobo ukwenza uloyiko lomsebenzi ngokwawo.
Abane kuthi, abanyulwa njengamagosa oMbutho wabaFundiweyo, baba ngabahlobo abakhethekileyo. Sasihlanganisana ngobunye ubusuku ngeveki ukuze sifunde iincwadi zezobupolitika nezoqoqosho size sithethe ngemicimbi yehlabathi. Le yayiyiminyaka apho abanye oontanga bethu babefunda kwanokholeji, kodwa sasivakalelwa kukuba sifumana imfundo esemgangathweni.
Sekunjalo, ndakuvuyela ukushiya indawo yokulungisa iinqanawa ndize ndiye kuMkhosi Womoya. Kwakungexesha lokulwa kweenqwelomoya eYurophu apho ndaqala ukuba noguquko olubukhali kwingcinga yam yezopolitiko, kude kuthando lweSoviet Union olwagubungela abantu abaninzi abanee-radicals kunye nabanye ngokunjalo-ingakumbi kwimeko yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nempumelelo emangalisayo. iRed Army ngokuchasene nabahlaseli bamaNazi. Isizathu soku kukudibana kwam nomdubuli wasemoyeni kwelinye iqela labasebenzi elalithandabuza enoba iinjongo zamahlakaniโiNgilani, iFransi, iUnited States, iSoviet Unionโzichasene nobufasi nedemokhrasi ngokwenene.
Enye incwadi awandinika yona yashukumisa iimbono endandizibambe kangangeminyaka. Oku kwaba njalo I-Yogi kunye neCommissar, ngu-Arthur Koestler. U-Koestler wayengumkomanisi, wayesilwa eSpeyin, kodwa wayeqinisekile-kwaye ubungqina bakhe bokwenene babunamandla, ingqiqo yakhe yayingenakugungqiswa-ukuba iSoviet Union, kunye namabango ayo okuba ngumbuso "wobusoshiyali", yayibuqhetseba. (Emva kwemfazwe, ndafunda UThixo Wasilelayo, apho ababhali ababengenakuthandabuza ingqibelelo nokuzinikela kwabo kokusesikweniโuRichard Wright, uAndrew Gide, uIgnazio Silone noKoestler naboโbachaza ukuphulukana nokholo lwabo kumbutho wamakomanisi nakwiSoviet Union.)
Ukuphoxwa yiSoviet Union akuzange kuyithothise inkolelo yam yobusoshiyali, kanye njengokuba ukuphoxeka kukarhulumente waseUnited States kwayinciphisa inkolelo yam kwidemokhrasi. Ngokuqinisekileyo akuzange kuchaphazele ukuqonda kwam udidi lodidi, umahluko wendlela ababehlala ngayo abazizityebi nabangamahlwempu eUnited States, ekusileleni kwebutho labantu ukubonelela ngezona mfuno zisisiseko zebhayolojiโukutya, izindlu, ukhathalelo lwempiloโkumashumi ezigidi. yabantu.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, xa ndaba ngu-lieutenant wesibini kwi-Army Air Corps, ndangcamla indlela ubomi obuyiyo kwezi klasi zikhethekileyoโngoku ndandinempahla ebhetele, ukutya okubhetele, imali eninzi, iwonga eliphakamileyo kunelo ndandinalo kubomi basekuhlaleni. .
Emva kwemfazwe, ndikunye namakhulu ambalwa eedola ekuqokeleleni imali, iyunifomu yam neembasa zipakishwe kude, ndaphinda ndathelela uRoz. Sasiselula, isibini esitshatileyo esonwabileyo. Kodwa asizange siyifumane enye indawo yokuhlala, ngaphandle kwegumbi elingaphantsi elizaliswe ziimpuku .
Ndandibuyele kwiklasi yabasebenzi, kodwa ndifuna umsebenzi. Ndazama ukubuyela kwiYadi Yasemanzini yaseBrooklyn, kodwa yayingumsebenzi onentiyo ongenambuyekezo welo xesha langaphambili. Ndasebenza njengeweyitala, njengomembi-msele, njengomsebenzi wotywala, kwaye ndaqokelela i-inshurensi yokungaphangeli phakathi kwemisebenzi. (Ndiyayiqonda kakuhle imvakalelo yamagqala eMfazwe yaseVietnam, awayebalulekile xa amajoni, ebuyela ekhaya, engenamisebenzi, engenathemba, kwaye ngaphandle kokukhanya okungqonge amagqala eMfazwe Yehlabathi II-ukuncipha kweziqu zawo. .) Ngelo xesha, intombi yethu uMyla yazalwa. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-27 ubudala, ndinomntwana wesibini endleleni, ndaqalisa ikholeji njengomfundi omtsha kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York phantsi koMthetho oYilwayo wamaLungelo weGI. Oko kwandinika iminyaka emi-4 yemfundo yasimahla yasekholejini, kunye ne-120 yeedola ngenyanga, ukuze, kunye noRoz esebenza ixesha elithile, kunye noMyla noJeff kwi-nursery, kunye nam ndisebenza ebusuku-shift emva kwesikolo, siphile.
Nanini na xa ndisiva ukuba urhulumente makangazibandakanyi ekuncedeni abantu, ukuba oku kufuneka kuyekwe โkwishishini labucala,โ ndiye ndicinge ngoMthetho osaYilwayo weGI, kunye nokusebenza kwawo okumangalisayo okungengoburhulumente.
IBhili yeGI, iKholeji, kunye nokuFundisa
Ukuqala kwekholeji kwangqamana nokuphuma kumagumbi ethu angaphantsi alusizi ukuya kwiprojekthi yezindlu ezinengeniso ephantsi kumbindi wedolophu yaseManhattan kuMlambo i-East. Amagumbi amane, izinto eziluncedo ezibandakanyiweyo kwirenti, akukho zimpuku, akukho maphela, imithi embalwa kunye nebala lokudlala elisezantsi, ipaki ecaleni komlambo. Sasonwabile. Ngelixa ndandisiya e-NYU nase-Columbia ndisebenze i-shifti yesine ukuya kwishumi elinesibini kwindawo engaphantsi kwendawo yokugcina impahla yaseManhattan, ndilayisha iibhokisi ezinzima zempahla kwiilori ezirhuqwayo ezaziza kuzithwala zizise ezixekweni kwilizwe lonke.
Sasingabasebenzi abangaqhelekanga, singabathwali-mpahlaโumntu ontsundu, umphambukeli waseHonduran, elinye igqala lemfazwe (elitshatileyo, linabantwana, lalithengisa ngegazi lakhe ukuze ongezelele umvuzo wakhe omncinane). Kanye nathi okwethutyana kwakukho umfana oselula ogama linguJeff Lawson oyise wayenguJohn Howard Lawson, umbhali waseHollywood, omnye weHollywood Ten. Kwakukho omnye umfana, umfundi weKholeji yaseColumbia owathiywa ngegama likayisemkhulu, inkokeli yezabasebenzi kwezobusoshiyali uDaniel DeLeon (Ndadibana naye kwiminyaka emininzi kamva; wayekwindlela embi ngokwasengqondweni, emva koko ndafumana ingxelo yokuba wayeyibeke phantsi. imoto yakhe egaraji waza waphefumla icarbon monoxide ngokwaneleyo ukuba azibulale).
Sonke sasingamalungu ombutho, iDistrict 65, eyayinodumo lokuba yimanyano โyasekhohloโ. Kodwa thina, bakhweli belori, sasisele sithe chatha kunombutho wabasebenzi, owawubonakala ngathi uyathandabuza ukuphazamisana nomsebenzi wokulayishwa kwale ndlu yempahla.
Sasicatshukiswa ziimeko zethu zokusebenza, kwafuneka silayishe ngaphandle ecaleni kwendlela kwimvula okanye ikhephu, kungekho mvula okanye izixhobo zekhephu ezifumanekayo kuthi. Sahlala sacela izixhobo kwinkampani, akwabikho ziphumo. Ngobunye ubusuku obunethayo, sayeka umsebenzi, sathi asiyi kuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuba sinesithembiso esibophelelayo sezixhobo zemvula. Umphathi wayesecaleni kwakhe. Loo lori kwafuneka iphume ngobu busuku ukuze ihlangabezane nocwangciso, wasixelela. Wayengenagunya lokuthembisa nantoni na. Sathetha ikaka. Asidinwa yishedyuli etshabhisiweyo. Wangena emnxebeni, esoyika wafowunela umphathi wenkampani ekhayeni lakhe, ephazamisa itheko lesidlo sangokuhlwa. Wabuya efownin. โKulungile, uza kuzifumana izinto zakho.โ Ngosuku olulandelayo, safika kwindawo yokugcina impahla saza safumana umgca weedyasi ezintsha ezibenyezelayo neminqwazi yemvula.
Elo yayilihlabathi lam kwiminyaka engama-33 yokuqala yobomi bamโilizwe lentswela-ngqesho nokungaqeshwa kakubi, mna noRoz sishiya abantwana bethu abaneminyaka emibini nemithathu ubudala kunyamekelo lwabanye ngoxa sasisiya esikolweni okanye sisebenza, siphila kakhulu. ngelo xesha kwiindawo ezixineneyo nezingemnandanga, ethandabuza ukubiza ugqirha xa abantwana begula ngenxa yokuba sasingenamali yokumhlawula, sagqibela ngokusa abantwana kwiikliniki zasesibhedlele apho abafundi abaqeqeshwayo babeza kubanyamekela. Leyo yindlela inxalenye enkulu yabemi abaphila ngayo, kwanakweli, elona lizwe lityebileyo emhlabeni. Xa, ndixhobe ngezidanga ezifanelekileyo, ndaqalisa ukulishiya elo hlabathi, ndisiba ngunjingalwazi wakwanokholeji, andizange ndikulibale oko. Andizange ndiyeke ukuba seklasini.
Ndiyayiqaphela indlela iinkokeli zethu zezopolitiko ezizinyathela ngayo ngokukhawuleza ezi ntetho, kubonakala ngathi esona sityholo sibi anokuthi umntu wezopolitiko athethe ngomnye kukuba "ubhenela ubutshaba bodidi ... ubeka udidi ngokuchasene nodidi." Ewe, iklasi imiselwe ngokuchasene neklasi, kungekhona ngamazwi, kodwa kwiinyani zobomi kwaye amagama aya kunyamalala kuphela xa iinyani zokungalingani ziphela.
Bekuya kuba bubudenge kum ukuba ndibanga ukuba ukuqonda kweklasi kwakungumphumo wokukhula uhlwempuzekile nokuphila ubomi bomntwana ohluphekileyo kwaye emva koko ubomi bomyeni noyise oselula. Kukho abantu abaninzi abaneemvelaphi ezifanayo abaye bavelisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kakhulu malunga noluntu. Kwaye kukho nabanye abaninzi, ababomi babo bangaphambili bahluke kakhulu kobam, umbono wabo wehlabathi wawusondele kowam.
Xa ndandingusihlalo wesebe lezembali kwiKholeji yaseSpelman kwaye ndandinamandla (nokuba amandla amancinane anokwenza abantu babe ziintloko) ukuqesha umntu omnye okanye ababini, ndamema uStaughton Lynd, umbhali-mbali okrelekrele oselula, owaphumelela eHarvard naseColumbia, ukuba ukujoyina i-faculty yaseSpelman. Saziswa kwintlanganiso yababhali-mbali eNew York apho uStaughton wavakalisa umnqweno wokufundisa kwikholeji yabantsundu.
UStaughton wayenemvelaphi eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kweyam. Abazali bakhe babengoonjingalwazi abadumileyo eColumbia kunye noSarah Lawrence, uRobert noHelen Lynd, ababhali beklasi yentlalontle. Middletown. UStaughton wayekhuliswe kwiimeko ezitofotofo, waya eHarvard naseColumbia. Ukanti, njengoko sasihla sinyuka kuwo wonke umbandela wezobupolitika phantsi kwelangaโuhlanga, udidi, imfazwe, ugonyamelo, ubuzwe, ubulungisa, ubuFasi, ubukhapitali, ubusoshiyali nezinyeโkwacaca ukuba intanda-bulumko yethu yezentlalo, imilinganiselo yethu, yayigqwesa ngendlela engaqhelekanga. efanayo.
Ngenxa yaloo mava, โuhlalutyo lodidiโ lwesithethe alunakuhlala lunjalo. Kodwa njengoko imfundiso iqhekeka, ithemba liyavela. Ngenxa yokuba kubonakala ngathi abantu, nayiphi na imvelaphi yabo, bavuleleke ngakumbi kunokuba sicinga, ukuba ukuziphatha kwabo akukwazi ukuqikelelwa ngokuzithemba ukusuka kwixesha labo elidlulileyo, ukuba sonke siyizidalwa ezisengozini kwiingcamango ezintsha, izimo zengqondo ezintsha. Ngelixa ubuthathaka obunjalo budala zonke iintlobo zezinto ezinokwenzeka, ezilungileyo nezimbi, ubukho babo buyavuyisa. Kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu ufanele acinywe kwaye akukho tshintsho kwindlela yokucinga efanele kuthathwe njengento engenakwenzeka.
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